Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:47:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:10:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 08354.pdf: 6557210 bytes, checksum: 0c6cea793150b2683fda13b9ec421168 (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

O objetivo principal do presente estudo foi verificar a influência do ambiente sobre o limiar de percepção de dor (LPD) e limiar de tolerância à dor (LTD),através da estimulação elétrica da polpa dentária no incisivo central superior hígido. Os experimentos foram realizados em dois ambientes, o de atendimento odontológico (Odonto) e uma situação neutra (Neutro), desprovida de equipamentos odontológicos. Foram utilizados 50 pacientes, entre 30 e 40 anos de idade, em atendimento na clínica odontológica da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo, distribuídos em 4 grupos Odonto-Questionário- Experimento (OQE), Neutro-Questionário-Experimento (NQE), Odonto-Experimento-Questionário (OEQ) e Neutro-Experimento-Questionário (NEQ). Foram utilizados os testes psicométricos Escala de Ansiedade Dentária e Inventário de Ansiedade Traço-Estado para mensuração da ansiedade. Foram realizadas 5 séries de estimulação elétrica para a determinação do LPD e uma única série ascendente para a determinação do LTD. À base dos dados experimentais obtidos pode-se concluir que: - A situação que simula a de atendimento odontológico provoca maior sensibilidade dolorosa e menor tolerância à dor nos sujeitos; existindo correlação positiva entre LPD e LTD. - A razão de tolerância à dor (LTD / LPD) encontrada se situa entre 1,36 a 1,48:1. - Há maior sensibilidade dolorosa frente à 1ª série de estimulação sugerindo a participação do foco de atenção do sujeito frente à estimulação dolorosa, talvez como o principal fator na modulação da resposta dolorosa. - A Escala de Ansiedade Dentária é o instrumento psicométrico que permite a identificação de pacientes que apresentem níveis de ansiedade dentária exacerbada. / The main purpose of the present study was to verify the influence of the enviroment on the pain perception threshold (PPT) and pain tolerance threshold (PTT), through tooth pulp electrical stimulation performed at the intact superior central incisor. Experiments were performed in two enviroments: at the dental office (Dental) and at neutral room (Neutral) without any dental equipment. Fifty patients, between 30 to 40 years old, currently under dental treatment at the dental clinic of the Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo, were distributed into 4 groups: Dental-Questionnaire-Experiment (DQE), Neutral-Questionnaire-Experiment (NQE), Dental-Experiment-Questionnaire (DEQ) and Neutral-Experiment-Questionnaire (NEQ). The psychometric test - Dental Anxiety Scale and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory - were used to measure the anxiety level of the patients. Five series of electrical stimulation were performed to measure PPT and one upward series to measure PTT. On the basis of the experimental data it is concluded that: - The situation that simulated a dental treatment promote more pain sensitivity and less pain tolerance; there is a positive correlation between PPT and PTT. - The tolerance pain ratio (PTT/PPT) found is located at the interval 1,36 and 1,48:1. - There is more pain sensitivity in the first stimulation series suggesting that the attention focus towards the painful stimulation has an important role in pain sensitivity, possibly as a major aspect in the modulation of pain response. - The Dental Anxiety Scale was found to be the psychometric test that allowed the identification of patients with high dental anxiety levels.

Master's thesis is focused on the problem of the economic impacts of floods on the property market in Prague. Aim of this work is to clarify whether the floods affect the price of real estate and to what extent. Hypothesis is that floods affect the price of property in flood plains. This effect is determined by the hedonic price model (HPM) for the analysis of secondary data. The theoretical part explains the risk of flooding and floodplains mapping. This section further explains the whole hedonic model and reviewed studies provide a research procedure outside the Czech Republic region. The practical part deals with the exploratory analysis, regression analysis and hedonic price modeling based on the implicit price of flooding. Finding of the thesis is the fact that property prices in Prague are affected by the Q100 flood plains resulting in positive and negative impact confirmed by a log-log weighted least squares regression model. It is shown that implicit price of flooding far exceeds the cost of building flood protection measures in Prague.

abstract: Breeding seeds to include desirable traits (increased yield, drought/temperature resistance, etc.) is a growing and important method of establishing food security. However, besides breeder intuition, few decision-making tools exist that can provide the breeders with credible evidence to make decisions on which seeds to progress to further stages of development. This thesis attempts to create a chance-constrained knapsack optimization model, which the breeder can use to make better decisions about seed progression and help reduce the levels of risk in their selections. The model’s objective is to select seed varieties out of a larger pool of varieties and maximize the average yield of the “knapsack” based on meeting some risk criteria. Two models are created for different cases. First is the risk reduction model which seeks to reduce the risk of getting a bad yield but still maximize the total yield. The second model considers the possibility of adverse environmental effects and seeks to mitigate the negative effects it could have on the total yield. In practice, breeders can use these models to better quantify uncertainty in selecting seed varieties / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Industrial Engineering 2019

<p><strong>Summary</strong></p><p>Environmental issues have become increasingly more important the last decade. It is of great importance to reduce emissions of green house gases (GHG) and the transport sector contributes to a large part of GHG emissions. The transport sector is the only sector that actually has increased the emissions during the last decade. This is a result of a growing economy and an increased demand of both carriages of passengers as well as freight transports. To reduce GHG emissions there is a need of smart, effective logistics solutions and new technologies. This thesis will contain a review of Åkers Sweden AB’s outbound logistics of rolls. The aim of this thesis is to identify environmental improvements without increasing further costs. A questionnaire for environmental evaluation of transport suppliers will also be developed in this thesis. Initial question formulations of this thesis are:</p><p> </p><p>1. What are the environmental effects of the different modes of freight transports that are used in the case of Åkers Sweden AB? Are there any environmental improvements possible to establish without increasing costs?</p><p>2. How can distributors be evaluated regarding environmental effects?</p><p> </p><p>Emissions and energy use of Åkers Sweden AB’s transports is calculated with the calculation model NTMcalc version 1.9.9. This model is developed by the Network for Transport and Environment (NTM). Examined modes of transport are road, rail and sea transports. Both theory and result in this thesis demonstrate that rail transports should be preferred to road transports from an environmental point of view. A disadvantage of rail transports is longer transport time in most cases. Longer transport time contribute to higher capital cost of goods during transit. Another disadvantage is that rail transports are limited between terminals or that customers have an industrial railway track. That leads to an increased need of reloading and handling costs.</p><p>Potential alternative with less impact on the environment has been developed. This involves less impact than current alternative. The new alternative will decrease freight costs by 37 %. However, an increased capital cost by 84 % has been identified due to additional transportation time that is required for the alternative suggested. Transport costs are poorly connected to the real cost on the society. Governments throughout the world need to encourage transport buyers to choose more environmentally adapted alternatives by using management control measures. Also, a questionnaire for environmental evaluation of transport suppliers has been developed. It contains questions of the environmental organisation of the company, how they work with education of staff and reporting of environmental effects.</p> / <p><strong>Sammanfattning</strong></p><p>Under senare tid har miljöfrågor fått en alltmer framträdande roll i samhällsdebatten. Det är av största vikt att reducera alla utsläpp av växthusgaser och transportsektorn står för en betydande del av dessa. Transportsektorn är den enda samhällssektorn som ökat utsläppen av växthusgaser under senare år. Detta till följd av en växande ekonomi och ett ökat behov av både person- och frakttransporter. För att reducera utsläppen krävs smarta, effektiva lösningar och ny teknologi. Detta examensarbete kommer att innehålla en fördjupning av Åkers Sweden AB:s utgående distribution av valsar. Målet är att försöka hitta en distributionslösning som är mer miljövänlig än nuvarande alternativ, men samtidigt inte dyrare. Även ett förslag till miljöbedömning av transportleverantörer kommer att utvecklas i detta examensarbete. Detta arbete syftar att svara på följande frågeställningar:</p><p> </p><p>1. Vilken miljöpåverkan har de olika typer av frakttransporter som används av Åkers Sweden AB? Kan ett mer miljövänligt alternativ utvecklas utan att kostnaderna ökar?</p><p>2. Hur kan transportleverantörer utvärderas ur ett miljöperspektiv?</p><p> </p><p>Utsläpp och energiförbrukning vid Åkers Sweden AB:s transporter beräknades med hjälp av kalkylverktyget NTMcalc version 1.9.9. Denna modell är utvecklad av Nätverket för Transporter och Miljön (NTM). De transportslag som undersöks är väg- sjö- och järnvägstransporter. Både teori och resultat i denna rapport visar att järnvägstransport bör föredras ur ett miljöperspektiv framför vägtransport. Nackdelen med järnvägstransporter är att de oftast har en längre transporttid under framförallt kortare transporter. En längre transporttid ger högre kapitalbindning i produkter under transport. En annan nackdel är att järnvägstransporter är bundna mellan terminaler eller är beroende av att kunden har industrispår. Därmed krävs omlastning vilket leder till att hanteringskostnader ökar.</p><p>I detta examensarbete har ett mer miljövänligt alternativ har utvecklats. Detta alternativ har en betydligt mindre miljöpåverkan än i nuvarande situation. Fraktkostnaden minskar med 37 % i det nya alternativet. Eftersom transporttiden ökar, stiger kapitalkostnaden för det nya alternativet med 84 %. Transportkostnader speglar sällan den totala kostnaden de har för samhället. Regeringar runt om i världen behöver med hjälp av ekonomiska styrmedel uppmuntra transportköpare att välja ett miljövänligare alternativ. Ett formulär för miljöbedömning av transportleverantörer har även utvecklats. Detta innehåller frågor kring hur företaget arbetar med miljöorganisation, utbildning av personal och rapportering av miljöpåverkan.</p>

Die Arbeit ruht auf zwei Säulen: Die eine besteht in der Aufbereitung, Erprobung und konsequenten Anwendung von Methoden der Skaleninvarianzanalyse, die andere in einem breiten Fundus an experimentellen Daten für aushärtbare Aluminiumknetlegierungen in der Form dünner Bleche, die unter gleichartigen, streng kontrollierten Bedingungen gewonnen worden sind. Als methodische Weiterentwicklungen sind die Fundierung des Umgangs mit der algebraischen Korrelation zwischen Vorfaktor und Exponent einer beliebigen Potenzgleichung, die Übertragung des Ansatzes der finiten Skaleninvarianz auf die Ermüdungsrißausbreitung sowie die Kombination der Idee eines geschwindigkeitsbestimmenden Schrittes mit der Dimensionsanalyse der umgebungsabhängigen Ermüdungsrißausbreitung bis hin zur Kartierung der geschwindigkeitsbestimmenden Schritte zu nennen. Auf experimenteller Seite wurde eine Datensammlung mit gemessenen Streubändern für die Ermüdungsrißausbreitung und das Verfestigungsverhalten von 39 Orientierungen bzw. Auslagerungszuständen von Aluminiumlegierungen aufgebaut. Diese Sammlung wird durch ausgewählte Messungen der Ermüdungsrißausbreitung im schwellenwertnahen Bereich, Restfestigkeitsversuche, Rißschließmessungen, Rauheitsmessungen an Bruchflächen, frequenzabhängige Messungen zum Umgebungseinfluß sowie Untersuchungen an drei Stählen und einer Magnesiumlegierung sinnvoll ergänzt. Auf der Basis der Meßdaten und der Analysemethoden wurde der Werkstoffeinfluß auf die Ermüdungsrißausbreitung in dünnen Blechen aus Aluminiumknetlegierungen bei Belastung mit konstanter Amplitude im Gültigkeitsbereich der linear-elastischen Bruchmechanik untersucht. Dabei wurden folgende Größen als wesentliche Einflußfaktoren identifiziert: - für die Gruppenzugehörigkeit: der Kohärenz- und Ordnungsgrad der festigkeitsbestimmenden Ausscheidungen und die resultierende Gleitverteilung, - für den gemeinsamen Vorfaktor der Legierungen der Gruppe 1: die elastischen Eigenschaften und das Spannungsverhältnis (Translation der Paris-Geraden), - für die Exponenten der Legierungen der Gruppe 1: 0,2%-Dehngrenze, athermischer Verfestigungsparameter, Probendicke und Kc-Wert als dimensionsloses Potenzprodukt (Rotation der Paris-Geraden), - für die Legierungen der Gruppe 2: das Ausmaß der Rißablenkung und eine bleibende Mode-II-Komponente der Rißöffnungsverschiebung, - für den Umgebungseinfluß der Legierung 6013 T6: Frequenz und Schwingbreite des Spannungsintensitätsfaktors. Die Diskussion umfaßt den wertenden Vergleich der experimentellen Ergebnisse mit Befunden und Modellen aus der Literatur, Erklärungsansätze für die Ursachen der Einflußnahme der wesentlichen Parameter sowie einen Modellansatz für die Legierungen der Gruppe 1 auf der Basis einer Mischungsregel. Dabei hatte sich erwiesen, daß keines der aus der Literatur bekannten Modelle alle Befunde richtig wiedergibt. Einige der ausgearbeiteten Erklärungsansätze bedürfen der zukünftigen Vertiefung. / The work is based upon two essentials: the first one is the preparation and application of techniques of scale invariance analysis, the second one consists in a database of experimental results for heat-treatable thin-sheet wrought aluminium alloys obtained under uniform conditions. Progress with respect to methodology was achieved regarding, first, the algebraic correlation between sets of coefficients and exponents of any power law, second, the transfer of the concept of finite scale invariance to the phenomenon of fatigue crack growth (FCG), and third, the combination of the ideas of a rate-controlling step and dimensional analysis of environmental-assisted FCG including the mapping of rate-controlling steps. In the experimental part, a database containing both measured scatterbands of FCG and strengthening characteristics for several orientations and aging conditions of aluminium alloys amounting to a total of 39 different material conditions was established. This database was supplemented with results of selected measurements of near-threshold FCG rates, residual strength, crack closure, roughness of fatigue cracks, and frequency-dependent environmental-assisted FCG as well as investigations of three plain-carbon steels and a magnesium alloy. Based on these prerequisites, the influence of the material on the FCG behaviour of thin-sheet wrought aluminium alloys under constant-amplitude loading was investigated within the limits of validity of linear-elastic fracture mechanics. The following influence factors were identified to be essential: The assignment of alloys to one out of two groups is mainly determined by the degrees of coherency and order of the strength-controlling precipitates and the resulting type of slip distribution. The normalized-Paris-law coefficient for the first group is mainly dependent on the modulus of elasticity and the stress ratio. The Paris-law exponents for the first group are dominated by a dimensionless power monomial of the 0.2% proof stress, the athermal strengthening coefficient, sheet thickeness and the critical stress intensity factor. The retardation of the FCG rates of alloys of the second group relative to the first group is mainly determined by the amount of crack deflection and by a residual mode-II component of crack opening displacement. Finally, the environment-assisted FCG for aluminium alloy 6013 T6 reveals a coupled dependence on loading frequency and cyclic stress intensity factor. The discussion covers the evaluation of the results in relation to observations and models from the literature, the explanation of the modes of operation of the major influence factors and a model based on a mixing rule for the alloys of the first group. It turned out that there is not any model that reflects all of the observations simultaneously. Some of the ideas presented require to be worked out in more detail.

O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar através de um estudo de caso os impactos socioambientais locais decorrentes de dois acordos comerciais para o acesso aos recursos genéticos e participação nos benefícios entre uma empresa de cosméticos e um grupo de pequenos produtores rurais da região do Vale do Ribeira-SP. Embora acordos entre empresas privadas e comunidades locais para a utilização comercial de componentes da biodiversidade venham sendo estimulados atualmente como forma de conciliar o uso sustentável dos recursos naturais com desenvolvimento local, alguns estudos têm demonstrado que, além de benefícios, tais acordos podem ter efeitos socioambientais negativos sobre as condições locais em que são estabelecidos. No Brasil, desde 2001, vigora a Medida Provisória 2.186-16/01 que regulamenta a Convenção sobre Diversidade Biológica (CDB) no país instituindo normas para o acesso a componentes do patrimônio genético e aos conhecimentos tradicionais associados. Tais normas baseiam-se, fundamentalmente, na anuência prévia e na repartição de benefícios junto a seus provedores. Apesar da existência desses instrumentos jurídicos, ainda pouco se sabe a respeito de sua aplicação prática e de seus impactos locais. A partir de técnicas qualitativas (entrevistas semiestruturadas, observação participante e análise documental) ao longo de um ano foram levantados dados a respeito do estabelecimento de dois acordos para a utilização de recursos genéticos para fins comerciais e de seus efeitos sobre: (i) a geração e distribuição de renda; (ii) a infraestrutura local e acesso à tecnologia; (iii) a organização social e; (iv) o uso dos recursos naturais locais (i.e. solo, recursos vegetais e hídricos). Os resultados mostraram impactos positivos diretos sobre a geração de renda e sobre o acesso à tecnologia e infraestrutura local. A respeito da organização social do grupo, a falta de uma plataforma para ação coletiva e seu reconhecimento jurídico são obstáculos à maior participação e à sua autonomia. Os impactos diretos e indiretos sobre uso dos recursos naturais observados foram: transformações no uso do solo através do aumento de espécies cultivadas, da redução de áreas com cultivos ou criações de animais para subsitência e da mudança no manejo e nos insumos empregados e; transformações no uso dos recursos vegetais através do aumento da extração da espécie alvo, no primeiro acordo, e do consumo de madeira para lenha, no segundo. Embora a realização de acordos comerciais para a utilização da biodiversidade tenha apresentado potencial para contribuir para o desenvolvimento local e para a conservação da biodiversidade, a realização de novos estudos em diferentes contextos se faz necessária para um maior entendimento de correlações e possíveis trade-offs entre fatores sociais e ambientais. / The aim of this study is to analyze local socio-environmental impacts resulting from two commercial agreements for the access to genetic resources and benefit sharing between a cosmetic company and a group of smallholders from Vale do Ribeira-SP region. Although agreements between private companies and local communities for the commercial use of biodiversity components have been encouraged today as a way to conciliate the sustainable use of natural assets with local development, some studies have demonstrate that beyond of its benefits, these agreements may have negative socio-environmental effects on local conditions where it was established. In Brazil, since 2001, the Provisional Executive Order 2.186-16/01 which regulates the Convention of Biological Diversity in country establishing rules for the access to genetic resources and traditional knowledge was released. These rules are fundamentally based on the prior acceptance and benefit sharing along with its providers. Despite the existence of those juridical tools, yet little is known about its practice enforcement and its local impacts. Qualitative techniques (semi-structured interviews, participant observation and documental analysis) were adopted to gather data about the establishment of two commercial agreements for the use of genetic resources and its effects on: (i) income generation and distribution; (ii) local infrastructure and access to technology; (iii) social organization and; (iv) use of local natural assets (i.e. soil, water and vegetable resources). The results show positive direct impacts on income generating, local infrastructure and access to technology. About the social organization of the involved group, the lack of one platform for collective action just as legal acknowledgement are both drawbacks to effective participation of its members and their greater autonomy. As regards environmental impacts it was observed: transformations in land use by increase of cultivating species, reduction of areas occupied by subsistence cultures or animal husbandry, changes in applied handling and raw materials and; transformations in the use of vegetable resources by the raise of target specie, in the first agreement, and by the increase of firewood consume, in second one. On the one hand, the realization of commercial agreements shows oneself to be a possible manner to contribute to local development and to biodiversity conservation. In the other hand, we still need new studies in different contexts for a better understanding of the correlations and trade-offs between social and environmental factors.

É elaborada uma proposta de procedimentos de projetos de comboios fluviais adaptados às condições existentes das vias navegáveis, a partir de uma visão ampliada da necessidade de obtenção de menores custos de transporte, com níveis adequados de segurança e de respeito ao meio ambiente. Uma análise das inter-relações técnicas entre hidrovias e embarcações, assim como dos condicionantes e implicações do conceito de embarcações adaptadas às vias navegáveis, orientou a elaboração do modelo. Este foi estruturado em módulos, com o objetivo de reproduzir, um a um, os fatores mais importantes que influenciam a eficiência, a segurança e o nível de interferência ambiental do transporte de cargas por comboios. Um programa computacional foi desenvolvido como instrumento de aplicação do modelo, consolidando os procedimentos propostos para a escolha das melhores alternativas de projeto e de operação de comboios. Resultados experimentais com comboios em escala real e com modelos em tanques de provas, foram utilizados para validação dos procedimentos adotados. Dados de acidentes com comboios em várias hidrovias do mundo foram utilizados como bases para avaliações de risco. O modelo foi aplicado aos casos de transportes de soja pela hidrovia Tietê-Paraná e pelo rio Araguaia, exemplificando as formas de análise e de escolha das alternativas de soluções de projeto. Ao final, os resultados obtidos comprovaram a utilidade da adoção de um enfoque mais abrangente do processo de projeto de comboios fluviais. / It is proposed a procedure model for design of barges push-tow adapted to waterway actual conditions, with the purpose of minimize transportation costs but always making verifications of navigation safety and ambient interferences levels. An analysis of inter-relations on inland waterways and cargo ships and, also, detailed conditionings and implications of waterway adapted ships concept, was used for model elaboration. It was structured in blocks to reproduce, one to one, the most important factors that modify efficiency, safety and environmental interference levels of barges push-tow cargo transportation. A computational program was developed to consolidate the proposed model and to apply procedures to choose best design and operational alternatives. Results of full scale and towing tank tests with push-tows were used to verify the mathematical and semi-empirical models. Barges push-tows accidents data from waterways of the world was used as risk model basis. To evaluate its effectiveness, the model was applied to bulk grain transportation cases by Tietê-Paraná waterway and by Araguaia river. The results shows that the special emphasis on three factors (efficiency, safety and ambient) improves the quality of barges push-tow design process.

O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar através de um estudo de caso os impactos socioambientais locais decorrentes de dois acordos comerciais para o acesso aos recursos genéticos e participação nos benefícios entre uma empresa de cosméticos e um grupo de pequenos produtores rurais da região do Vale do Ribeira-SP. Embora acordos entre empresas privadas e comunidades locais para a utilização comercial de componentes da biodiversidade venham sendo estimulados atualmente como forma de conciliar o uso sustentável dos recursos naturais com desenvolvimento local, alguns estudos têm demonstrado que, além de benefícios, tais acordos podem ter efeitos socioambientais negativos sobre as condições locais em que são estabelecidos. No Brasil, desde 2001, vigora a Medida Provisória 2.186-16/01 que regulamenta a Convenção sobre Diversidade Biológica (CDB) no país instituindo normas para o acesso a componentes do patrimônio genético e aos conhecimentos tradicionais associados. Tais normas baseiam-se, fundamentalmente, na anuência prévia e na repartição de benefícios junto a seus provedores. Apesar da existência desses instrumentos jurídicos, ainda pouco se sabe a respeito de sua aplicação prática e de seus impactos locais. A partir de técnicas qualitativas (entrevistas semiestruturadas, observação participante e análise documental) ao longo de um ano foram levantados dados a respeito do estabelecimento de dois acordos para a utilização de recursos genéticos para fins comerciais e de seus efeitos sobre: (i) a geração e distribuição de renda; (ii) a infraestrutura local e acesso à tecnologia; (iii) a organização social e; (iv) o uso dos recursos naturais locais (i.e. solo, recursos vegetais e hídricos). Os resultados mostraram impactos positivos diretos sobre a geração de renda e sobre o acesso à tecnologia e infraestrutura local. A respeito da organização social do grupo, a falta de uma plataforma para ação coletiva e seu reconhecimento jurídico são obstáculos à maior participação e à sua autonomia. Os impactos diretos e indiretos sobre uso dos recursos naturais observados foram: transformações no uso do solo através do aumento de espécies cultivadas, da redução de áreas com cultivos ou criações de animais para subsitência e da mudança no manejo e nos insumos empregados e; transformações no uso dos recursos vegetais através do aumento da extração da espécie alvo, no primeiro acordo, e do consumo de madeira para lenha, no segundo. Embora a realização de acordos comerciais para a utilização da biodiversidade tenha apresentado potencial para contribuir para o desenvolvimento local e para a conservação da biodiversidade, a realização de novos estudos em diferentes contextos se faz necessária para um maior entendimento de correlações e possíveis trade-offs entre fatores sociais e ambientais. / The aim of this study is to analyze local socio-environmental impacts resulting from two commercial agreements for the access to genetic resources and benefit sharing between a cosmetic company and a group of smallholders from Vale do Ribeira-SP region. Although agreements between private companies and local communities for the commercial use of biodiversity components have been encouraged today as a way to conciliate the sustainable use of natural assets with local development, some studies have demonstrate that beyond of its benefits, these agreements may have negative socio-environmental effects on local conditions where it was established. In Brazil, since 2001, the Provisional Executive Order 2.186-16/01 which regulates the Convention of Biological Diversity in country establishing rules for the access to genetic resources and traditional knowledge was released. These rules are fundamentally based on the prior acceptance and benefit sharing along with its providers. Despite the existence of those juridical tools, yet little is known about its practice enforcement and its local impacts. Qualitative techniques (semi-structured interviews, participant observation and documental analysis) were adopted to gather data about the establishment of two commercial agreements for the use of genetic resources and its effects on: (i) income generation and distribution; (ii) local infrastructure and access to technology; (iii) social organization and; (iv) use of local natural assets (i.e. soil, water and vegetable resources). The results show positive direct impacts on income generating, local infrastructure and access to technology. About the social organization of the involved group, the lack of one platform for collective action just as legal acknowledgement are both drawbacks to effective participation of its members and their greater autonomy. As regards environmental impacts it was observed: transformations in land use by increase of cultivating species, reduction of areas occupied by subsistence cultures or animal husbandry, changes in applied handling and raw materials and; transformations in the use of vegetable resources by the raise of target specie, in the first agreement, and by the increase of firewood consume, in second one. On the one hand, the realization of commercial agreements shows oneself to be a possible manner to contribute to local development and to biodiversity conservation. In the other hand, we still need new studies in different contexts for a better understanding of the correlations and trade-offs between social and environmental factors.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T18:20:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Isa Rosete Mendes Araujo Nascimento.pdf: 2222910 bytes, checksum: 318151045a83ef595b3d03c5c5f79877 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / During two years (2004-2006), the main effects caused by a construction of a small dam at the Cajari lake, municipality of Penalva, Baixada Maranhense region, were studied. Such construction, for being located in an ecosystem of complex structure and function and also due to the region´s dynamics of seasonal flood, a previous study on its environmental viability should have been carried out before construction, but it was not done. This study involved the lakes within Penalva municipality´s area and the Maracu channel (which links the lakes in the Penalva and Viana regions), basin of the Pindaré river. It was intended to form a base of scientifically consistent data on the environmental and socio-economic history of the dam construction in the lake Cajari. Additional objectives were to evaluate positive and negative, current and potential effects along upper and lower areas, and to discuss the cost/benefit relation of the dam construction, considering both the environment and the socio-economy of the region. Data were collected using several means: interviews, satellite imagery, tests of water quality (physical-chemical parameters and potability), flooding pulses, batimetry and hydric balance (to understand the profile of the lake´s bottom and its capacity); the data obtained were submitted to both qualitative and quantitative analyses. From the environmental standpoint, the results did not show yet clear effects from the dam on biodiversity. Regarding to the basin as a whole, it is a concern the reduction in the water flow from the Penalva region to the Viana lake. The cumulative effect of that reduction can contribute to diminish the water level in the Viana lake, and, slowly, to reduce the size of the lake itself. From a socio-economic standpoint, the effects are more positives than negatives. In general, the dam benefited fishery in the region, but caused a number of problems in the areas below it. On the other hand, the increase of fishery and the improvement in income generation are certainly desirable effects. Some sceneries area evaluated and discussed as alternatives for the sustainable use and management of water in this lacustrine region. / Durante dois anos (2004-2006), foram estudados os principais efeitos causados pela construção da barragem do lago Cajari no município de Penalva, região da Baixada Maranhense. Tal obra, por estar localizada em um ecossistema com estrutura e funcionamento complexos devido à dinâmica de inundação sazonal, deveria ter tido um estudo prévio de viabilidade ambiental para sua implantação, o que não aconteceu. A pesquisa abrangeu os lagos do município de Penalva e o Canal Maracu (que liga os lagos da região de Penalva e Viana), sub-bacia do rio Pindaré. O estudo pretendeu formar bases cientificamente consistentes de dados sobre a história ambiental e sócio econômica da construção da barragem do lago Cajari, bem como avaliar os efeitos positivos e negativos, atuais e potenciais nas regiões a montante e a jusante, além de discutir a relação custo-benefício da mesma, considerando o ambiente e a sócio-economia regionais. Os dados foram levantados por meio de aplicação de questionários, uso de imagens digitais, análise de qualidade da água (parâmetros físico-químicos e potabilidade), fluxo de inundação, técnicas de batimetria e balanço hídrico (para conhecer o perfil de fundo e a capacidade do lago) e submetidos a análises qualitativas e quantitativas. Do ponto de vista ambiental os resultados não mostram ainda efeitos evidentes sobre a biodiversidade. No que se relaciona ao conjunto da bacia, preocupa a redução do aporte de água da região de Penalva à região do lago de Viana. O efeito cumulativo dessa redução pode contribuir para a diminuição do nível de água do lago de Viana e, gradativamente, reduzir o tamanho do próprio lago. Do ponto de vista sócio-econômico, os efeitos são mais positivos que negativos. A barragem favoreceu a pesca da região, mas hidrologicamente prejudicou as regiões a jusante. O incremento da pesca, com conseqüente geração de renda e produção de alimento farto, certamente são condições desejáveis. Alguns cenários são avaliados como alternativas com sugestões para a gestão hidrológica da região lacustre e da sua sustentabilidade.