3 pp. / Originally published: 2011 / Zoning is the mechanism by which government protects public health, safety and welfare in addition to minimizing impacts to neighboring properties. This fact sheet informs the reader on where to go to find out about the zoning of their rural property in Arizona and what limitations and opportunities their zoning calls for. Revised 9/2016; Originally published 1/2011

2 pp. / Originally published: 2011 / Choosing the right spot to build a home in Arizona on a vacant piece of property is just as important as choosing the property itself. This fact sheet describes the factors that should be considered before beginning construction on any given piece of property. Revised 9/2016; Originally published 1/2011

O desenvolvimento econômico observado no Brasil, proporcionado pelo avanço na produção de grãos, carne e, atualmente, cana-de-açúcar, tem aquecido o mercado fundiário dos estados. A valorização das terras tem atraído muitos investidores, que necessitam de matéria-prima para sua produção e especuladores, que desejam lucrar na compra e venda das propriedades. Entretanto, se questiona as possíveis explicações sobre a constante valorização da terra. Para tanto, buscou-se mensurar o valor das propriedades rurais nas regiões de Carazinho/RS e Cascavel/PR, utilizando a Teoria das Opções Reais como um complemento ao Valor Presente Líquido (VPL) na valoração de terras. A partir de dados obtidos em painéis realizados nas duas regiões, as receitas e custos envolvidos no processo de produção agrícola foram identificados. Com a realização de simulações com Método de Monte Carlo, chegou-se ao Valor Presente Esperado das propriedades e, com isso, ao valor da terra, usando a técnica do Valor Presente Líquido. A incerteza relacionada ao comportamento do Valor Presente foi mapeada pela opção de postergar a comercialização da propriedade por meio do Modelo de Cox, Ross e Rubinstein. Os resultados fornecem indícios que a terra na região de Carazinho/RS, pela análise das opções reais e a realidade produtiva, poderia valer R$ 15.993,21/ha, superior aos R$ 7.331,19/ha captados pela FGV (2009). Entretanto, segundo os produtores da região, as terras estão sendo negociadas a R$ 20.000,00/ha, valor 25,05% superior ao captado no estudo. Dessa forma, há possibilidade de uma supervalorização das terras na região. Na região de Cascavel/PR, o estudo encontrou indícios de que a terra poderia valer R$ 17.121,22/ha, 50,70% superior ao valor captado pelo FGV (2009). Quando se compara aos valores declarados pelos produtores (R$ 14.000,00/ha), encontra-se 22,29% inferiores aos praticados na região. / The economic development that is being observed in the Brazil economy, provided by the increase in grain, meat and now sugarcane has been heated land market states. The appreciation of land in different areas has attracted many investors, who need inputs for their production, and speculators, who wish to profit in buying and selling properties. However, it questions the possible explanations for the frequent appreciation in land prices. For this, the study measured the value of rural properties in the regions of Carazinho/Rio Grande do Sul state and Cascavel/Paraná state using the Real Options Theory as a supplement to the NPV in the valuation of land. Using data obtained from panels held in the two regions were identified within the revenues and costs involved in agricultural production. Through simulations with Monte Carlo Method, it was the Expected Present Value of property and, therefore, the value of land using the Net Present Value technique. The uncertainty related to the behavior of the Present Value has been mapped by the option to postpone the sale of the property through the model of Cox, Ross and Rubinstein. The results show that the land on the Carazinho/RS, using the analysis of real options and the actual production, could be worth 15.993,21 reais per hectare, compared to 7.331,19 reais per hectare calculated by FGV (2009). However, according to producers of the region, the lands have been traded at 20.000,00 reais per hectare, 25,05 percent higher than the value captured in this study. Thus, there is possibility of an overvaluation of land in the region. The Cascavel/PR region results indicated a significant potential for land appreciation, since the study found evidence that the land could be worth 17.121,22 reais per hectare, 50,70 percent higher than the amount raised by the FGV (2009). When comparing to the value declared by producers (14.000,00 reais per hectare), is 22,29 percent lower than the observed in Cascavel/PR region.

Orientador: Dionízio Paschoareli Júnior / Resumo: Este estudo apresenta o diagnóstico do potencial energético para a produção de bioenergia nas propriedades rurais através da biomassa disponível, por meio do biodigestor e do motogerador para sua conversão em energia elétrica. Utiliza-se como estudo de caso o assentamento rural Estrela da Ilha para mapear e quantificar o total da biomassa encontrada: na classe animal há a quantidade de 3.357 bovinos, 664 suínos e 10.527 aves com potencial em produzir 359,73 kWh/dia. Enquanto na vegetal há 212,99 hectares de culturas anuais e 126,12 de culturas permanentes, com potencial em produzir 19.349,89 kWh/dia. A partir destes dados, cria-se 4 diferentes cenários com as condições do local a fim de avaliar a possibilidade de implantação dos biodigestores e motogeradores e de ampliar o potencial energético com novas culturas energéticas. / Abstract: This study presents the energy potential diagnosis to produce bioenergy in the rural properties through the biomass available, through the biodigestor and the motor generator for its conversion into electric energy. The rural settlement Estrela da Ilha is used as a case study to map and quantify the total biomass found: in animal class are 3,357 cattle, 664 pigs and 10,527 birds with a potential to produce 359.73 kWh/day. While in vegetable class are 212.99 hectares of annual crops and 126.12 permanent crops, with potential to produce 19,349.89 kWh/day. From these data, 4 different scenarios with the local conditions are created to evaluate the possibility to implant biodigestors and motor generators and to increase the energy potential with new energy crops. / Mestre

The use of co-ordinates as a description of land boundaries and their limitations has been investigated given recent advances in GPS measurement technology and its proliferation in the surveying and mapping industry. While the use of coordinate information is in essence a representation of reality at a given point in time, it is shown that they can be used within a well-defined framework for summary purposes. The conceptual and operational elements of a measurement-based spatial information system are developed in order to determine if it could aid in the organisation of land boundary information. The fundamental concepts of this information system are that measurements are the primary carriers of metric information. The investigation reveals that measurement-based concepts can serve as the foundation of a multi-purpose spatial information system. Increasing instrument precisions available to surveyors are providing quality measurements with decreasing uncertainties from standard daily operations. Much of this measurement information is in digital form and can provide useful additions of new information as and when they become available to the system. Control measurements are integrated into the system in the same manner as cadastral measurements. The addition of measurements increases the accuracy of the information system over time. The concept of a local controlled area and surface movement indicators are briefly covered relating to geo-movements of cadastral evidence. Some issues surrounding the historical foundations of geodetic datums are studied as they provides a basis of knowledge of where future spatial information developments may occur given current understandings and technological ability. A review of International and Australian measurement systems is presented. In this context, issues surrounding GPS traceability are explored as a means of demonstrating conformance with suitably recognised quantities of length and time. Discussion is held on the legal acceptance of measurements and reviews rules of evidence questioning the term geographical position used in Australian courts. An investigative study into rural property boundary surveys for subdivision purposes has been undertaken to provide comparative discussion on issues of changing methods and evolving technology approaches to the measurement challenges using GPS techniques.

Submitted by Bruno Medeiros Coelho (brunocoelhom@hotmail.com) on 2018-05-17T23:22:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Bruno Medeiros Coelho_2018.pdf: 2941017 bytes, checksum: 2d466e0a9787eb251cfeacd0b67ec202 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Cristina Alexandra de Godoy null (cristina@adm.feis.unesp.br) on 2018-05-18T12:12:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 coelho_bm_me_ilha.pdf: 2941017 bytes, checksum: 2d466e0a9787eb251cfeacd0b67ec202 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-18T12:12:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 coelho_bm_me_ilha.pdf: 2941017 bytes, checksum: 2d466e0a9787eb251cfeacd0b67ec202 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-19 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Este estudo apresenta o diagnóstico do potencial energético para a produção de bioenergia nas propriedades rurais através da biomassa disponível, por meio do biodigestor e do motogerador para sua conversão em energia elétrica. Utiliza-se como estudo de caso o assentamento rural Estrela da Ilha para mapear e quantificar o total da biomassa encontrada: na classe animal há a quantidade de 3.357 bovinos, 664 suínos e 10.527 aves com potencial em produzir 359,73 kWh/dia. Enquanto na vegetal há 212,99 hectares de culturas anuais e 126,12 de culturas permanentes, com potencial em produzir 19.349,89 kWh/dia. A partir destes dados, cria-se 4 diferentes cenários com as condições do local a fim de avaliar a possibilidade de implantação dos biodigestores e motogeradores e de ampliar o potencial energético com novas culturas energéticas. / This study presents the energy potential diagnosis to produce bioenergy in the rural properties through the biomass available, through the biodigestor and the motor generator for its conversion into electric energy. The rural settlement Estrela da Ilha is used as a case study to map and quantify the total biomass found: in animal class are 3,357 cattle, 664 pigs and 10,527 birds with a potential to produce 359.73 kWh/day. While in vegetable class are 212.99 hectares of annual crops and 126.12 permanent crops, with potential to produce 19,349.89 kWh/day. From these data, 4 different scenarios with the local conditions are created to evaluate the possibility to implant biodigestors and motor generators and to increase the energy potential with new energy crops. / 831558/1999-7

O desenvolvimento econômico observado no Brasil, proporcionado pelo avanço na produção de grãos, carne e, atualmente, cana-de-açúcar, tem aquecido o mercado fundiário dos estados. A valorização das terras tem atraído muitos investidores, que necessitam de matéria-prima para sua produção e especuladores, que desejam lucrar na compra e venda das propriedades. Entretanto, se questiona as possíveis explicações sobre a constante valorização da terra. Para tanto, buscou-se mensurar o valor das propriedades rurais nas regiões de Carazinho/RS e Cascavel/PR, utilizando a Teoria das Opções Reais como um complemento ao Valor Presente Líquido (VPL) na valoração de terras. A partir de dados obtidos em painéis realizados nas duas regiões, as receitas e custos envolvidos no processo de produção agrícola foram identificados. Com a realização de simulações com Método de Monte Carlo, chegou-se ao Valor Presente Esperado das propriedades e, com isso, ao valor da terra, usando a técnica do Valor Presente Líquido. A incerteza relacionada ao comportamento do Valor Presente foi mapeada pela opção de postergar a comercialização da propriedade por meio do Modelo de Cox, Ross e Rubinstein. Os resultados fornecem indícios que a terra na região de Carazinho/RS, pela análise das opções reais e a realidade produtiva, poderia valer R$ 15.993,21/ha, superior aos R$ 7.331,19/ha captados pela FGV (2009). Entretanto, segundo os produtores da região, as terras estão sendo negociadas a R$ 20.000,00/ha, valor 25,05% superior ao captado no estudo. Dessa forma, há possibilidade de uma supervalorização das terras na região. Na região de Cascavel/PR, o estudo encontrou indícios de que a terra poderia valer R$ 17.121,22/ha, 50,70% superior ao valor captado pelo FGV (2009). Quando se compara aos valores declarados pelos produtores (R$ 14.000,00/ha), encontra-se 22,29% inferiores aos praticados na região. / The economic development that is being observed in the Brazil economy, provided by the increase in grain, meat and now sugarcane has been heated land market states. The appreciation of land in different areas has attracted many investors, who need inputs for their production, and speculators, who wish to profit in buying and selling properties. However, it questions the possible explanations for the frequent appreciation in land prices. For this, the study measured the value of rural properties in the regions of Carazinho/Rio Grande do Sul state and Cascavel/Paraná state using the Real Options Theory as a supplement to the NPV in the valuation of land. Using data obtained from panels held in the two regions were identified within the revenues and costs involved in agricultural production. Through simulations with Monte Carlo Method, it was the Expected Present Value of property and, therefore, the value of land using the Net Present Value technique. The uncertainty related to the behavior of the Present Value has been mapped by the option to postpone the sale of the property through the model of Cox, Ross and Rubinstein. The results show that the land on the Carazinho/RS, using the analysis of real options and the actual production, could be worth 15.993,21 reais per hectare, compared to 7.331,19 reais per hectare calculated by FGV (2009). However, according to producers of the region, the lands have been traded at 20.000,00 reais per hectare, 25,05 percent higher than the value captured in this study. Thus, there is possibility of an overvaluation of land in the region. The Cascavel/PR region results indicated a significant potential for land appreciation, since the study found evidence that the land could be worth 17.121,22 reais per hectare, 50,70 percent higher than the amount raised by the FGV (2009). When comparing to the value declared by producers (14.000,00 reais per hectare), is 22,29 percent lower than the observed in Cascavel/PR region.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2018-09-13T18:00:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Patr?cia Pereira dos Santos.pdf: 4096674 bytes, checksum: fad363b0fe43573e4533f28f7a47747e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-13T18:00:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Patr?cia Pereira dos Santos.pdf: 4096674 bytes, checksum: fad363b0fe43573e4533f28f7a47747e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-17 / The use of geotechnologies has been widely used in environmental monitoring and control processes in the Brazilian territory. As a way of identifying the perpetrators of environmental liabilities and promoting an environmental regularization of private rural properties, the government institutes a mandatory national non-CAR (Rural Environmental Cadastre) registry, a mandatory electronic registration platform, where the owner declares A Area of your property and your affairs. This work consisted of analyzing and discussing the research tools of CAR, the federal government, Canada, Rio de Janeiro, and other modules developed by the State of Minas Gerais and S?o Paulo. The quality of the tools available for the delimitation of the real estate, the native vegetation areas, the permanent preservation areas, the restricted use area and the legal reserve were analyzed, using images provided by public agencies and Alternative computational programs, in addition to primary data collected in the study areas, using a GNSS navigation receiver, for the purpose of solving problems with the geo-referenced areas for the use of topographic equipment, foreseeing a possibility of obtaining different results on the same Spatial reality, and thus confront the results in order to find a better methodology indicated for the mapping in the CAR. The results indicate that the platform of the car is very simple and it is essential for its operation of prior knowledge of the current legislation, as platforms allow an insertion of data obtained by different means, not meeting a standard obligation of scale mapping and spatial resolution, With the exception of the paulista pallet, which limits the insertion of the data, can vary in terms of real information, such as images made available, for the Federal platform, for some regions, not satisfactorily satisfied with the visual identification of the features, Making it necessary to use alternative data and computer programs, with the exception of a platform in the State of S?o Paulo, which presents an excellent image for the identification of features required in the CAR, although it is not current. / O uso de geotecnologias vem sendo amplamente empregado em processos de monitoramento e fiscaliza??o ambiental do territ?rio brasileiro. Como forma de identificar os autores de passivos ambientais e promover a regulariza??o ambiental de propriedades rurais privadas, o governo instituiu em ?mbito nacional a obrigatoriedade de cadastro no CAR (Cadastro Ambiental Rural), plataforma de registro eletr?nico, obrigat?rio, onde o propriet?rio/possuidor declara a ?rea de seu im?vel e seus aspectos ambientais. Este trabalho consistiu em analisar e discutir as ferramentas do m?dulo do CAR, do governo Federal brasileiro, adotado pela grande maioria dos Estados, inclusive o Rio de Janeiro, e comparar com os m?dulos desenvolvidos pelo Estado de Minas Gerais e S?o Paulo. Foram analisadas as diferen?as entre as plataformas, qualidade das ferramentas dispon?veis para a delimita??o dos im?veis, das ?reas de vegeta??o nativa, ?reas de preserva??o permanente, ?rea de uso restrito e reserva legal, utilizando-se de imagens gratuitas disponibilizadas por ?rg?os p?blicos, e programas computacionais alternativos, al?m de dados prim?rios coletados nas ?reas de estudo, utilizando um aparelho receptor GNSS de navega??o, para fins de compara??o com as ?reas j? georreferenciadas por uso de equipamentos topogr?ficos, vislumbrando a possibilidade de se obter diferentes resultados sobre uma mesma realidade espacial, e assim confrontar os resultados a fim de se encontrar a melhor metodologia indicada para o mapeamento no CAR. Os resultados apontam que embora a plataforma do CAR seja bastante amig?vel e simples, ? imprescind?vel para sua opera??o conhecimento pr?vio da legisla??o vigente, as plataformas permitirem a inser??o de dados obtidos por meios distintos, n?o estabelecendo uma obrigatoriedade padr?o de escala de mapeamento e de resolu??o espacial, com exce??o da plataforma paulista, que limita a inser??o dos dados, pode possibilitar diverg?ncias significava em rela??o as informa??es reais, as imagens disponibilizadas, pela plataforma Federal, para algumas regi?es, n?o atendem satisfatoriamente quanto a identifica??o visual das fei??es, principalmente em pequenas propriedades, tornando necess?rio a utiliza??o de dados e programas computacionais alternativos, com exce??o a plataforma do Estado de S?o Paulo, que fornece imagem de excelente qualidade para a identifica??o das fei??es requeridas no CAR, embora n?o seja atual.

This thesis is based on the analysis of all rural property sales transactions that occurred in NSW over the period 1990-2000 and is the first complete state wide analysis of a rural property market in Australia. Previous studies on rural land performance have been restricted in both limited time periods and limited location areas. The importance of rural property, as an investment asset has been recognised in the US and UK with both countries having a rural property performance index. These indices are similar in construction, quality and reliability as the commercial property, residential property and share market indices that are also available in these countries to analyse the performance of these investment assets. Until the development of the rural property capital and total return indices in this thesis, there has never been a comprehensive and complete set of rural property investment indices available to assess the risk/return performance and investment portfolio benefits of rural property in Australia. The actual construction of the indices in this thesis have been based on the current indices produced by the Property Council of Australia for office, retail, industrial and hotel property in Australia. Based on the work in this thesis, rural property investment performance can now be compared to all major investment assets available in Australia. This research will be ongoing to ensure that the performance of rural property will be available on a semi-annual basis for use by all institutions, companies and individuals with an interest in the investment potential of rural property in Australia / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

O pagamento por serviços ambientais (PSA) é um instrumento econômico baseado na transferência de benefícios em troca de práticas conservacionistas que assegurem ou aumentem a prestação de serviços ambientais. O instrumento vem ganhando força como estratégia de conservação e restauração de ambientes naturais e, embora bastante pesquisado nos últimos anos, ainda não há um sistema de avaliação que apresente resultados de forma rápida e transmita segurança aos atores envolvidos. Diante dessa lacuna, este trabalho tem como objetivo propor um modelo de avaliação da efetividade de esquemas de pagamentos por serviços ambientais hídricos localizados na Mata Atlântica que tenham como foco a conservação de vegetação nativa em propriedades rurais privadas. A estrutura de avaliação foi construída a partir do referencial teórico, por meio de revisão bibliográfica sistemática. Para verificar o funcionamento do modelo elaborado, aplicou-se a estrutura em cinco casos de PSA hídricos localizados na Mata Atlântica. Os resultados mostraram que o modelo construído é robusto, pois apresenta clareza sobre os tipos de dados que utiliza e sobre a maneira como é feito o julgamento; flexível – pois pode ser aplicado também em outros tipos de esquemas de PSA com as devidas adequações, e de aplicação relativamente simples, permitindo o uso de dados secundários. Quanto à avaliação do PSA observou-se que os esquemas estudados não atendem todas as condições indicadas pela literatura acadêmica como importantes para o êxito do instrumento. Até mesmo as condições fundamentais para o êxito do PSA mais citadas no referencial teórico como: gestão participativa com estabelecimento de relações de confiança e compreensão do contexto para verificar se o PSA é a melhor solução para o problema local não são efetivamente empregadas. Tais resultados também são observados nos casos de PSA internacionais de acordo com a literatura internacional. Pode-se concluir que o modelo de avaliação proposto gera informações úteis e confiáveis acerca do desenvolvimento dos esquemas de PSA hídricos, além disso, identifica os problemas de modo que as partes interessadas possam ter um panorama da situação do esquema. Os resultados da aplicação do modelo de avaliação nos casos estudados na Mata Atlântica mostram que tais esquemas apresentam problemas que dificultam o alcance dos objetivos a que se propõem principalmente no que diz respeito a custo-efetividade e relação custo-benefício, gestão participativa e adicionalidade. / Payment for environmental services (PES) - is an economic instrument based on the transfer of benefits in exchange for conservation practices to ensure or enhance the provision of environmental services. The instrument has been gaining strength as a conservation strategy and restoration of natural environments and although widely researched in recent years still presents difficulties due to the lack of an evaluation system that gives results quickly and transmits security to the actors involved. Given this gap this paper aims to propose a model of evaluation of the effectiveness of water for environmental services payment schemes located in the Atlantic Forest that focus on the conservation of native vegetation on private farms. The evaluation framework was built from the theoretical framework, through a systematic literature review, looking up which important conditions for the success of the PES. To check the operation of the elaborate model we apply the structure in six cases of water PES located in the Atlantic Forest. The results showed that the constructed model is robust, as it has clarity on the types of data you use and the way it is done the trial, flexible, it can also be applied to other types of PES schemes with the necessary adjustments, and relatively simple application, allowing the use of secondary data. As for the evaluation of PES it was observed that the studied schemes do not meet all conditions set by the academic literature as important to the success of the instrument. Even the basic conditions for the success of PES most mentioned in theoretical as participatory management with the establishment of trusts and understanding of the context to see if the PES is the best solution to the local problem is not effectively used. Such results are also observed in cases of International PES. We can conclude that the proposed evaluation model generates useful and reliable information about the development of water PES schemes also identifies problems so that interested parties may have an overview of the layout of the situation. The results of the implementation of the evaluation model in the cases studied in the Atlantic Forest showed that such schemes present problems that hinder the achievement of objectives that mainly propose regarding the costeffectiveness and cost-effective, participatory management and additionality.