I denne oppgaven har det blitt utført kartlegging av bakgrunnskonsentrasjoner av utvalgte grunnstoffer og andre viktige parametere (pH, DOC og TDN) i overflatevann rundt Statoils oljesandfelt Leismer i Alberta, Canada. Vann har blitt prøvetatt manuelt for oppløst, syreløselig og total konsentrasjon, og med den passive prøvetakeren DGT (diffusjonsgradient i tynne filmer) for DGT-labil konsentrasjon. Prøvene har blitt analysert med ICP-MS. Voltammetri ble benyttet for analyse av metaller i felt for å se på døgnvariasjoner.Hensikten med kartleggingen er å vite hvilke nivåer av elementene som er naturlig i området for å kunne oppdage eventuelle effekter av Statoils drift i fremtiden. Dataene samlet inn i dette prosjektet vil ha liten eller ingen nytte hvis det ikke følges opp med nye undersøkelser i fremtiden.Resultatene viser at det generelt er lave konsentrasjoner av grunnstoffene som det finnes grenseverdier for konsentrasjoner av i vann. Det viser at vannkvaliteten er god og gjør det ekstra viktig at Statoil ikke forårsaker utslipp, siden selv små utslipp kan øke konsentrasjonene betydelig. I tillegg har det blitt sett på utvikling av en voltammetrisk metode for on-line overvåking av arsenkonsentrasjon. Formålet med utvikling av metoden var å kunne overvåke konsentrasjonen av As i grunnvannet som benyttes til drikkevann ved Leismer Lodge, fordi konsentrasjonen er forholdsvis høy. Arbeid med utviklingen av den voltammetriske metoden demonstrerte hvor kompleks arsens kjemi er, og det var ikke mulig å få til en reproduserbar og egnet metode i løpet av prosjektet. Resultatene kan forhåpentligvis være til nytte ved fremtidig arbeid med voltammetriske metoder for arsen.

During a membrane introduction (MI) analysis the analytes are separated from the bulk matrix (e.g. air or water) by a semi-permeable membrane and transported to the detector by a carrier gas (usually helium). The most commonly used detector for MI-analyses is the mass spectrometer, resulting in membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS). The main advantages of MIMS are short response times, high sensitivity, simplicity and elimination of sample preparation and pre-separation. Membrane introduction analyses are suitable for detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi volatile organic compounds (SVOCs). In this project the applicability of MIMS and membrane introduction flame ionization detector (MIFID) for oil analyses were tested. Investigations of 12 different oil samples from light crude oils to heavy oils were performed by MIFID and MIMS for both water and air (only two oil samples were analyzed by water MIMS). For the oil in air analyses good response were achieved, and information about response times and half-times could be obtained within a reasonable period of time. The water analyses however showed some limitations. Even after long analysis times (up to 1200 minutes) useful information on response time were rarely obtained, and no half-times for depletion could be measured. Pre-equilibration of the oil samples seems to be necessary to enable reasonably fast MI analyses of water samples (approximately) equilibrated with the oil, allowing an estimation of oil concentrations in water. For the MIMS analyses spectral information are obtained, providing an indication of the content of the oil samples, as well as information about how the abundance of different ions change throughout the analyses due to weathering.Best results were obtained by the lighter oil samples, due to higher amounts of compounds favorable for MI-detection. Analysis times obtained were slightly shorter for MIFID analyses, as compared to MIMS analyses.

<p>Chlorine is one of most common element on earth and it is essential in every living organism, but can also cause problems in the environment. Chlorine can exist both as inorganic (Clin) and organically bound (Clorg). Earlier was the common opinion that Clorg only occurs from anthropogenic sources, but the last years, research has shown that chlorine is a part of the biogeochemical cycle and Clorg also can have natural sources. Many chlorinated substances are poisonous, so the fact that they have a natural source created attention. Fertilizations with nitrogen in forest areas have shown unexpected consequences, such as an increase leakage of nitrogen to ground and surface water. Clear-cutting is a disturbance on the ecosystem and the environment is sensitive for disturbances. Because of the fact that both chlorine and fertilization can be environmental problems and that clear-cutting is a big disturbance in the nature, this study will investigate if there are changes of organic chlorine (Clorg) in soil water after clear-cutting and if fertilization with nitrogen has any influence on the concentration of Clorg. This study was made in a forest area in Värmland, Sweden (Hagfors). Chemical analyses were made in the laboratory though measuring AOX (absorbable organic halogens). The result of this study showed that clear-cutting probably has some effect on the Clorg concentration and that nitrogen doesn’t have any influence.</p>

<p>This thesis assesses the water quality of the River Nile around the city Khartoum in Khartoum State, Sudan Republic, and investigates eventual influences of the city on the River Nile by analysis of the following parameters: temperature, pH, and conductivity, and Adsorbable Organic Halogen (AOX), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), Total Organic Carbon(TOC) and Nitrate (NO3− ). A survey of the area is also included. It was concluded that the city Khartoum added small but legible concentrations of cadmium, lead, chromium and TOC to the river Nile. However, the resulting concentrations were all within acceptable levels. Also, the observed results showed that the Blue and White Nile, which merge together upstream on the outskirts of Khartoum, had concentrations of AOX resp. chromium, which were not suitable for drinking water.</p>

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2001. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 136-143). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2001. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 136-143). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004. Directed by Charles L. Liotts. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (MTech. degree in Chemistry)--Tshwane University of Technology, 2010. / Discusses an accurate and sensitive method for the determination of trace levels of mercury in environmental air samples may be established using cost effective technologies.

Thesis (DTech. degree in Environmental management.)-Tshwane University of Technology, 2008. / Aims to determine the presence and levels of common polybrominated diphenyl ethers primarily in landfill leachates, but as well as sediment and groundwater (boreholes / wells around the landfill) from selected landfill sites in order to provide baseline data required to protect water resources against such chemicals.

Preparing a defensible oil spill fingerprinting is always challenging. Presently available well established method for this purpose is a univariate method by comparison of diagnostic ratio using repeatability limit as suggested by European Committee for Standardization (CEN)-method. The consistency result of this method, however, tends to depend on the skill of the analyst who performs the analysis. The shortcoming of CEN-method was then demonstrated by the application of the method to the &quot;MS Server&quot; and &quot;MV Full City&quot; oil spill cases. The author&#146;s analysis result exposed some discrepancieswhen was compared with the one performed by SINTEF. Therefore, this thesis focuses on the effort of pursuing alternative or at least complimentary methods to ease the shortcoming of the CEN-method. The main investigation was then emphasized on the possibility of employing the multivariate analyses, i.e. principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis, and partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The performance of those multivariate analyses were examined by applying to the case studies of &quot;MS Server&quot; and &quot;MV Full City&quot; oil spills. Later on, it was found that PCA failed to classify the samples properly according to the match or non-match with the reference samples. The power of the PCA was revealed when the method was combined with thecluster analysis. The PCA combined with the cluster analysis demonstrated to be faster and undoubtedly more objective (in term of the analyst skill and expertise) as compared to the CEN-method. PLS-DA also showed the same benefits. Moreover, the PLS-DA gives more similar result to the CEN-method applied by SINTEF (irrespective of the difference gaps of the analysts skill, i.e. the SINTEF researchers v.s. the author) as compared to the PCA combined with the cluster analysis. However, the main drawback of the PLS-DA is therequirement of quite large number of sample to obtain a good result. At last, we could see that there is possibility of applying several multivariate analyses, i.e PCA combined with the cluster analysis, and PLS-DA, for the alternatives or complementary of a well established univariate analysis of oil spill fingerprinting (CEN-method). In order to develop the alternative method(s) properly, further research is needed, especially the one which employs more controllable samples.