Nas últimas décadas, identificou-se uma crescente preocupação com a sustentabilidade e com a qualidade ambiental, ao mesmo tempo em que se observou uma expansão do comércio internacional e uma procura por um maior grau de liberalização comercial. Nesse contexto, surgiram órgãos destinados a defender cada uma das questões, ambiental e comercial, e questionamentos e conflitos sobre os impactos que cada um deles estava causando ao outro. Diante desses questionamentos identificou-se, então, a importância da inter-relação entre as duas áreas, de forma que passou a buscar-se uma maior interação entre as discussões englobando comércio e meio ambiente. Contudo, muitas pesquisas ainda tendem a avaliar as questões ambientais e comerciais separadamente. Em virtude disso, este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar conjuntamente as duas questões, a fim de ampliar a discussão acerca de sua inter-relação; ao mesmo tempo, propõe-se um modelo para analisar a relação entre a liberalização comercial e a qualidade ambiental (representada aqui pelas emissões de CO2 equivalente) para o Brasil, estimado por meio de um Modelo de Autorregressão Vetorial estrutural com correção de erro (VAR-VEC). A análise abrangeu o período de 2003 a 2015, período que já incorpora a entrada da China no mercado internacional, ocorrida no ano de 2002, fato que usualmente tem bastante impacto sobre os fluxos comerciais e sua modelagem. As variáveis utilizadas no modelo foram o índice de abertura comercial, importações mundiais, como proxy de renda mundial, preços totais de commodities e emissões brasileiras de CO2 Equivalente. O modelo identificou que um aumento da abertura comercial brasileira contribui para a ampliação das emissões de CO2 do país, seguindo o esperado de acordo com a literatura. / In the last decades, a concern about sustainability and environmental quality has grown, simultaneously to the process of the international trade expansion, pursuing also for greater degree of trade liberalization. In this context, international bodies were created to defend each of these issues, environmental and commercial, raising questions and conflicts about the impacts that each one was causing to the other. Thus, the importance of the interrelation between the two themes became evident, in a way to highlight the necessity to promote a greater interaction between debates encompassing trade and environment. However, many surveys still tend to analyze environmental and trade issues separately. As a result, this work aims to examine the two issues together, in order to broaden the discussion about their interrelationship. At the same time, a model has been proposed to quantify the relationship between trade liberalization and environmental quality (here represented by CO2 equivalent emissions) for Brazil, estimated by a VAR- VEC model. The analysis covered the period from 2003 to 2015, comprising the tie of China\'s entry into the international market in 2002, which is important once this event usually has a significant impact on international trade flows and their modelling. The variables used in the model are the index of trade liberalization for Brazil, the world imports as a proxy for the world income, total commodity prices and the Brazilian emissions of equivalent CO2. The model identified that an increase in Brazilian trade liberalization contributes to an increase in the country\'s CO2 emissions, following expectations from the reviewed literature.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2018-09-13T18:00:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Patr?cia Pereira dos Santos.pdf: 4096674 bytes, checksum: fad363b0fe43573e4533f28f7a47747e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-13T18:00:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Patr?cia Pereira dos Santos.pdf: 4096674 bytes, checksum: fad363b0fe43573e4533f28f7a47747e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-17 / The use of geotechnologies has been widely used in environmental monitoring and control processes in the Brazilian territory. As a way of identifying the perpetrators of environmental liabilities and promoting an environmental regularization of private rural properties, the government institutes a mandatory national non-CAR (Rural Environmental Cadastre) registry, a mandatory electronic registration platform, where the owner declares A Area of your property and your affairs. This work consisted of analyzing and discussing the research tools of CAR, the federal government, Canada, Rio de Janeiro, and other modules developed by the State of Minas Gerais and S?o Paulo. The quality of the tools available for the delimitation of the real estate, the native vegetation areas, the permanent preservation areas, the restricted use area and the legal reserve were analyzed, using images provided by public agencies and Alternative computational programs, in addition to primary data collected in the study areas, using a GNSS navigation receiver, for the purpose of solving problems with the geo-referenced areas for the use of topographic equipment, foreseeing a possibility of obtaining different results on the same Spatial reality, and thus confront the results in order to find a better methodology indicated for the mapping in the CAR. The results indicate that the platform of the car is very simple and it is essential for its operation of prior knowledge of the current legislation, as platforms allow an insertion of data obtained by different means, not meeting a standard obligation of scale mapping and spatial resolution, With the exception of the paulista pallet, which limits the insertion of the data, can vary in terms of real information, such as images made available, for the Federal platform, for some regions, not satisfactorily satisfied with the visual identification of the features, Making it necessary to use alternative data and computer programs, with the exception of a platform in the State of S?o Paulo, which presents an excellent image for the identification of features required in the CAR, although it is not current. / O uso de geotecnologias vem sendo amplamente empregado em processos de monitoramento e fiscaliza??o ambiental do territ?rio brasileiro. Como forma de identificar os autores de passivos ambientais e promover a regulariza??o ambiental de propriedades rurais privadas, o governo instituiu em ?mbito nacional a obrigatoriedade de cadastro no CAR (Cadastro Ambiental Rural), plataforma de registro eletr?nico, obrigat?rio, onde o propriet?rio/possuidor declara a ?rea de seu im?vel e seus aspectos ambientais. Este trabalho consistiu em analisar e discutir as ferramentas do m?dulo do CAR, do governo Federal brasileiro, adotado pela grande maioria dos Estados, inclusive o Rio de Janeiro, e comparar com os m?dulos desenvolvidos pelo Estado de Minas Gerais e S?o Paulo. Foram analisadas as diferen?as entre as plataformas, qualidade das ferramentas dispon?veis para a delimita??o dos im?veis, das ?reas de vegeta??o nativa, ?reas de preserva??o permanente, ?rea de uso restrito e reserva legal, utilizando-se de imagens gratuitas disponibilizadas por ?rg?os p?blicos, e programas computacionais alternativos, al?m de dados prim?rios coletados nas ?reas de estudo, utilizando um aparelho receptor GNSS de navega??o, para fins de compara??o com as ?reas j? georreferenciadas por uso de equipamentos topogr?ficos, vislumbrando a possibilidade de se obter diferentes resultados sobre uma mesma realidade espacial, e assim confrontar os resultados a fim de se encontrar a melhor metodologia indicada para o mapeamento no CAR. Os resultados apontam que embora a plataforma do CAR seja bastante amig?vel e simples, ? imprescind?vel para sua opera??o conhecimento pr?vio da legisla??o vigente, as plataformas permitirem a inser??o de dados obtidos por meios distintos, n?o estabelecendo uma obrigatoriedade padr?o de escala de mapeamento e de resolu??o espacial, com exce??o da plataforma paulista, que limita a inser??o dos dados, pode possibilitar diverg?ncias significava em rela??o as informa??es reais, as imagens disponibilizadas, pela plataforma Federal, para algumas regi?es, n?o atendem satisfatoriamente quanto a identifica??o visual das fei??es, principalmente em pequenas propriedades, tornando necess?rio a utiliza??o de dados e programas computacionais alternativos, com exce??o a plataforma do Estado de S?o Paulo, que fornece imagem de excelente qualidade para a identifica??o das fei??es requeridas no CAR, embora n?o seja atual.

Although the prevailing viewpoint claims that corporate profitability and environmental regulation are directly at odds, there is a growing base of evidence suggesting that low-carbon companies gain a strategic advantage over dirtier competitors by lobbying for more stringent climate regulations. This paper extends previous analyses of corporate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and lobbying using toxic releases as a measure of environmental performance to assess the assertion that both clean and dirty firms disproportionately lobby on environmental policies. In my analysis, I find that the same relationship previously found using GHG emissions as a measure of corporate environmental performance holds with toxic releases when examining only the three most widely represented industries in my data—Major Chemical, Power Generation, and Energy Utilities. When combined with findings of a negative linear correlation between firms’ toxic releases and lobbying expenditures using the same sample, my results suggest that clean firms in these industries not only lobby frequently on environmental policies—they actually do so more aggressively than their dirtier competitors. While I deduce that these results are caused by clean firms lobbying for stricter environmental regulations that impose costly compliance costs on dirty competitors, it is evident that my data do not specify if firms are lobbying for or against more stringent regulations or what the implications of those lobbied policies would entail. This inability to distinguish firms’ underlying motivations for lobbying is a fundamental shortcoming of my analysis.

This work examines the ways in which the relationship between society and nature is problematic for social theory. The Frankfurt School’s notion of the dialectic of enlightenment is considered, as are the attempts by Jurgen Habermas to defend an ‘emancipatory’ theory of modernity against this. The marginalising effect Habermas’ defence of reason has had on the place of nature in his critical social theory is examined, as is the work of theorists such as Ulrich Beck and Klaus Eder. For these latter authors, unlike Habermas, the social relation to nature is at the centre of contemporary society, giving rise to new forms of modernisation and politics. ¶ Michel Foucault’s work on biopolitics and governmentality is examined against the background of his philosophical debate with Habermas on power and rationality. The growth of scientific ecology is shown to have both problematised the social relation to nature and provided the political technology for new forms of regulatory intervention in the management of the population and resources. These new forms of intervention constitute a form of ecological governmentality along the lines discussed by Foucault and others in relation to the human sciences. ¶ However, Foucault’s work is not sufficiently critical of the relationship between the natural sciences and power. Extending Foucault’s biopolitics to environmental discourse is consistent with his general approach to power, but his incomplete critique of political sovereignty meant that for him agency remained tied to an idealised notion of the autonomy of the human subject. He therefore made too strong a distinction between the human and natural sciences and between power and the capacities of non-human entities, and continued to view the natural sciences as separating themselves from power in a way that was not possible in the human sciences. ¶ A more general critique of epistemic sovereignty reveals that the natural sciences (including ecology) are subject to disciplinary and normalising practices similar to those of the human sciences. Foucault’s key inadequacy is that he linked agency to human autonomy and sovereignty. The work of Bruno Latour and other actor network theorists show that an unambiguous ontological distinction between nature, material technologies and active human subjects is highly problematic. In the place of a separate ‘society’ and ‘nature’, this thesis argues that it is preferable to see these as a single socio-nature populated by the hybrid products of translation networks. ¶ By drawing together the insights of recent governmentality studies and the approach of actor network theory to agency and translation, Foucault’s concept of biopolitics can be adapted to provide a theoretical framework for understanding the ecological programs of government that have emerged around the problem of nature in second half of the twentieth century.

In this dissertation, I study the effect of environmental regulation on firm behavior. In the first chapter, I use a dynamic model to quantify the effects on exit, entry, investment and welfare of different allocation schemes of a cap-and-trade program. I focus on allocation rules regarding closing plants and new entrants. I calibrate the model with data from the US power plants and perform two policy experiments: first I quantify the effects of the introduction of a cap-and-trade program; second, I do a counterfactual where I switch the allocation rule and study the effect on the new equilibrium and welfare. In the second chapter of this dissertation, I ask whether multinational firms are harmful for a host country environment. I use plant-level data from Chile and find empirical evidence that multinational are cleaner than domestic plants. Based on the trade literature, I build a model where I add environmental regulation and a technology choice. The model proposes a new explanation of why multinationals firms might be cleaner than their domestic peers. I get policy implications from the model and test them with the data. In the third chapter, I study the relation between free permit allocation in a cap-and-trade program and financial constraints. I use the change in the permit prices and the heterogeneity in permit allocation to identify financial constraints for the investor-owned utilities in the electricity sector. / text

This work analyzed the aspects related to the environmental administration of put of resale of fuels, through a study of only case. Those enterprises suffer direct influence of the pertinent environmental legislation, that it should be assisted in order to make possible the continuity of the activities, through operational environmental licensing. The present work analyzed the adaptation to the effective environmental legislation, as well as it identified the environmental aspects of the activity of resale of fuels, what made possible the analysis of the adaptation of the environmental aspects to the environmental legislation for the case in study. The primary data were collected in the company, through questionnaire and interviews with the proprietor, the one that made possible notice of the entrepreneur's point of view in relation to the environmental aspects of the enterprise, of the legislation and fiscalization on the same. It was ended that appropriate legal instruments exist to the needs of protection of the environment in relation to those enterprises, however no there is a managerial culture conscious of the damages in potential of the activity that you/they coordinate. Also the lack of environmental fiscalization could be verified in those enterprises, what allows operational and managerial flaws that degrade the environment, without they are applied sanctions and punishments to the responsible. / Este trabalho analisou os aspectos relacionados ao gerenciamento ambiental de postos de revenda de combustíveis, através de um estudo de caso único. Esses empreendimentos sofrem influência direta da legislação ambiental pertinente, que deve ser atendida a fim de possibilitar a continuidade das atividades, por meio de licenciamento ambiental operacional. O presente trabalho analisou a adequação à legislação ambiental vigente, bem como identificou os aspectos ambientais da atividade de revenda de combustíveis, o que possibilitou a análise da adequação dos aspectos ambientais à legislação ambiental para o caso em estudo. Os dados primários foram coletados na empresa, por meio de questionário e entrevistas com o proprietário, o que possibilitou perceber do ponto de vista do empreendedor em relação aos aspectos ambientais do empreendimento, da legislação e fiscalização sobre o mesmo. Concluiu-se que existem instrumentos legais adequados às necessidades de proteção do meio ambiente em relação a esses empreendimentos, porém não há uma cultura gerencial consciente dos danos em potencial da atividade que coordenam. Também pôde se constatar a falta de fiscalização ambiental nesses empreendimentos, o que permite falhas operacionais e gerenciais que degradam o meio ambiente, sem que sejam aplicadas sanções e punições aos responsáveis.

No description available.

abstract: This paper presents a two-period general equilibrium model that incorporates the firm's learning-by-doing under the green subsidies. I use a dynamic version of the Dixit-Stiglitz monopolistic competition model to analyze the impact of the introduction of green subsidies in the presence of pre-existing effluent taxes. I first show that the introduction of green subsidies promotes the demand for green goods, and consumers are better off each period. I then show that even when the green subsidies directly accrue to consumers, firms in the green sector also benefit via boosted demand for green goods. The learning-by-doing effect accelerates the speed of expansion of the green sector in the face of green subsidies. On the other hand, even when the demand for the green goods increases, and greater pollution may result from meeting the increased demand as a whole, environmental quality may still improve if the technology is good enough to sufficiently boost the net positive impact of green consumption on the environment. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Economics 2013

The environmental protection is often in conflict with catching up the highest economic level of the country. In some developed countries the higher economic level means also the higher pollution of the environment. Indeed, this is applied only till one point -- the turning point -- from which the trend is applied vice-versa, the higher the economic prosperity of the country, the lower the pollution of the environment. This phenomenon is in environmental economics called the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). Diploma thesis focuses on the analysis of the EKC, from detailed description of the theoretic and econometric framework, factors influencing the EKC, to crucial studies which were published in this area of economics. In connection with the factors influencing EKC the thesis underline the important role of the environmental regulation and state or international ecologic policy, which the work is dealing in initiate part with. The aim of the work is to analyze if the EKC hypothesis is valid in reality or not. Furthermore the diploma thesis targets also the situation of the developing countries -- if they have to go through the same path as nowadays developed countries or if they on the contrary use their experiences.

Nas últimas décadas, identificou-se uma crescente preocupação com a sustentabilidade e com a qualidade ambiental, ao mesmo tempo em que se observou uma expansão do comércio internacional e uma procura por um maior grau de liberalização comercial. Nesse contexto, surgiram órgãos destinados a defender cada uma das questões, ambiental e comercial, e questionamentos e conflitos sobre os impactos que cada um deles estava causando ao outro. Diante desses questionamentos identificou-se, então, a importância da inter-relação entre as duas áreas, de forma que passou a buscar-se uma maior interação entre as discussões englobando comércio e meio ambiente. Contudo, muitas pesquisas ainda tendem a avaliar as questões ambientais e comerciais separadamente. Em virtude disso, este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar conjuntamente as duas questões, a fim de ampliar a discussão acerca de sua inter-relação; ao mesmo tempo, propõe-se um modelo para analisar a relação entre a liberalização comercial e a qualidade ambiental (representada aqui pelas emissões de CO2 equivalente) para o Brasil, estimado por meio de um Modelo de Autorregressão Vetorial estrutural com correção de erro (VAR-VEC). A análise abrangeu o período de 2003 a 2015, período que já incorpora a entrada da China no mercado internacional, ocorrida no ano de 2002, fato que usualmente tem bastante impacto sobre os fluxos comerciais e sua modelagem. As variáveis utilizadas no modelo foram o índice de abertura comercial, importações mundiais, como proxy de renda mundial, preços totais de commodities e emissões brasileiras de CO2 Equivalente. O modelo identificou que um aumento da abertura comercial brasileira contribui para a ampliação das emissões de CO2 do país, seguindo o esperado de acordo com a literatura. / In the last decades, a concern about sustainability and environmental quality has grown, simultaneously to the process of the international trade expansion, pursuing also for greater degree of trade liberalization. In this context, international bodies were created to defend each of these issues, environmental and commercial, raising questions and conflicts about the impacts that each one was causing to the other. Thus, the importance of the interrelation between the two themes became evident, in a way to highlight the necessity to promote a greater interaction between debates encompassing trade and environment. However, many surveys still tend to analyze environmental and trade issues separately. As a result, this work aims to examine the two issues together, in order to broaden the discussion about their interrelationship. At the same time, a model has been proposed to quantify the relationship between trade liberalization and environmental quality (here represented by CO2 equivalent emissions) for Brazil, estimated by a VAR- VEC model. The analysis covered the period from 2003 to 2015, comprising the tie of China\'s entry into the international market in 2002, which is important once this event usually has a significant impact on international trade flows and their modelling. The variables used in the model are the index of trade liberalization for Brazil, the world imports as a proxy for the world income, total commodity prices and the Brazilian emissions of equivalent CO2. The model identified that an increase in Brazilian trade liberalization contributes to an increase in the country\'s CO2 emissions, following expectations from the reviewed literature.