Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:42:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:00:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:42:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:00:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / O trabalho apresenta uma aplicação da ferramenta metodológica conhecida como FMEA (Failure Mode Effect Analysis) ao processo de identificação de aspectos e impactos ambientais. Tal processo é parte importante na implantação e na manutenção de Sistemas de Gestão Ambiental (SGA), baseados na norma NBR ISO 14001. Além disso, pode contribuir, de forma complementar, para a avaliação e aperfeiçoamento da segurança nuclear da instalação analisada. Como objeto de estudo elegeu-se o Centro de Combustíveis Nucleares (CCN) do IPEN/CNEN-SP, localizado junto ao Campus da Universidade de São Paulo-Brasil, destinado à realização de pesquisas científicas e à produção de elementos combustíveis para o Reator IEA-R1. A partir de um levantamento sistemático de dados, obtidos por meio de entrevistas, documentos e registros operacionais foi possível identificar os processos, suas interações e atividades, cuja análise permitiu definir os diversos modos de falhas potenciais, as respectivas causas e conseqüências para o meio ambiente. Como resultado da avaliação criteriosa dos modos causas foi possível identificar e classificar os principais impactos ambientais potenciais, que constitui uma etapa essencial para a implantação e manutenção de um Sistema de Gestão Ambiental para a instalação em estudo. Os resultados obtidos permitiram demonstrar a validade da aplicação da técnica FMEA aos processos de instalações nucleares, identificando aspectos e impactos ambientais, cujos controles são essenciais para a obtenção da conformidade com os requisitos ambientais do Sistema de Gestão Integrada do IPEN (SGI). Contribuíram também para fornecer uma ferramenta gerencial poderosa para a solução de questões relacionadas ao processo de atendimento de exigências legais aplicáveis no âmbito da Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear (CNEN) e do Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente (IBAMA). / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Submitted by Pedro Silva Filho (pfsilva@ipen.br) on 2018-01-31T16:42:14Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-31T16:42:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A deposição de rejeitos radioativos em repositórios geológicos profundos vem sendo estudada nos últimos anos em diversos países. Materiais à base de cimento são utilizados nesses repositórios como material estrutural, matriz de imobilização de rejeitos ou material de preenchimento. Compreender o desempenho desse material é essencial para garantir a segurança da instalação durante o seu tempo de vida útil (de milhares a centenas de milhares de anos, dependendo do tipo de rejeito). Este trabalho objetiva modelar o comportamento em longo prazo do cimento Portland e estudar a influência de diversos fatores na hidratação e na evolução desse material. A modelagem descritiva abordou a hidratação do cimento nas condições ambientais esperadas no repositório e os efeitos desses fatores em propriedades mecânicas, mineralógicas e morfológicas do cimento. Os fatores ambientais considerados relevantes neste trabalho foram: alta temperatura e pressão, penetração de água subterrânea contendo íons quimicamente agressivos ao cimento e a presença do campo de radiação proveniente dos rejeitos. Ensaios acelerados de degradação também foram realizados para corroborar com o modelo descrito. Observou-se uma sinergia entre diversos fatores na degradação do cimento, como a influência da temperatura e da radiação em reações deletérias ao material. O resultado da modelagem apontou três principais possíveis causas de falha nas barreiras artificiais: a) a formação de um caminho preferencial; b) a perda de resistência e coesão do material; e c) o aumento na corrosão das estruturas metálicas. A descrição do modelo apresentada é a base para a modelagem matemática e a análise de segurança dos repositórios estudados no Brasil. / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP / CAPES:1231206

The purpose of the present work is to provide a brief survey of the process of urban sprawl. What are its origins, how did it develop and why? Moreover, focus will be on envi-ronmental concerns in the framework of urban sprawl. The thesis concentrates on develop-ments in Europe and North America, where cities can look back on a long history of sprawl, and where processes have become very sophisticated. Based on a detailed description of the origins and history of urban sprawl in Europe and the United States, potentially sprawl-induced effects on the environment will be presented and discussed. In a further step, urban sprawl in two case studies (Stuttgart and Leipzig) will be highlighted and discussed with special focus on environ-mental effects. The purpose in doing so is basically to provide a basis and a starting point for further discussions concerning potential and actual effects of sprawl on environment con-cerns.

Die Arbeit ruht auf zwei Säulen: Die eine besteht in der Aufbereitung, Erprobung und konsequenten Anwendung von Methoden der Skaleninvarianzanalyse, die andere in einem breiten Fundus an experimentellen Daten für aushärtbare Aluminiumknetlegierungen in der Form dünner Bleche, die unter gleichartigen, streng kontrollierten Bedingungen gewonnen worden sind. Als methodische Weiterentwicklungen sind die Fundierung des Umgangs mit der algebraischen Korrelation zwischen Vorfaktor und Exponent einer beliebigen Potenzgleichung, die Übertragung des Ansatzes der finiten Skaleninvarianz auf die Ermüdungsrißausbreitung sowie die Kombination der Idee eines geschwindigkeitsbestimmenden Schrittes mit der Dimensionsanalyse der umgebungsabhängigen Ermüdungsrißausbreitung bis hin zur Kartierung der geschwindigkeitsbestimmenden Schritte zu nennen. Auf experimenteller Seite wurde eine Datensammlung mit gemessenen Streubändern für die Ermüdungsrißausbreitung und das Verfestigungsverhalten von 39 Orientierungen bzw. Auslagerungszuständen von Aluminiumlegierungen aufgebaut. Diese Sammlung wird durch ausgewählte Messungen der Ermüdungsrißausbreitung im schwellenwertnahen Bereich, Restfestigkeitsversuche, Rißschließmessungen, Rauheitsmessungen an Bruchflächen, frequenzabhängige Messungen zum Umgebungseinfluß sowie Untersuchungen an drei Stählen und einer Magnesiumlegierung sinnvoll ergänzt. Auf der Basis der Meßdaten und der Analysemethoden wurde der Werkstoffeinfluß auf die Ermüdungsrißausbreitung in dünnen Blechen aus Aluminiumknetlegierungen bei Belastung mit konstanter Amplitude im Gültigkeitsbereich der linear-elastischen Bruchmechanik untersucht. Dabei wurden folgende Größen als wesentliche Einflußfaktoren identifiziert: - für die Gruppenzugehörigkeit: der Kohärenz- und Ordnungsgrad der festigkeitsbestimmenden Ausscheidungen und die resultierende Gleitverteilung, - für den gemeinsamen Vorfaktor der Legierungen der Gruppe 1: die elastischen Eigenschaften und das Spannungsverhältnis (Translation der Paris-Geraden), - für die Exponenten der Legierungen der Gruppe 1: 0,2%-Dehngrenze, athermischer Verfestigungsparameter, Probendicke und Kc-Wert als dimensionsloses Potenzprodukt (Rotation der Paris-Geraden), - für die Legierungen der Gruppe 2: das Ausmaß der Rißablenkung und eine bleibende Mode-II-Komponente der Rißöffnungsverschiebung, - für den Umgebungseinfluß der Legierung 6013 T6: Frequenz und Schwingbreite des Spannungsintensitätsfaktors. Die Diskussion umfaßt den wertenden Vergleich der experimentellen Ergebnisse mit Befunden und Modellen aus der Literatur, Erklärungsansätze für die Ursachen der Einflußnahme der wesentlichen Parameter sowie einen Modellansatz für die Legierungen der Gruppe 1 auf der Basis einer Mischungsregel. Dabei hatte sich erwiesen, daß keines der aus der Literatur bekannten Modelle alle Befunde richtig wiedergibt. Einige der ausgearbeiteten Erklärungsansätze bedürfen der zukünftigen Vertiefung. / The work is based upon two essentials: the first one is the preparation and application of techniques of scale invariance analysis, the second one consists in a database of experimental results for heat-treatable thin-sheet wrought aluminium alloys obtained under uniform conditions. Progress with respect to methodology was achieved regarding, first, the algebraic correlation between sets of coefficients and exponents of any power law, second, the transfer of the concept of finite scale invariance to the phenomenon of fatigue crack growth (FCG), and third, the combination of the ideas of a rate-controlling step and dimensional analysis of environmental-assisted FCG including the mapping of rate-controlling steps. In the experimental part, a database containing both measured scatterbands of FCG and strengthening characteristics for several orientations and aging conditions of aluminium alloys amounting to a total of 39 different material conditions was established. This database was supplemented with results of selected measurements of near-threshold FCG rates, residual strength, crack closure, roughness of fatigue cracks, and frequency-dependent environmental-assisted FCG as well as investigations of three plain-carbon steels and a magnesium alloy. Based on these prerequisites, the influence of the material on the FCG behaviour of thin-sheet wrought aluminium alloys under constant-amplitude loading was investigated within the limits of validity of linear-elastic fracture mechanics. The following influence factors were identified to be essential: The assignment of alloys to one out of two groups is mainly determined by the degrees of coherency and order of the strength-controlling precipitates and the resulting type of slip distribution. The normalized-Paris-law coefficient for the first group is mainly dependent on the modulus of elasticity and the stress ratio. The Paris-law exponents for the first group are dominated by a dimensionless power monomial of the 0.2% proof stress, the athermal strengthening coefficient, sheet thickeness and the critical stress intensity factor. The retardation of the FCG rates of alloys of the second group relative to the first group is mainly determined by the amount of crack deflection and by a residual mode-II component of crack opening displacement. Finally, the environment-assisted FCG for aluminium alloy 6013 T6 reveals a coupled dependence on loading frequency and cyclic stress intensity factor. The discussion covers the evaluation of the results in relation to observations and models from the literature, the explanation of the modes of operation of the major influence factors and a model based on a mixing rule for the alloys of the first group. It turned out that there is not any model that reflects all of the observations simultaneously. Some of the ideas presented require to be worked out in more detail.

This dissertation describes a proposed methodology for Cumulative Effects Assessment (CEA) with the purpose of improving the process by making it both more substantive and quantitative. The general principles of the approach include the following: use of effect-based analyses where selected Valued Component (VC) sensitivities are identified first and then effect pathways are determined building bottom-up linkages from VC sensitivities to potential stressors or combinations of stressors to effect drivers and forces behind the drivers. Models were developed based on statistical or historic trend analysis or literature review that predicted the responses of the VCs to changes in effect drivers. Further, scenarios of divergent futures were created that involved different developments of each effect driver or force, and finally the models were applied to each scenario to project the state of the studied VCs. A practical implementation was conducted to demonstrate the use of the proposed methods on future population trends of two anadromous salmon species from the Cowichan River, British Columbia, Chinook and Coho. The assessment was conducted for both early freshwater and marine phases of their life. For the freshwater phase, the assessment focused on two main factors affecting salmon survival, streamflow and stream temperature and established two main drivers affecting these stressors, land use and climate change, and two main forces behind these drivers, Local and Global human development driven change, respectively. Effects of stream temperature and streamflow on salmon freshwater survival were simulated using two models; one was based on Chinook freshwater survival correlations with stream temperature and was developed only for Chinook, and the other was based on literature-derived temperature and streamflow thresholds and was developed for both species. Connections between the stressors (stream temperature and streamflow) and drivers (land use and climate change) were established through a hydrologic model and stream temperature regression model. For the marine environment, models were created using Pearson correlation and stepwise regression analysis examining links between survival of Cowichan River Chinook and Strait of Georgia hatchery-raised and wild Coho and various environmental variables of the nearshore zone of Strait of Georgia and Juan de Fuca Strait. The models were applied to project future salmon survival under four future scenarios for 2050 that were created by combining two opposite scenarios of land use in the watershed, forest conservation and development, and two climate change scenarios, extreme and moderate. Scenario projections showed a decrease in overall (combined early freshwater marine) survival by 2050 for all three studied salmon populations. None of them are likely to survive in scenarios with extreme climate change, while scenarios with moderate climate change showed positive survival rates although lower than present-day baseline levels. Analysis also showed that land use management within the Cowichan River watershed can also affect freshwater survival of both Chinook and Coho and marine survival of Chinook through influence of river discharge on nearshore processes. However, our land-use management scenarios have considerably weaker effect than climate change on salmon survival. Therefore, we conclude that land use management alone is not sufficient to offset effects of climate change on salmon survival. / Graduate

No description available.

From the Proceedings of the 1971 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 22-23, 1971, Tempe, Arizona / The pre-Columbian Hohokam Indians occupied the major river drainages of central Arizona, and have been the subject of much intense archaeological research. Evidence indicates that the Hohokam began using river water for crop irrigation about 300 B.C., and modified and improved their irrigation systems over time, until the maximum extent of these systems was achieved about 900 a. D. Two types of water control seem to have been utilized: (1) the direct exploitation of rivers through the use of irrigation canals, (2) indirect use through controlled runoff within microdrainages at higher elevations before it reached the rivers. At first, probably only those parcels of land with optimal soils and drainage were used, but apparently population increases fostered by agriculture itself, combined with increasing social and political complexity, necessitated more and more exploitation of marginal lands. Eventually soil problems increased, imposing severe limitations on agriculture. These involved salt and alkali accumulation due to inadequate drainage, soil density and water logging. Additionally, the extension of cropping required the clearing of natural vegetation, which resulted in increased erosion and decreased available native food resources for periods when crops failed. The culture vanished completely about 1450 a. D., probably mainly because of their manner of river exploitation for irrigation. More recent archaeological studies are concentrating not only on river use but also on river abuse.

From the Proceedings of the 1974 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 19-20, 1974, Flagstaff, Arizona / A progressive and coordinated effort is underway to provide a sound technical basis for managing water resources on forest and rangelands in the Southwest. An in-house Forest Service (USDA) research program including pilot testing and economic evaluations of multiple-use alternatives provides information necessary for this purpose. Demands for other goods and services also are increasing on these lands in the face of a burgeoning population. homeseekers, vacationers, and recreationists seek a variety of recreational. experiences that require open space and a relatively undisturbed environment. Frequently these uses conflict, and the combined pressure from too many activities can damage the environment. A new research effort has been organized in the central and southern Rocky Mountain Region to cope with these problems. Nine Western universities including Northern Arizona University, Arizona State University, and University of Arizona have joined forces with the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station to form the Eisenhower Consortium for Western Environmental Forestry Research. Simply stated, the consortium seeks to better our understanding of the relationships between man and his open-space environment in order that its quality might be maintained.

From the Proceedings of the 1974 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 19-20, 1974, Flagstaff, Arizona / The operational aspects of land use planning, to be effective, must be tied to a well defined planning process. The framework for this process includes a set of main components which are important in solving land use planning problems. These components are linked together in a design related to the basic concepts of decision analysis which has been oriented to natural resource problems. Detailed description can be added to the .process framework to tailor it to a specific problem, study area, or study level. Some of the major components in the framework are an objectives and goals spectrum, problem formulation, physical characterization of the land, social and economic demands analysis, identification of management alternatives and specific activities, simulation of resource response, allocation of resources, visual quality analysis, transportation system analysis, and a data management system. This process framework is d »sinned to he dynamic, user oriented, and compatible with the type of problems encountered in land use planning.