University of Macau / Faculty of Science and Technology. / Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Thesis. 1977. M.Arch.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Architecture. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography : leaves 131-133. / M.Arch.

This study examines how community development and mainstream environmental groups form coalitions in state-level urban environmental legislation and the effect these coalitions have upon larger processes of institutional change. I argue that the alignment of community development and environmental interests is essential in the efforts to flatten the existing power hierarchy around land use decision-making and open up new possibilities for urban form. It helps to form a "counter-institutional" response which combines "pragmatic" and "purist" interests to resolve the social and environmental dilemmas of land use. This study begins by establishing the extent of the institutional divide between community development and environmentalism through an archival analysis of the 1970s debate over national land use legislation. It then presents two case studies of policies which seek to close this divide: (1) the New York Brownfield Opportunity Area Program of 2003 which was initiated by community groups and (2) the California Senate Bill 375 of 2008 which was initiated by environmental groups. The case studies employ interview data, surveys of organizations, observations of public meetings, and document review. The cases examined provide examples of attempts to expand potential governance outcomes by forming "heterarchic" alliances across policy silos in order to make land use regulation responsive to the wider concerns of urban environmentalists. I find that heterarchy is achieved in the California case, but not in the New York case. The varying degrees to which urban and environmental advocacy groups are able to bridge the institutional divide between them is determinant of these outcomes. The extent to which heterarchic governance is achieved, in turn, impacts the ability of each policy to change the institutional structure of land use regulation.

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An industrial soil collected from a recycling factory was contaminated by DEHP and spilled diesel. The soils were divided into two batches for off-site ex situ bioremediation by SMC. This industrial soil was contaminated with 5.4-6.9 g/kg total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), 14.5--19.0 g/kg oil and grease and 95-99 mg/kg DEHP. The removal by 3% SMC amendment applied twice accounted for 56-64%, 31--33% and 51--54% disappearance of the TPH, oil and grease and DEHP contaminants, respectively. Beside chemical analysis, six bacteria and six fungi were inoculated into the sterilized soil samples for ecotoxicity tests. The original soil samples containing residual oil and DEHP contents were found to be more toxic than the SMC-treated soil. Thus SMC simultaneously degrades organic pollutants and reduces toxicity in less than a month. / An underground water sample contaminated with dibutyl phthalate (DBP, 127.5+/-20.7 mu1/1) and DEHP (67.0+/-7.7 mu1/1) was tested. One percent SMC could remove 94.2+/-3.6% and 100% for DBP and DEHP, respectively, within 1 h at room temperature. DBP and DEHP were degraded completely by SMCE except 0.2% SMCE for DBP after 24-h treatment. SMC had higher removal efficiencies than SMCE, because SMC had an integrated system of biosorption and biodegradation to remove DBP and DEHP. The sorption kinetics of DBP and DEHP by SMC could be described by the Freundlich monolayer model. Even after eight cycles of the sorption-desorption of DEHP SMC maintained the 100% removal efficiency. Thus SMC is a good biosorbent for DEHP. / Besides, DEHP-contaminated sediment was collected from Kai Tak Approach Channel, Kowloon. This sediment contained 44.4-128.0 mg/kg DEHP and heavy metals 21.3-23.4 mg/kg Cd, 24.9-43.5 mg/kg Ni, 128.5-198.5 mg/kg Pb, 144.6-329.2 mg/kg Zn and 164.5-230.0 mg/kg Cu, and bore an unpleasant sewer smell. SMC and SMCE as strong oxidizing agents could decrease the S content of sediment significantly as well as calcium nitrate, and consequently lowered the evolution of nuisance gas hydrogen sulfide. With the treatment of the optimized combination of 2.25% SMCE and 0.25% nitrate, the malodor could be removed completely and the contents of H2S and NH3 in the air were decreased significantly. For the degradation of organic pollutants, the target pollutant DEHP showed a sharp decrease in the first week in the time effect experiment after the treatment with the combination of 2.25% SMCE and 0.25% nitrate, while the decrease of DEHP slowed down in the second week. The results may be attributed to the immediate degradation of DEHP by enzymes in SMCE. When raw sediment and nitrate-treated sediment were bioremediated with SMCE, larger fluctuation in DEHP removal was observed with the nitrate-treated sediment. It supports that nitrate and SMCE would act in optimum at a certain combination. The effect on mobilization of sediment heavy metals by SMC or SMCE was also examined. Although some laboratory results suggested reduction of copper and lead, other results using different environmental samples of the sediment did not reproduce the results. Further investigation is needed. / Plasticizers are additives used in the manufacture of plastics, and high residual plasticizer levels are encountered in the environment. Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), being the most common plasticizer, is a suspected human carcinogen and an endocrine disruptor. Therefore, DEHP-contaminated soil, sediment and water samples were collected, and the bioremediation capacities of the spent compost of mushroom Pleurotus pulmonarius (SMC) were determined. / This study reveals the potential in applying SMC of P. pulmonarius in bioremediation of DEHP from the soil, sediment and water environments. More investigation and field studies would be appropriate for developing spent P. pulmonarius compost in environmental cleanup. / Using artificially spiked garden soil with DEHP and ultra-low sulphur diesel, the removal efficiencies of SMC were 41.7+/-9.8% and 36.1+/-8.4% for TP11 and DEHP, respectively. SMCE which contained the water-soluble nutrients, SMC enzymes and micro-organisms had about half removal efficiency of SMC on the same pollutant. The enriched SMC microorganisms also showed biodegradation of DEHP and diesel, so did the filtrate containing enzymes and nutrients of SMC. Thus SMC acted in multiple ways in bioremediation of DEHP: biostimulation and bioaugmentation. Besides, the immobilized lignolytic enzymes of the mushroom P. pulmonarius played a major role in biodegradation. / Gao, Ting. / "October 2009." / Adviser: S.W. Chiu. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 72-01, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 204-237). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

He, Lisi. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 69-73). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgement --- p.I / Table of Contents --- p.II / Abstract --- p.III / Abstract (Chinese Version) --- p.IV / Abbreviation --- p.V / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- "Synthesis of Terminal 1,1 -Disubstituted Olefins" --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Nickel Hydride Reactions with Olefins --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- Objective and Approach --- p.16 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION --- p.20 / Chapter 2.1 --- Reaction Condition Optimization --- p.20 / Chapter 2.2 --- Substrates Scope Expansion --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3 --- Examples of Post-coupling Modifications --- p.35 / Chapter 2.4 --- Application in a sp2-sp3 Heck-like Reaction --- p.38 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- CONCLUSION --- p.43 / APPENDIX EXPERIMENTAL --- p.46 / REFERENCE --- p.69 / GC CHROMATOGRAMS & NMR SPECTRA FOR NEW COMPOUNDS

Yuen Hin Yu, Echo. / "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 2007-2008, design report." / Includes bibliographical references. / Includes Chinese characters. / Chapter 1.0 --- Title / Chapter 1.1 --- Thesis Statement / Chapter 1.2 --- Synopsis / Chapter 2.0 --- Definition - Eco-tourism / Chapter 2.1 --- Facts / Chapter 3.0 --- Issues / Chapter 3.1 --- Tourism branding 一 Green Labeling / Chapter 3.2 --- Locality and Greenwash / Chapter 4.0 --- Observations 一 Guangxi Chongzuo Bio-Park / Chapter 4.1 --- Transition of use / Chapter 4.2 --- Fragmentation / Chapter 5.0 --- Critique on current situation / Chapter 5.1 --- Disjuncture / Chapter 5.2 --- Energy Resource Dependency / Chapter 6.0 --- Design Strategies / Chapter 6.1 --- Implementation of Tourist Control / Chapter 6.2 --- Technique - Handmadeness / Chapter 6.3 --- Process / Chapter 6.4 --- The Design

城市氣候信息對可持續城市規劃十分重要。但是城市氣候在城市規劃上的應用仍然十分有限。都市氣候圖是一種信息和評估工具，它融合了城市氣候信 息和城市規劃要素，利用兩維空間地圖將存在的城市氣候現象和問題展現出來。通過文獻綜述可知都市氣候圖的研究源於1970 年代， 目前大部分相關研究主要針對低密度城市進行。現今隨著城市人口的持續增加和快速城市化發展， 緊湊城市和高密度城市生活將是未來不可避免的趨勢。這就迫切需要開展針對高密度城市的都市氣候圖應用研究，例如香港。 / 本研究使用的氣象數據來自香港天文台，規劃數據則從香 港政府規劃署獲得。基於前期香港都市氣候分析圖和風信息圖層所獲得的分析 和評估結果，該研究繪製了可應用在分區大綱圖的香港都市氣候規劃建議圖和重點規劃建議，並探討了具體的規劃控制策略，涵蓋樓宇密度（容積率、樓宇高度和基地建築覆蓋率）、 綠化（綠化帶，都市綠洲和開放空間的連接及綠色網格）、樓宇後移、通風廊道（河道、風道和通風廊）、非建築用地,樓宇間距和樓宇通透性。根據香港城市氣候的特點，結合香港分區大綱圖的邊界和 區劃，設立了分區大綱圖的4 個規劃策略類型，劃分了18 個組團，並形成詳細的都市氣候規劃建議圖。每個組團又再細化成若干次區域，並配有詳細的規劃改善建議。香港都市氣候規劃建議圖和18 個組團的詳細都市氣候 規劃建議圖以及相應的規劃建議為香港搭建了一個城市氣候規劃應用框架，有效的引導規劃和發展進程，確保規劃師和決策管理著採用適合的城市氣候評估結果。 / 本研究發現香港都市氣候規劃建議圖可為城市規劃師和決策管理者在宏觀、區域及策略性的層面上提供有益的城市氣候信息平台。根據相關的氣候規劃建議和策略，便於規劃師和決策管理著選取適宜的規劃手段，進而有針對性地改善城市氣候狀況，特別是針對敏感地區。同時，該研究結果有助於在分區大綱圖的層面上開展規劃 探討及決策。另外該研究方法和所提出的相關規劃建議針對高密度城市 狀況，均可供其他相似城市參考， 特別是珠江三角洲地區。現已有三個城市：高雄、澳門和阿納姆的都市氣候圖研究借鑒並採用了該研究的研究成果。 / Urban climate is of great importance for the sustainable urban planning. However, urban climatic application has a low impact on urban planning. The Urban Climatic Map (UCMap) is a climatic information and evaluation tool to integrate urban climatic factors and town planning considerations by presenting climatic phenomena and problems on two-dimensional spatial maps. Literature reviews that the UCMap studies have been developed since the 1970s, but most UCMap studies focus on low density cities. Due to increasing urban population and rapid urbanization nowadays, compact living and high density city lives are inevitable trends around the world. This makes it an urgent issue to study how to apply UCMap to high density cities, such as Hong Kong. / The study used meteorological data from Hong Kong Observatory and planning data from Planning Department of the Government of Hong Kong SAR. Based on the climatic analysis from the Urban Climatic Analysis Map and Wind Information Layer, this study developed an Urban Climatic Recommendation Map (UC-ReMap) and formulated key planning recommendations for Hong Kong, which could then be applied at the level of Outline Zoning Plan (OZP). Planning controllers including density (plot ratio, building height, and site coverage/ground coverage), greenery (green belt, green oasis and linkage of open space & green network), building setback, ventilation corridor (water channel and air path & breezeway), non-building area, building separation and building permeability are discussed and incorporated into the key planning recommendations. Furthermore, four categories of OZPs, 18 groups of OZPs and detailed UC-ReMaps were elaborated according to their urban climatic characteristics. Each group was evaluated further into sub-zones with detailed planning advices. All UC-ReMaps and planning recommendations can provide an urban climatic planning framework for Hong Kong and guidance for the planning and development process; it also ensures that appropriate urban climatic considerations are taken into account. Based on above framework, this study furthers the field by applying Urban Climatic Map into the town planning of Hong Kong. / The study finds that the UC-ReMap of Hong Kong provides a useful urban climatic information platform at the comprehensive, territorial and strategic levels for planners and policy makers. According to the climatic planning recommendations, appropriate plan actions could be conducted to improve the urban climatic conditions of the specific territory, particularly the sensitive areas. These facilitate the planning related discussion and decision-making process at the OZPs. Moreover, the research method and planning recommendations developed in this study, which are in the context of high-density cities ,offer a lit of implications for possible application in other similar places, especially the region of Pear River Delta. The gained research experience and learned application lessons have been applied into several other governmental research projects beyond HongKong, such as Kaohsiung, Macau and Arnhem. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Ren, Chao. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.iii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.vii / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.xi / LIST OF TABLES --- p.xiii / ACRONYMS --- p.xiv / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.15 / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction and Motivation --- p.15 / Chapter 1.2 --- Issues and Problems --- p.17 / Chapter 1.3 --- Objectives --- p.17 / Chapter 1.4 --- Methodology --- p.18 / Chapter 1.4.1. --- Data --- p.18 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Theory --- p.18 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Working Procedures --- p.20 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- The Scope of the Study --- p.21 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- Delimitation --- p.22 / Chapter 1.5 --- Significance and Benefits --- p.22 / Chapter 1.6 --- Organizations of the Thesis --- p.22 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE --- p.25 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2 --- Review of the Development of Urban Climatic Map Study --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3 --- The Structure of Urban Climatic Map System --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Climatope --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Urban Climatic Analysis Map (UC-AnMap) --- p.32 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Urban Climatic Recommendation Map (UC-ReMap) and Planning Recommendations --- p.35 / Chapter 2.4 --- Summery --- p.42 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- REVIEW OF EXSITING ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION AND PLANNING OF HONG KONG --- p.45 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2 --- Review of General Climatic-Environmental Condition of Hong Kong --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- General Urban Climate Information of Hong Kong --- p.47 / Chapter 3.2.1.1 --- Meteorological Record from HKO --- p.47 / Chapter 3.2.1.2 --- Urban Climatic Data from Spot Field Measurements --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- General Topography Information of Hong Kong --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- General Greenery Information of Hong Kong --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3 --- Town Planning System of Hong Kong --- p.54 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Outline Zoning Plan (OZP) --- p.55 / Chapter 3.5 --- Summary --- p.58 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- URBAN CLIMATIC PLANNING RECOMMENDATION MAP AND KEY PLANNING RECOMMENDATIONS FOR HONG KONG --- p.59 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.59 / Chapter 4.2 --- Process and a Parametric Understanding --- p.59 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Reference Data for UCReMap of Hong Kong --- p.60 / Chapter 4.2.1.1 --- The UC-AnMap for Hong Kong --- p.60 / Chapter 4.2.1.2 --- Wind Information Layer --- p.63 / Chapter 4.3 --- Key generic interpretation of the UC-AnMap for planning purpose --- p.68 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Density --- p.70 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Greenery --- p.76 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Building Setback --- p.79 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Non-Building Area --- p.81 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Building Separation & Building Permeability --- p.83 / Chapter 4.4 --- Key Issues and Analysis --- p.83 / Chapter 4.5 --- UC-Re MAP Strategic and District Planning Recommendations --- p.85 / Chapter 4.6 --- A General Commentary and Notes of the UC-ReMap --- p.92 / Chapter 4.7 --- Cares in Interpreting the HK UC-Remap --- p.94 / Chapter 4.8 --- Four Categories of OZPs --- p.94 / Chapter 4.9 --- Process of Detailed UC-ReMap and Planning Advices --- p.98 / Chapter 4.10 --- 18 Groups of OZPs --- p.100 / Chapter 4.11 --- Verification of the detailed UC-ReMap and planning recommendations --- p.102 / Chapter 4.12 --- Summery --- p.105 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- DETAILED UCREMAP AND PLANNING ADVICES FOR 18 GROUPS OF OZPS --- p.107 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.107 / Chapter 5.2 --- 18 Groups of OZPs & Detailed Planning Advices --- p.107 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- The 1st Group of OZPs --- p.107 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- The 2nd Group of OZPs --- p.108 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- The 3th Group of OZPs --- p.114 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- The 4th Group of OZPs --- p.118 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- The 5th Group of OZPs --- p.123 / Chapter 5.2.6 --- The 6th Group of OZPs --- p.127 / Chapter 5.2.7 --- The 7th Group of OZPs --- p.133 / Chapter 5.2.8 --- The 8th Group of OZPs --- p.138 / Chapter 5.2.9 --- The 9th Group of OZPs --- p.144 / Chapter 5.2.10 --- The 10th Group of OZPs --- p.150 / Chapter 5.2.11 --- The 11th Group of OZPs --- p.157 / Chapter 5.2.12 --- The 12th Group of OZPs --- p.163 / Chapter 5.2.13 --- The 13th Group of OZPs --- p.168 / Chapter 5.2.14 --- The 14th Group of OZPs --- p.174 / Chapter 5.2.15 --- The 15th Group of OZPs --- p.182 / Chapter 5.2.16 --- The 16th Group of OZPs --- p.189 / Chapter 5.2.17 --- The 17th Group of OZPs --- p.196 / Chapter 5.2.18 --- The 18th Group of OZPs --- p.203 / Chapter 5.3 --- Summery --- p.210 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- CONCLUSION --- p.212 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.212 / Chapter 6.2 --- Research Summary --- p.212 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- The UC-ReMap of Hong Kong and Key Planning Recommendations --- p.212 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Four Categories of OZPs --- p.212 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- 18 Groups of OZPs --- p.213 / Chapter 6.2.4 --- Detailed UC-ReMap and Detailed Planning Recommendations for Each Group of OZPs --- p.214 / Chapter 6.3 --- Discussion --- p.214 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Advantages --- p.214 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Limitations --- p.215 / Chapter 6.4 --- Research Contributions --- p.216 / Chapter 6.4.1 --- Providing Strategic Climatic Planning Recommendations for Planner and Designers --- p.216 / Chapter 6.4.2 --- Serving as an Example for other High Density Cities --- p.217 / Chapter 6.5 --- Conclusion --- p.217 / Chapter 6.6 --- Further Work --- p.218 / Chapter BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.220 / Chapter APPENDIX 1 --- p.230 / Chapter APPENDIX 2 --- p.231 / Chapter APPENDIX 3 --- p.232 / Chapter APPENDIX 4 --- p.238