Agricultural production and post-harvest supply systems are major causes of resource and energy consumption throughout the world, with associated emissions contributing to global scale environmental burdens. Focusing on apple systems in Nova Scotia, Canada, this project used life cycle assessment to evaluate the environmental performance of conventional and organic orchards, as well as post-production systems of storage and transportation. Results indicate that on-orchard hotspots include fuel use, fertilizers, and inputs to pest and disease management on both conventional and organic orchards. Extending system boundaries to cradle-to-retail locations revealed that electricity required for storage caused substantial burdens, highlighting the problem of coal-based electricity generation in Nova Scotia. Findings also illustrate that the relative impact of transportation changes according to distance travelled and mode of delivery. Consuming locally produced apples when in season was found to be environmentally preferable than those requiring year round storage, while transport by freight ship is more favourable than long distance transport truck delivery.

Norra Djurgårdsstaden is the largest ongoing construction project in Sweden and is planned to be completed in 2030. The city district is situated in north-eastern Stockholm, in a former industrial area where approximately 12 000 new homes and 35 000 workplaces are planned. The city district focuses strongly on reducing energy consumption and the negative impacts on the environment. One idea for realizing this goal is to implement coordinated freight logistics. This can be accomplished by building a consolidation centre where goods from different logistics companies and freight carriers can be loaded together on the same delivery vehicles and then be delivered in the same area in Norra Djurgårdsstaden.   The purpose of this master thesis is to evaluate five earlier evaluation reports on consolidation centres. Based on these evaluation reports and other relevant literature, it is recommended how a coordinated freight logistic project should be organized in Norra Djurgårdsstaden and how the impact on the environment and energy consumption should be calculated. The evaluation reports are from the logistic centre in the Old Town of Stockholm, the pilot project Samlic in Linköping, the urban consolidation centre in Norwich, the micro-consolidation centre in London and several urban logistic practices in Utrecht. A thorough comparative analysis of the five different evaluation reports has looked at the initiators and the stakeholders, the delivery situation before and after the implementation of the consolidation centre as well as done a deeper evaluation analysis of all the evaluation reports. The comparative analysis showed that the consolidation centres have had a positive effect on decreasing the number of delivery vehicles in the city district and thereby reducing the emissions and the energy consumption from the delivery vehicles.   Based on the comparative analysis and other literature it is suggested that the initiative to build a consolidation centre in Norra Djurgårdsstaden has to come from the City of Stockholm. The stakeholders should be the City of Stockholm, logistics companies, freight companies, the different businesses in the area and the Ports of Stockholm. To encourage even more businesses to have deliveries from the consolidation centre and get more environmentally friendly delivery vehicles in the city district it might be necessary to use several management control instruments. Examples of control instruments are environmental zones, time windows and implement different restrictions on the delivery vehicles. It is essential to gather information about the delivery vehicles in the city district to estimate emissions and the energy consumption. The collection of data from the delivery vehicles can be gathered from consignment notes, driver notes, invoice data or statistics of the number of vehicles that have delivered goods in the city centre from freight and logistics companies. Then the delivery vehicles impact on energy consumption and the environment can be estimated with the computer tool Network of transports and environment (NTM-method). / Norra Djurgårdsstaden är det största pågående byggprojektet i Sverige och är planerat att slutföras under 2030. Stadsdelen ligger i nordöstra Stockholm, i ett före detta industriområde där cirka 12 000 nya bostäder och 35 000 arbetsplatser är planerade att byggas. Stadsdelen har ett starkt fokus på att minska miljöeffekterna och påverkan av energianvändningen. En av idéerna för att uppfylla detta är att införa samordnad varulogistik. Detta kan göras genom att bygga ett logistikcenter där gods från olika logistikföretag och godstransportörer kan lastas på samma leveransfordon och sedan levereras inom samma område i Norra Djurgårdsstaden.   Syftet med detta examensarbete är att utvärdera fem tidigare utvärderingsrapporter om logistikcenter. Med hjälp av dessa utvärderingsrapporter och annan litteratur ges det förslag på hur ett projekt inom samordnad varulogistik kan organiseras i Norra Djurgårdsstaden och hur miljöpåverkan och energiförbrukning från leveransfordonen kan beräknas. Utvärderingsrapporterna kommer från logistikcentret i Gamla Stan i Stockholm, pilotprojektet Samlic i Linköping, logistikcentret i Norwich, mikro-logistikcentret i London och olika logistikmetoder i Utrecht. En noggrann jämförande analys av de fem olika utvärderingsrapporterna har undersökt initiativtagare och intressenter, leveranssituationerna före och efter uppförandet av logistikcentren samt gjort en fördjupad utvärderingsanalys av samtliga utvärderingsrapporter. Den jämförande analysen visar att införandet av logistikcenter har haft en positiv effekt för att minska antalet leveransfordon i stadsdelen och därmed inneburit minskade utsläpp och lägre energianvändning för leveransfordonen.   Baserad på den komparativa analysen och annan litteratur föreslås det att initiativet i Norra Djurgårdsstaden måste komma från Stockholms stad. Intressenterna bör vara Stockholms Stad, logistikföretag, godstransportörer, de olika företagen i området och Stockholms Hamnar. För att få fler företag att använda logistikcentret samt att få miljövänligare leveransfordon i stadsdelen kan det vara nödvändigt att använda flera styrmedel. Exempel på styrmedel är miljözoner, tidsfönster och att införa olika begränsningar på leveransfordon. Det är väsentligt att samla information om leveransfordonen i stadsdelen för att beräkna utsläpp och energianvändning. Insamlingen av data från leveransfordon kan hämtas från fraktsedlar, fakturaunderlag eller statistik över antalet fordon som har levererat varor i stadsdelen från frakt-och logistikföretag. Då kan miljö- och energieffekterna från leveransfordonen beräknas med dataverktyget Nätverket för transporter och miljö (NTM-metoden).

Despite the contribution of mining to the South African economy, this industry has impacted negatively on the environment and society for many decades. These negative impacts are evidence of poor corporate actions. Instead of contributing to society, it seems that mining companies, more often than not, neglect their corporate social responsibilities mostly in the pursuit of financial profit. It has been well documented that it is mostly local populations, living close to mining operations, which pay the price of social and environmental damages and degradation, while the industry's benefits are measured in economic and political terms. Such an imbalance between the economic, environmental and social factors will make Sustainable Development impossible to achieve. Welverdiend is a community paying a dear price in terms of social problems caused by mining operations. The aim of this study, therefore, is to assess the impact of these problems on the social well–being of Welverdiend and the surrounding community's residents. In the light of these findings on different social issues, the research aims to confirm the importance of a people–centred approach to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). The following is a brief outline of the course of the study. Chapter One serves as the introduction to the research project. Chapter Two, aligned with Objective One, provides a theoretical overview on Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainable Development. Chapter Three, which is aligned with Objectives Two and Three, reports on the findings obtained through a survey and Chapter Four, aligned with Objective Four, presents the conclusion and recommendations. / Thesis (M. Development and Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

Despite the contribution of mining to the South African economy, this industry has impacted negatively on the environment and society for many decades. These negative impacts are evidence of poor corporate actions. Instead of contributing to society, it seems that mining companies, more often than not, neglect their corporate social responsibilities mostly in the pursuit of financial profit. It has been well documented that it is mostly local populations, living close to mining operations, which pay the price of social and environmental damages and degradation, while the industry's benefits are measured in economic and political terms. Such an imbalance between the economic, environmental and social factors will make Sustainable Development impossible to achieve. Welverdiend is a community paying a dear price in terms of social problems caused by mining operations. The aim of this study, therefore, is to assess the impact of these problems on the social well–being of Welverdiend and the surrounding community's residents. In the light of these findings on different social issues, the research aims to confirm the importance of a people–centred approach to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). The following is a brief outline of the course of the study. Chapter One serves as the introduction to the research project. Chapter Two, aligned with Objective One, provides a theoretical overview on Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainable Development. Chapter Three, which is aligned with Objectives Two and Three, reports on the findings obtained through a survey and Chapter Four, aligned with Objective Four, presents the conclusion and recommendations. / Thesis (M. Development and Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

The slaughterhouses of bovines utilized great amounts of water. It can reach 2,500 liters by animal slaughtered, generating residuary waters carried with high organic loads and solid concentration in suspension. The solid residue production is also elevated. They are from animal excremental deposition in the transport trucks during the confinement which precedes the slaughter. And also from non-edible by-products originated from the industry process. The applications of environmental and quality management techniques have reduced the residue release in a significant way in the food industries, though this reduction limits itself to the necessary hygienization of their processes. Despite the advances, both the generation and the dumping of the waste without adequate fate utilizing mainly the water as vehicle. Finally, effluents are voluminous and represent a serious environmental problem. The current research had as focus to know the reality of the chief bovine slaughterhouses of São Luiz Gonzaga municipality in order to identify and analyze the methods adopted by slaughterhouses as the management of effluents produced in each of them. Firstly a bibliographical survey was carried out. Samples of effluents were collected and sent for laboratory analysis of the physical-chemical features in order to verify if they have the characteristics demanded in the the emission patterns. The slaughterhouse images were recorded and the managers and the officials interviewed for identifying the degree of perception of the responsibility in each category. This study characterizes itself as a field exploratory and descriptive research approached in a qualitative form. The result shows that the components of the analyzed enterprises understand the importance of an environmental management program, but don t adopt any model or methodology which fulfills to the requirement of Environmental Legislation and that shows clearly their participation and commitment with this issue. / Os abatedouros de bovinos utilizam grande quantidade de água podendo chegar a 2500 litros por animal abatido, gerando águas residuárias carreadas com altas cargas orgânicas e concentrações de sólidos em suspensão. É elevada também a produção de resíduos sólidos oriundos da deposição fecal dos animais nos caminhões de transporte, durante o confinamento que antecede ao abate e dos subprodutos não comestíveis provenientes do processo industrial. As aplicações de técnicas de gestão ambiental e gestão da qualidade têm reduzido de forma significativa a emissão de resíduos nas indústrias de alimentos, embora essa redução limite-se às necessidades de higienização de seus processos. Apesar dos avanços, ainda são elevados, tanto a geração, como o despejo de resíduos sem destino adequado, utilizando, principalmente, a água como veículo. Enfim, os efluentes são volumosos e representam um sério problema ambiental. A presente pesquisa teve por foco conhecer a realidade dos principais abatedouros de bovinos de São Luiz Gonzaga, para identificar e analisar os métodos adotados pelos abatedouros quanto à gestão dos efluentes produzidos em cada um deles. Inicialmente, foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica, amostras dos efluentes foram coletadas e enviadas para análise laboratorial das características físico-químicas para verificar se atendem as exigências dos padrões de emissões. Registraram-se, também, imagens dos abatedouros, e os gestores e funcionários foram entrevistados para identificar o grau de percepção da responsabilidade ambiental em cada categoria. O estudo se caracteriza como uma pesquisa de campo exploratória e descritiva abordada de forma qualitativa. O resultado demonstra que os integrantes das empresas analisadas compreendem a importância de um programa de gestão ambiental, mas não adotam nenhum modelo ou metodologia que atenda aos requisitos da Legislação Ambiental e que evidencie a participação e comprometimento deles com esta questão.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:27:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:56:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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La prise en compte des impacts environnementaux liés à la Fabrication Additive (FA) est un sujet encore en développement et loin d'être consolidé. Cette thèse tente de répondre à la question suivante: Comment identifier et maîtriser les impacts environnementaux liés à la mise en usage des technologies de Fabrication Additive ?Une approche centrée sur l’analyse de scénarios d’usages a été appliquée. Trois scénarios ont été identifiés et étudiés: 1) La Fabrication Personnelle; 2) l’Utilisation commerciale de la FA et 3) l’Utilisation Industrielle de la FA. L'analyse de la littérature et l’application de la méthode d’Analyse du Cycle de Vie – ACV ont fourni les données nécessaires afin d’identifier les différents hotspots environnementaux dans chaque scénario.Pour le cas de la « Fabrication Personnelle », l'étude souligne l'importance de mettre en évidence les aspects humains. La façon dont les gens utilisent la technologie génère bien souvent plus d’impact que la technologie elle-même. Pour le cas du scénario «Utilisation Commerciale», c’est la phase de production qui génère le plus d'impacts environnementaux, en raison de la consommation d’énergie du processus d'impression. Les résultats du scénario « Utilisation Industriel», avec l’utilisation de la technologie EBM, indiquent que la consommation d’énergie du processus d'impression, la fabrication de poudre, ainsi que les processus de Finition sont les principales sources d’impacts.Les résultats des trois études ont été analysés et rassemblés de manière à concevoir un cadre systémique montrant les contributeurs aux impacts dans le cas de la mise en usage de technologies de FA. Quatre groupes de contributeurs ont ainsi été identifiés en lien avec: le produit, le processus d'impression (aspects techniques), et le niveau d'expérience de l'utilisateur en matière de CAO et d'impression (aspects humains). Pour chaque groupe, plusieurs contributeurs ont été associés (consommation d’énergie, masse du produit, temps d’usage de la CAO,…). A partir de ce cadre, nous avons pu construire un modèle simplifié pour l’ACV adapté au cas de la mise en usage de la FA. Il a donné lieu à l’élaboration d’un démonstrateur pour estimer les impacts environnementaux liés à la mise en usage de la fabrication additive. / The subject of the environmental impacts related to Additive Manufacturing is evolving and far from being consolidated. This thesis tries to answer the following question: How to identify and control the environmental impacts associated to the use of Additive Manufacturing technologies? An approach centred on scenarios was applied. Three specific scenarios were identified and studied: 1) Personal Fabrication; 2) Business use of AM and 3) Industrial use of AM. Literature analysis and the use of the Life Cycle Assessment-LCA approach provided accurate data to identify the different hotspots of environmental impacts in each scenario.In the Personal Fabrication case, the study highlights the importance of placing a greater focus on the Human aspects. The way people use the technology often generates more impacts than the technology itself. In the ‘Business’ scenario the findings show that the energy consumed in Production phase is the most representative phase in terms of environmental impacts. Results from the ‘Industrial’ scenario using EBM technology suggests that the energy consumption of the Printing Process, the powder manufacturing, as well as the Post-treatment process are the main sources of the environmental impacts.The results of the three studies were analysed and gathered in such a way to design a systemic framework of impacts in the case of AM use. Four group of impacts drivers are recognised: The product and the Printing Process (Technical aspects) and the User’s level of experience in CAD and Printing (Human Aspects). For each group, several impact contributors are identified (product height, CAD use time, etc.). From this framework, an adapted LCA model was designed and a software concept was created to estimate the environmental impacts related to use of AM technologies.

abstract: Ecolabels are the main driving force of consumer knowledge in the realm of sustainable product purchasing. While ecolabels strive to improve consumer's purchasing decisions, they have overwhelmed the market, leaving consumers confused and distrustful of what each label means. This study attempts to validate and understand environmental concerns commonly found in ecolabel criteria and the implications they have within the life cycle of a product. A life cycle assessment (LCA) case study of cosmetic products is used in comparison with current ecolabel program criteria to assess whether or not ecolabels are effectively driving environmental improvements in high impact areas throughout the life cycle of a product. Focus is placed on determining the general issues addressed by ecolabelling criteria and how these issues relate to hotspots derived through a practiced scientific methodology. Through this analysis, it was determined that a majority the top performing supply chain environmental impacts are covered, in some fashion, within ecolabelling criteria, but some, such as agricultural land occupation, are covered to a lesser extent or not at all. Additional criteria are suggested to fill the gaps found in ecolabelling programs and better address the environmental impacts most pertinent to the supply chain. Ecolabels have also been found to have a broader coverage then what can currently be addressed using LCA. The results of this analysis have led to a set of recommendations for furthering the integration between ecolabels and life cycle tools. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Civil and Environmental Engineering 2012

Submitted by Pablo Bettio Mendes (bettiomendes@hotmail.com) on 2018-10-10T15:48:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao - Pablo - FINAL - 2018-OUT-10 (Rev.2).pdf: 2608147 bytes, checksum: 01299e2f6bfb9f6afd67d263d6a73aa0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Lucilene Cordeiro da Silva Messias null (lubiblio@bauru.unesp.br) on 2018-10-10T16:34:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 mendes_pb_me_bauru.pdf: 2608147 bytes, checksum: 01299e2f6bfb9f6afd67d263d6a73aa0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-10T16:34:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 mendes_pb_me_bauru.pdf: 2608147 bytes, checksum: 01299e2f6bfb9f6afd67d263d6a73aa0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-24 / A erosão dos solos é fenômeno natural que ocorre tanto em áreas rurais como urbanas, atuando através da remoção e arraste de material, tendo consequências muito sérias ocasionando diversas perdas financeiras e até de vidas humanas. A necessidade de conter ou controlar esse processo de degradação inspirou o desenvolvimento de várias tecnologias ligadas à área de bioengenharia. Duas delas, biomanta e hidrossemeadura, são atualmente vendidas separadamente no mercado provavelmente por razões comerciais, mas possuem o potencial de ser trabalhadas de maneira integrada. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi testar a eficácia do uso integrado de duas técnicas de controle de erosão causada pela água em encostas e taludes: biomanta e hidrossemeadura. O trabalho foi realizado no município de Sorocaba em um talude com forte pendente disponibilizado dentro do Campus da Faculdade de Tecnologia (FATEC). Foram usados materiais de baixo custo, além do uso de rejeitos de material proveniente de cortes de vegetação de baixo porte que muitas vezes não tem um destino adequado. Para tanto foram construídas oito parcelas retangulares de aproximadamente seis metros de extensão por um metro de largura. Duas destas parcelas foram mantidas continuamente descobertas (condição controle de terreno natural) e as outras seis foram cobertas / protegidas com mantas biodegradáveis, sementes ou sistema integrado de palha e sementes. Ao todo foram construídos quatro pares, cada um deles com uma técnica diferente de combate a erosão. Durante a pesquisa, foram avaliadas e quantificadas as mudas das espécies que germinaram, também foi medido o volume de chuva durante o período. Sem prejuízo, fez-se, também, a quantificação do volume do material erodido (sedimento) em cada tipo de recobrimento após cada evento de chuva. / Soil erosion is a natural phenomenon that occurs in rural and urban areas, acting through the removal and dragging of material, with very serious consequences causing several losses including human lifes. The need to contain or control this degradation process has inspired the development of several technological alternatives linked to the area of bioengineering. Two of them are currently sold separately on the market, probably for commercial reasons, but have the potential to be worked on in an integrated fashion. The aim of the present work is to test the effectiveness of two techniques integrated to avoid erosion caused by water on slopes used together: bio-blanket and hydroseeding. The work was carried out in Sorocaba in a slope with strong inclination made available within the Campus of the Faculdade de Tecnologia (FATEC). For the work, low cost materials were used as the litter usually coming from the tailings, vegetation cuts that often did not have an adequate destination. For this, eight rectangular plots of approximately six meters in length by a meter of width each were constructed. Two of these plots were kept continuously discovered (natural land control condition) and the other six were covered / protected with biodegradable blanket, seeds or integrated straw and seed system. Altogether there are four pairs compared, each with a different solution from the each other. During the research, the seedlings of the species that germinated were evaluated and quantified. The volume of rain was quantified and also the volume of the eroded material (sediment) in each type of cover were also measured right after every rain event