The application of environmental assessment methods for buildings has increased significantly over the last few years. Approximately five years ago Riksbyggen decided to apply Miljöbyggnad Silver to the new construction of all their apartment buildings. Internally within the organisation, however, criticism that the system causes large design and construction costs has been lifted. The aim of this study was to investigate the magnitude of the design and construction expenses related to Miljöbyggnad and to find what improvements could be implemented to reduce costs and enforce the efficiency of the process. The second part of the study included a feasibility study regarding implementing Life Cycle Assessment, LCA, in the construction process. The purpose of including LCA would be to construct buildings with a reduced climate impact. There are convincing indications that LCA will become an increasingly important tool in the construction industry in the future.   The project leaders working with Miljöbyggnad at Riksbyggen completed a questionnaire considering the expenses Miljöbyggnad Silver causes beyond Boverket’s Building Regulations,as well as determining the attitude regarding a possible implementation of Life Cycle Assessment. The results were subsequently discussed more qualitatively during follow-up meetings and additionally with other professionals in the industry.   The project leaders' perception of the prevailing expenses associated with Miljöbyggnad Silver beyond the Boverket’s Building Regulations varied greatly, which was consistent with previous international studies. The total cost of the use of Miljöbyggnad was stated in the large range of 400.000 to 3.800.000 SEK, but when the most divergent estimates were excluded, a more limited range of 400.000 to 650.000 SEK was given. The project leaders estimated that the certification increased the project's total cost to an extent of 0.13 to 8%, but when excluding the most divergent estimates the interval was reduced to 0.13 to 2%. The project managers’ merged results emphasized that the most cost-bearing indicators were, with the most costly first, solar heat load, daylight, thermal climate summer, absence of hazardous substances and documentation of materials.   The project leaders’ knowledge regarding LCA was limited. The main reason for their reluctance to implementation seemed to be the additional work and expense it could entail. In principle, all project leaders were of the opinion that LCA should be integrated in an early project stage prior to the procurement of a contractor. / Tillämpningen av miljöcertifieringar för byggnader har de senaste åren ökat kraftigt i omfattning. Riksbyggen tillämpar sedan några år tillbaka Miljöbyggnad ambitionsnivå Silver för all nyproduktion av flerbostadshus. Internt inom organisationen har dock kritik framhållits avseende att systemet föranleder stora ökningar av investeringskostnaderna. Eftersom få studier beträffande eventuella merkostnader av miljöcertifieringssystem genomförts har det för Riksbyggen varit svårt att svara på kritiken. Syftet med studien var följaktligen att utreda investeringskostnadernas omfattning samt vilka förbättringsåtgärder som skulle kunna vidtas för att reducera kostnaderna och parallellt stärka certifieringens ändamålsenlighet. Den andra delen av studien inbegriper en förstudie avseende en eventuell implementation av livscykelanalys, LCA, för byggprocessen. Mycket tyder på att LCA kommer att användas allt mer inom byggindustrin framöver för att uppföra byggnader med en reducerad klimatpåverkan.   Riksbyggens projektledare besvarade en enkätundersökning avseende de kostnader Miljöbyggnad Silver tillfogar utöver Boverkets byggregler, BBR, samt en undersökning avseende deras inställning till en eventuell implementation av livscykelanalyser. Enkätundersökningen kompletterades med uppföljningsmöten under vilka enkätresultaten diskuterades mer kvalitativt samt genom möten med andra professionellt yrkesverksamma.   Projektledarnas perception av kostnaderna förenade med Miljöbyggnad Silver utöver BBR varierade kraftigt, vilket dock överensstämde med tidigare internationellt genomförda studier. Totalkostnaderna för certifieringen befann sig i ett intervall av 400–3800 tusen kronor, tkr, men då de mest avvikande uppskattningarna exkluderades begränsades kostnadsintervallet till 400–650 tkr. Projektledarna uppskattade att certifieringen innebar ett kostnadspåslag på projektets totalkostnad av 0,13 till 8 %, men då extremerna exkluderades begränsades intervallet till 0,13–2 %. Projektledarnas sammanslagna resultat indikerade att de mest kostnadsdrivande indikatorerna var, med den mest kostnadsdrivande först; solvärmelast, dagsljusfaktor, termiskt klimat sommar, utfasning av farliga ämnen samt dokumentation av byggvaror. Projektledarnas kunskapsbild avseende LCA var relativt begränsad och de främsta betänkligheterna beträffande en implementering tycks vara den eventuella arbetsbelastning det skulle kunna medföra samt de kostnader det skulle driva. Den viktigaste frågan beträffande en LCA-implementering är hur Riksbyggen på bästa sätt integrerar livscykelperspektivet i verksamheten. Majoriteten av projektledarna var av åsikten att LCA vid en implementering bör integreras i ett tidigt projektstadium framför vid upphandling av entreprenör.

La pollution des eaux de surface par les pesticides est un problème sérieux. Cette pollution étant en grande partie liée à l’activité agricole, la mise en place de pratiques permettant de limiter les transferts de pesticides vers les eaux de surface représente une solution intéressante. Afin d’apprécier l’efficacité de tels projets il est important de développer des méthodes spécifiques d’évaluation agri-environnementale. Si les méthodes d’évaluation parcellaires sont opérationnelles, celles à l’échelle du bassin versant ne sont pas encore bien adaptées aux besoins des acteurs de terrain. Ce travail a pour objectif de développer un indicateur de risque d’exposition des eaux de surface aux pertes de pesticides par ruissellement à l’échelle du bassin versant. Pour ce faire, nous avons développé deux indicateurs : un indicateur parcellaire évaluant l’impact des pratiques agricoles sur les pertes de pesticides par ruissellement en sortie de parcelle et un indicateur de connectivité estimant la contribution de chaque parcelle au ruissellement global du bassin versant. Le couplage de ces deux indicateurs permet d’obtenir un outil d’évaluation du risque des pratiques phytosanitaires spécifique d’un bassin versant et de comparer des scenarii. Les méthodes de développement des deux indicateurs se distinguent des méthodes classiques par leur fondement sur un couplage indicateur / modèle. L’hypothèse méthodologique principale sur laquelle repose ce travail est qu’à partir des processus décrits par les modèles, il est possible d’explorer une gamme de situations très large et de créer une base de connaissances qui permet de développer nos indicateurs / Surface water pollution by pesticides is a great environmental concern. In order to limit pesticides transfers from agricultural field to surface water, mitigation strategies are implemented. Their effectiveness has then to be assessed by specific tools. Most of pesticide runoff risk assessment tools are simple indicators or simulation models. Both can be performing for field application but most of the available methods are not yet adapted to help catchment managers in their decision process. Simple indicators lack taking into account inherent variability of watersheds structures and mechanistic models demands too many data to be used as routine tools. The aim of this study is then to develop a catchment scale pesticide runoff risk assessment tool to help catchment managers to identify risky situations. We developed two indicators: one to assess agricultural impact on pesticide runoff risk at a field scale and the other field spatial position impact on runoff route from the field to the hydrological network. Aggregating those two indicators lead us to assess catchment fields pesticide runoff risk and allows comparing agronomical or climatic scenarios. We based both indicators on modelling assuming that processes described by model make possible to explore wide factors variation ranges and to build databases on which indicators are developed

La planète se trouve dans un état de dégradation des écosystèmes, d’épuisement des ressources, de tension démographique et d’urgence climatique particulièrement préoccupant. Le découplage de la consommation de matières premières avec l’activité économique est indispensable. En réduisant la pression sur la raréfaction des matières premières, l’économie circulaire peut participer à la lutte contre le dérèglement climatique. Bien que le recyclage ne puisse solutionner seul l’épuisement des ressources, il est indispensable de mettre en œuvre des solutions pour régénérer les matières présentes dans nos déchets. Or l’organisation actuelle de la filière de fin de vie ne semble pas répondre aux besoins de l’économie-monde.Le premier challenge pour déployer des solutions de recyclage en économie circulaire repose sur l’évaluation de la performance des scénarios de recyclage. La méthodologie proposée repose sur plusieurs outils d’analyse : analyse de flux de matières (MFA), Analyse de Cycle de Vie (ACV) et Analyse de coûts (LCC) dans un cadre technique de référence basé sur l’évaluation des écotechnologies (ETV). Ce travail s’applique en partenariat avec la société MTB. Trois axes de performances ont été retenus : technique, économique et environnemental.Cette évaluation multicritères, intégrés dans la démarche de conception de MTB, permet une communication sous la forme d’indicateurs clés de performances (KPI). Ces indicateurs supplémentaires permettent de quantifier rapidement l’éco-efficience d’un scénario, pour accompagner la prise de décisions des concepteurs lors de la construction de l'offre et du développement des solutions scénarios de recyclage. / The planet is in a particularly worrying state of degradation of ecosystems, depletion of resources, demographic tension and a climate emergency. The decoupling of the consumption of raw materials with economic activity is a relevant action lever. By reducing the pressure on the scarcity of raw materials, the circular economy can participate in the fight against climate change. Although recycling alone cannot solve resource depletion, it is essential to implement solutions to regenerate the materials present in our waste. However, the current organization of the end-of-life sector does not seem to meet the needs of the world economy.The first challenge in deploying recycling solutions in the circular economy is based on evaluating the performance of recycling scenarios. The proposed methodology is based on several analytical tools: Material Flow Analysis (MFA), Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cost Costing (LCC) in a technical reference framework based on the evaluation of environmental technologies (ETV). This work applies in partnership with the company MTB. Three performance axes were chosen: technical, economic and environmental.This multi-criterion assessment, integrated into the MTB design process, allows communication in the form of key performance indicators (KPI). By providing additional performance indicators it is possible to quickly quantify the eco-efficiency, to support decision-making by designers during the development of the recycling pathway.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-10-01T15:16:44Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Simone Gonçalves Sales Assunção - 2012.pdf: 7218299 bytes, checksum: 162d103e366ecb7539e9e2c392775d45 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-10-01T15:37:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Simone Gonçalves Sales Assunção - 2012.pdf: 7218299 bytes, checksum: 162d103e366ecb7539e9e2c392775d45 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-01T15:37:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Simone Gonçalves Sales Assunção - 2012.pdf: 7218299 bytes, checksum: 162d103e366ecb7539e9e2c392775d45 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-21 / This paper aims to propose a new method for assessing environmental risks based on the Ecological Risk Analysis method proposed by Faria (1983). Starting from the main scientific methods used for environmental risk assessment, methods of urban planning and environmental sustainability indicators used in models of environmental risk assessment, the new method is tested in the area around Mingau creek, in the neighborhood Parque Amazônia, in Goiania, Goiás, where it had been applied the method proposed by Faria (1983) and also in the vicinity of Santo Antonio creek, located in Aparecida de Goiânia, Goiás. This method consists in obtaining data from the premise socioeconomic and the physical environment of the study site, determining a rank for each risk factor. Subsequently, these data are checked with the physical medium through an array that uses the aggregate sum of the levels divided by two, rounded statistically when necessary. The results show, generally, the interrelation between the environment factors the physical and socioeconomic environment and reveal in a clear, objective and direct that the environmental risks of the physical environment are interrelated and submitted to each factor inserted in the premise socio-environmental, particularly the direct effects that social factors on the print environment, the deemed to be interdependent. In the method de Faria (1983) each factor is naturally hierarchical individually and that the intersection matrix of the aggregation is by obtaining the intensity of damage indicators, which are the anthropic factors interfering on the natural environment, with indicators sensitivity of damage, that for each natural factor is adopted and an indicator refers to the ability of resistance and resilience of the physical environment. So, are crossed, the risk matrix, the intensity of damage with a sensitivity of damage and gives the level of ecological risk for each natural factor, differently. In this new method more directly, we obtain the level of risk to each factor, whether physical or socioeconomic and then the results are intercepted in a single array of aggregation, which results in the environmental risk of the interrelationship of factors jointly allowing demonstrate a more comprehensive and systemic results of environmental risk assessment. / Este trabalho propõe um novo método para avaliação de riscos ambientais baseado na Análise do Risco Ecológico, proposto por Faria (1983). Partindo-se dos principais métodos científicos utilizados para avaliação de risco ambiental, dos métodos de planejamento urbano e ambiental e dos indicadores de sustentabilidade utilizados nos modelos de avaliação de riscos ambientais, esta proposta foi testada na área do entorno do córrego Mingau, no bairro Parque Amazônia, em Goiânia, Goiás, onde em que já havia sido aplicado o método proposto por Faria (1983) e também no entorno do córrego Santo Antônio, localizado em Aparecida de Goiânia, Goiás. Esse método consiste na obtenção de dados do meio socioeconômico e do meio físico do local de estudo, determinando um nível hierárquico de risco para cada fator. Posteriormente esses dados são cruzados com os do meio físico por meio de uma matriz de agregação. Os resultados expressam, de maneira geral, a inter-relação entre os fatores do meio físico e os do meio socioeconômico e revelam de maneira clara, objetiva e direta que os riscos ambientais do meio físico estão submetidos e inter-relacionados a cada fator inserido no meio socioambiental; principalmente os efeitos diretos que os fatores sociais imprimem sobre os ambientais. No método de Faria (1983) cada fator natural é hierarquizado de maneira individual, sendo que o cruzamento na matriz de agregação se dá por meio da obtenção dos indicadores de intensidade de danos, que são os fatores antrópicos interferindo no meio natural, com os indicadores de sensibilidade de danos. Para cada fator natural é adotado um indicador que se refere à capacidade de resistência e resiliência do meio físico. Assim, são cruzadas, na matriz de risco, intensidade de danos com sensibilidade de danos e obtém-se o nível de risco ecológico para cada fator natural, de forma distinta. Neste novo método de forma mais direta, obtém-se o nível de risco de danos para cada fator, seja físico ou socioeconômico e depois os resultados são interceptados em uma única matriz de agregação, que resulta no risco ambiental da inter-relação dos fatores de uma forma conjunta, permitindo demonstrar de maneira mais abrangente e sistêmica os resultados da avaliação de risco ambiental.