This study explores the quality of the infernal as a specifically female expression of desire in William Blake's work. The contention is that the infernal constitutes an essential female element of the divine in Blake's early work but is demonized in the late work as an attribute of the Female Will. The devalorization of the infernal in relation to female desire has not previously been addressed by Blake critics. Therefore I initiate a critical dialogue with my mythological study of three female figures in the early work, each of whom displays infernal characteristics. Although Blake's illuminated books are unique inasmuch as they comprise a composite art with their intricate interplay of verbal and visual texts, most Blake critics focus primarily on the poems. I privilege the designs as a deliberate strategy of overcompensation for this literary bias. My exploration of "the infernal method" described in The Marriage of Heaven and Hell focuses on three particular designs that pictorialize the method's infernal quality in the form of a fiery female. I propose degrees of female desire on an infernal scale (the more restrained the desire, the less infernal the female) which are then examined in readings of The Book of Thel, Visions of the Daughters of Albion, and the color print Hecate. Beginning with Hecate as the most infernal of the three female figures, this study explores her mythological complexities as Goddess of the Limen, of the Dark Moon, and of the Underworld. Using the title page designs of Thel and Visions as points of departure, I demonstrate how the pictorial images work to lay bare the tangle of mythological roots underlying the poetic narratives that follow. Such roots provide perspectives from which to understand Thel's defiance of a system of female subordination to the male that Oothoon (protagonist of Visions) willingly embraces.

This dissertation argues that the many narrative repetitions and allusions in Thackeray's fiction can be read as comments on and interpretations of each other and of biblical texts. Especially Henry Esmond, The Virginians, and Philip make use of reiterative strategies that have a close affinity with both midrash, classical Jewish narrative exegesis, and Christian typology. These two hermeneutical systems are used as models for a reading that takes the religious education in Victorian England into consideration. The study of significant similarities and differences between the fictional narratives and the Bible stories they rewrite shows that these novels are polysemous in that, like midrashic exegesis, they allow authority to multiple interpretations. However, in these novels the concept of caritas functions as a hermeneutical constraint, in the sense that, like typological interpretations of the Bible, the fictional narratives point towards the overarching value of neighbourly love. The novels are seen as presupposing an ethical response from readers in a time and context where literature was naturally considered as a guide to moral conduct. The Genesis narrative of Jacob's appropriation of the birthright and the blessing of the firstborn, in Christian tradition a type for the appropriation of the Jewish spiritual heritage by the Church, generates two opposed paradigms within the novels. Codified moral injunctions and literal applications of the biblical text are set against an attitude marked by the spirit of caritas, in what is interpreted as an application of the dictum "the letter killeth but the spirit giveth life." In addition, biblical narratives like that of the sacrifice of Isaac, and parables such as that of the Prodigal Son and the Good Samaritan, generate commentary on as diverse topics as the rights to political power, parent-child relations, incompatible obligations, forgiveness and moral indignation. Furthermore, inserted non-narrative genres are combined with narratorial intrusion to form a meta-fictional commentary on the paradoxical relations between narrative and truth.

Background: During our VFU (Workplace-based Education), we met a teacher, who worked with metacognitive strategies, and used a holistic, top-down approach with her pupils. The teacher had been working with them in this way for three years. We wanted to know how the pupils used lexical inferencing strategies they had learned about in school, in their spare time outside school. Purpose and aim: The purpose of the study was to examine the use of lexical inferencing strategies and the aim was to find out whether pupils who had been encouraged to use lexical inferencing strategies in classroom teaching actually used these strategies when encountering unknown English words in their spare time. Method: We used a qualitative, semi-structured group interview, with an interview guide approach as method to achieve descriptions of the lived world of our interviewees. Eighteen out of 24 pupils in a 9th grade class were interviewed. We conducted six interviews, since the pupils were interviewed in groups of three. During the process of data analysis four different categories of strategy use emerged. Results: The results of our study showed that the pupils used the following strategies when encountering an English word outside school: avoidance, referring to another resource, inferencing from context and metalinguistic knowledge. The results also showed that even though the pupils are trained to use these strategies in school, they did not use them consistently in free time encounters with English language texts

<p>This essay researches how the literary personae H. D. Thoreau and Robinson Crusoe develop during and by their respective sojourns in nature as evinced in Walden and Robinson Crusoe. Thoreau and Crusoe come to spend time in nature for different reasons but since they both face similar challenges the two narratives are comparable.</p><p>The objective is to analyse how the protagonists view nature and what impact their closeness to nature has in terms of their expressed thoughts, actions and emotional life. The approach consists of a comparative and contrastive close reading of the narratives so as to disclose the most important moments, events and thoughts forwarded in the respective texts for later analysis. What is stated or implied in the narratives are thus interpreted as the genuine views and reactions of the protagonists and hence analysed as such. Moreover the close reading is informed by both psychoanalytical literary theory and ecocritical theory.</p><p>The approach is thematic and concentrates on several themes or challenges both Thoreau and Crusoe encounter during their habitation in nature. This division of the narratives makes it easier to isolate the moments and events that are the most relevant to the protagonists as regards their views of nature and their development while living in it.</p><p>During his stay at Walden Pond Thoreau does not just preoccupy himself with the practical challenges a life in nature poses but also to a large degree the philosophical questions those challenges raise in him. Thoreau comes to discover an interconnectedness between man and nature which depends on the willingness to simplify life, rid oneself of the act of consumerism and really devote oneself to attending to one’s surroundings. Crusoe, for his part, is terrified by the unknown environment and possible threats it poses to him but decides to survive and does so by making sure his basic needs of shelter and food as well as his dream of becoming a wealthy colonial master are met.</p><p>The aims of this study are to examine how the two protagonists view nature and how and in what ways their respective stays in nature change them. They both clearly develop throughout the narratives and return to civilization with greater inner abilities and strengths than before. Thoreau, for instance, keeps and deepens his feeling of interconnectedness with nature during his stay at Walden Pond while Crusoe’s perceived dislike of nature is mitigated when he understands how to make it useful to his cause. The time they spend in nature allows the protagonists to think about, and perhaps revise their attitudes towards it and find ways to incorporate nature, and what they have learned while living in it in their lives and mindsets.</p>

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p><strong>Title: </strong>From <em>To-</em>infinitives to Gerunds – an Essay on the Translation of Non-finite Clauses</p><p><strong>Author: </strong>Sanna Evaldsson</p><p>The aim of this study is to find out how non-finite clauses are translated into Swedish and what translation strategies are applied in the process of translation. Non-finite clauses are very effective stylistic devises providing condensed and concise language, which is useful in academic texts. Even though English and Swedish are both languages of Germanic origin and share similarities, the translation of these clauses into can be difficult due to the languages’ different uses of non-finites.</p><p>To provide with material for this essay, a translation of a text written by Nicholas Cook has been made by the author of the essay and the two texts have been compared in order to make generalizations. The <em>to-</em>infinitive, the present participle, the past participle clauses and the gerund are features which are treated in this study. They are treated separately and their translations are compared with the secondary literature, which include grammars and books on translation theory.</p><p>The results for this study show that the translation strategies used for these types of clauses are ‘equivalence’, ‘structural shift’, ‘correspondence’, ‘transposition’ and ‘level shift’. The former three seem to be the most common, while the latter two are less frequently used.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: non-finite clauses, <em>to-</em>infinitive, present participle, past participle, gerund, translation.</p>

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<p>Lärarexamen</p>

<p>This paper analyses a translation from English into Swedish in manuals for a GPS navigation tool. Focusing on two main grammatical areas this paper will answer the question how these elements of the language from the source text (ST) are handled by the target text (TT).</p><p> </p><p>Works by Lennart Hellspong and Christiane Nord helped determine what linguistic elements to investigate in detail, as well as part of the method for the translation analysis. Investigated will be factors they consider problematic in, or relevant to, translation. These are terminology and sentence structure. The Background chapter presents a description of Hellspong’s and Nord’s views of translation analysis. Parts of these motivate this paper’s own translation analysis, as mentioned both in regards to how it is carried out and what elements of translation it has chosen to investigate.</p><p>Secondly, under Material, a presentation of this paper’s primary sources is offered. In addition to information on the manuals themselves, this chapter briefly covers the functions of the GPS navigation tool and a brief presentation of the company manufacturing it.</p><p>Thirdly, under Method, the method for investigation is described in detail. Here are presented sample items of what this paper will investigate, how items for investigation have been chosen, what specific language aspects will be analyzed and how the analysis will be carried out.</p><p>This paper’s fourth chapter, Analysis, consists of the actual research, presenting items analyzed following the strategies outlined under Method. The Analysis chapter will first present the result of each part of the investigation and then a result summary.</p><p> </p>

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