Includes bibliographies and references. / Environmental damage has become of widespread concern, so much so that some companies are disclosing environmental information in their annual reports, the traditional medium for communication to shareholders and other users. There is no recognised reporting model or framework for the reporting of environmental information. As a result, these disclosures are often ad hoc, and objective determination of their quality is extremely difficult. Furthermore, to the writer's knowledge, no survey of environmental disclosures has been conducted in South Africa. The objectives of this dissertation included the determination of an appropriate environmental reporting model, based on the critical review of the accounting legal and economic literatures. The reporting model suggested is that of compliance with legal environmental standards, with certain additional financial information. An existing disclosure index, enabling the objective measurement of environmental disclosure quality, was extended and adapted to the South African situation. Analysis of the index scores revealed an improvement in the quality of environmental disclosures over a five year period, and that disclosures are not influenced by a company's total assets or the presence of international shareholders. Analysis of index scores on a group basis revealed that disclosures are not made as a result of a top-down approach. However, companies in similar industries in a group tended to have almost identical disclosures. Comparison of the results of the South African survey with a similar American one, revealed a significant disparity between disclosure scores for the oil, paper and steel industries. This disparity is exacerbated by the difference in time period of at least 15 years, and suggests that the difference in disclosure quality is possibly as a result of the disparity in content and enforcement of legal environmental standards. With the opening up of international markets to South African business, producers may no longer be able to ignore international environmental standards, and the poor quality of South African disclosures may well prove unacceptable. Without more effective legal environmental standards, there will be little progress towards improved environmental disclosures.

This PhD thesis is an exploratory study examining the practices of Corporate Social and Environmental Disclosure (CSED) in the annual reports of the manufacturing sector in Jordan over the period 2010-2012. The study is based mainly on empirical investigation of the level and patterns of CSED practices by 66 industrial companies listed in the Amman Stock Exchange (ASE). In addition, it focuses on analysing determinants of the practices of CSED by firms in the manufacturing sector. This study is concerned with the common area between functionalist and interpretive paradigms. Therefore, both quantitative and qualitative methods were employed as a mixed practical approach to collect, analyse and interpret the required data. Specifically, the disclosure index was selected as an appropriate approach to extract quantitative data regarding CSED practices. Additionally, semi-structured interviews were used as a qualitative method to explore the stakeholders' perceptions of the impact of local external factors on CSED practices. The Random-Effect Model was the most appropriate analysis technique to analyse possible relationships between internal factors and the level of CSED, and the stakeholders' views were evaluated through the use of open critical discussion to ascertain the effect of the local contextual factors on the practices of CSED. The results showed the existence of unsatisfactory levels in the practices of CSED during the survey period. Furthermore, the results of the random effect model indicated that the firm size, audit firm and type of financial market were all significant. However, this result of type of financial market coefficients indicated an inverse relationship in explaining the level of CSED practices. Moreover, stakeholders’ views regarding the effect of the external factors on CSED practices showed that the political system, legal system, cultural values and economic development are also significant factors in explaining CSED practices in the corporate annual reports.

This thesis examines the strategic and potentially legitimising nature of voluntary environmental reporting. First, the thesis examines the relationship between emission levels on the National Pollutant Inventory and the quantity of total voluntary environmental disclosures, voluntary emission disclosures and positive voluntary environmental disclosures in annual reports. Second, an examination of changes in the quantity of disclosures discussing compliance with the National Pollutant Inventory and/or disclosures concerning pollution emissions is undertaken. Taking into consideration the findings relating to the strategic nature of voluntary disclosures, the thesis then examines the potential of such disclosures to impact upon the usefulness of mandatory annual report disclosure requirements. This is undertaken by investigating whether significant differences exist between environmental disclosure practices in the voluntary sections of annual reports for corporations reporting non-compliance, and those not reporting non-compliance, in the directors' report pursuant with the requirements of s. 299(1)(f) of the Corporations Law. The findings suggest that, for the sample corporations, a change in environmental regulation may have been an impetus for changes in voluntary environmental disclosure practices in annual reports. Disclosures are identified as being discretionary, and potentially reactive to changes in environmental regulation, with a significant increase in the quantity of voluntary disclosures relating to the National Pollutant Inventory and in the number of corporations making voluntary emission disclosures during the period. Hence, voluntary disclosures, although discretionary, may provide some indication of the corporation's actual environmental activities and provides some support for industry arguments to maintain a voluntary environmental disclosure system. A comparison of the quantity and nature of voluntary disclosures for corporations required to report non-compliance with, and those reporting no non-compliance with, environmental regulations in the directors' report found no significant differences in disclosure practices between the two groups; that is, in contrast to the findings of previous research, those reporting non-compliance had no higher propensity for either greater quantities of voluntary environmental disclosures or positive voluntary environmental disclosures. The findings suggest that the limitations faced by s. 299(1)(f) in its early years may have resulted in it not being perceived as a legitimacy threat by the sample corporations or as a lesser threat than others such as the NPI. Therefore, questions remain as to whether the section is able to produce the outcomes proposed at its inception. Overall, taking into consideration the discretionary nature of voluntary environmental disclosures, and the limitations of s. 299(1)(f), concern remains as to the quality of the Australian annual report environmental reporting system and the potential for the existence of voluntary environmental disclosures in the annual report to reduce the usefulness of a mandatory disclosure system to users. These findings suggest a need for further research into the effect of both mandatory and voluntary environmental disclosures on users' perceptions of corporate environmental performance.

Environmental accounting, as a newly developed cross-field subject, has been received increasing attentions in recent years. With public awareness of corporate social responsibility and sustainability, corporate environmental performance also has been aroused among social public, stakeholders, and internal management. Environmental disclosure, as an effective link between corporate management and social responsibility, is becoming a valuable research topic.   One unsolved problem of the environmental disclosure is the corporate behavior of listed companies in terms of environmental reporting in the post environmental events period, from 2005 to 2009. Those corporation environmental events, exposed by media, include over pollution, over emissions and illegal environmental activities. According to legitimacy theory, negative social perception and “legitimacy gaps” of the community result from illegitimate corporate activities, like environmental events, and corporations are therefore been threatened in its existence. In this case, enhanced environmental disclosure in annual reports is supposed to be an appropriate way to eliminate threats for corporations and ameliorate negative social perceptions. It imply that corporations with lower level of environmental performance are required to have more environmental disclosure for sustainability.   Some prior studies provided evidences that in the period from 1980 to 2002, after some incidents, corporations involved in these incidents indicate a higher level of environmental disclosure in the year when the environmental incidents happened, which align with legitimacy theory. Furthermore, there were incongruence previous results of the relationships between environmental disclosure and firm size and industry characters. We aim to find that whether the corporation environmental disclosure is in a relation with firm size and industry characters or not. And we are to revisit the association between corporate environmental performance and environmental disclosure.   This study took the quantitative method statistical technology was used for analysis. In order to get the answer for the research question, four hypotheses were set in this research. Finally, firm size and industry characters have no significant relationship with the level of environmental disclosure. The results indicate that the level of environmental information disclosure in annual reports of 2008 is higher than those of 2005. However, environmental events could not be deemed as a determinant of environmental disclosure, and the results partially support the legitimacy theory. The quality of environmental disclosure of 21 sample companies did not improve significantly in the year when the environmental events happened, but only the environmental disclosure sample companies with environmental events which happened in the year of 2008 improved significantly, compared with the previous year.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-04-15T20:08:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Angela Patrícia Bovolini Pedron.pdf: 650305 bytes, checksum: dc268a9b96a9eb0822b79a60d29641a3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-15T20:08:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Angela Patrícia Bovolini Pedron.pdf: 650305 bytes, checksum: dc268a9b96a9eb0822b79a60d29641a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-01-31 / Nenhuma / O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar se existe relação entre o nível de evidenciação de informações ambientais e a rentabilidade e valor de empresas listadas na BM&FBovespa. O embasamento teórico está centrado na teoria da legitimidade que parte do pressuposto que as empresas evidenciariam informações com objetivo de legitimar suas operações junto à sociedade, e na teoria de custos do proprietário a qual postula que evidenciar informações sobre a empresa acarretaria em custos aos proprietários. O estudo utilizou uma amostra de empresas listadas na BM&FBovespa no período de 2006 a 2012. A evidenciação de informações ambientais foi realizada por meio de indicadores de evidenciação, construído a partir da revisão da literatura. A rentabilidade é percebida pelos indicadores retorno sobre o patrimônio (ROE) e retorno sobre os ativos (ROA) e o valor pelo indicador Q de Tobin. A partir da revisão da literatura foram identificados 46 indicadores de evidenciação ambiental que foram reunidos em 5 categorias por possuírem características semelhantes. Com a definição dos indicadores e suas categorias, foram calculados os níveis de evidenciação ambientais. Posteriormente, foram realizadas regressões com dados em painel buscando responder ao problema de pesquisa. Os resultados econométricos não identificaram relação significativa entre a evidenciação de informações ambientais e a rentabilidade e o valor das empresas, com exceção da relação entre o nível de evidenciação de políticas ambientais e o ROA. Como contribuição deste estudo destaca-se a utilização de indicadores de evidenciação ambiental e a utilização do Q de Tobin, como indicador de valor. / The objective of this study was to analyze if a relationship exists between the level of environmental information disclosure and the profitability and value of listed companies on the BM&FBovespa - Securities, Commodities and Futures Exchange (BM&FBovespa). The theoretical basis centers on the Theory of Legitimacy, which postulates that companies disclose information with the objective of legitimizing their operations before society, and on the Proprietary Costs Theory, which postulates that disclosing information about the company incurs costs for the owners. The study draws on a sample of listed companies on the BM&FBovespa in the period from 2006 to 2012. The disclosure of environmental information was verified through disclosure indicators developed based on a review of the literature. Profitability was observed using the indicators return on equity (ROE) and return on assets (ROA) and value was observed using Tobin's Q indicator. Based on a review of the literature, 46 environmental disclosure indicators were compiled and organized into five categories based on the similarity of characteristics. Once the indicators and their categories were defined, the levels of environmental disclosure were calculated. Then regression analyses were performed using panel data in order to answer the problem proposed in the study. The econometric results did not identify a significant relationship between environmental information disclosure and the profitability and value of companies, with the exception of a relationship between the level of environmental disclosure and ROA. A noteworthy contribution made by this study was the use of environmental disclosure indicators and the use of Tobin's Q as an indicator of value.

Análise do conteúdo dos relatórios ambientais de empresas do setor de papel e celulose em nível internacional. Objetiva esta pesquisa investigar, com base nas práticas correntes de relatórios anuais e ambientais, como está o nível de disclosure de informações ambientais apresentado pelas empresas do setor de papel e celulose. Apresentam-se na revisão da literatura os principais aspectos relacionados à contabilidade e ao disclosure ambiental, as regulamentações e diretrizes sobre relatórios ambientais, bem como um sumário de várias pesquisas realizadas sobre disclosure e relatório ambiental. São realizadas análises do conteúdo dos relatórios de 42 das 50 maiores empresas, por vendas, do setor de papel e celulose em nível mundial, assim como de oito das dez maiores empresas brasileiras desse setor. Os achados sustentam a tese de que o disclosure de informações ambientais apresentado pelas empresas do setor de papel e celulose diverge entre as companhias com relação ao tamanho da empresa, ao país de localização e ao tipo de relatório (financeiro ou específico), mostrando-se ainda incipiente e frágil em relação ao nível de confiabilidade e comparabilidade das informações. Conclui-se também que: a) a maioria das informações ambientais das empresas desse setor é evidenciada nos relatórios ambientais específicos, sendo essas informações praticamente descritivas; b) o país de localização da empresa influencia no nível de disclosure das companhias do setor de papel e celulose; c) quanto maior o tamanho da empresa, mais detalhada é a apresentação do disclosure das informações ambientais; e d) o nível de disclosure ambiental das empresas brasileiras de papel e celulose é menos detalhado que a média do nível disclosure de informações ambientais de empresas de outros países nesse mesmo setor. São sugeridas novas questões para estudos e mais investimentos para o fomento de pesquisas empíricas na área de contabilidade e disclosure ambientais. O resultado deste estudo é restrito à amostra analisada. / Analysis of the content of the companies' environmental reports of the pulp and paper industry in international level. The objective of this research is to investigate, based on the annual and environmental reports currently practiced, how the environmental information disclosure level presented by the companies of the pulp and paper industry is. The literature review presents the main aspects related to the environmental disclosure and accounting, the regulations and guidelines about environmental reports, as well as a summary of several researches on environmental reports and disclosures. Analysis of the reports contents of 42 of the 50 larger companies, for sales in the pulp and paper industry worldwide, as well as of eight of the ten larger Brazilian companies of this sector are performed. The findings sustain the thesis that disclosure of environmental information presented by the companies of the pulp and paper industry diverge from company to company regarding size, country location and type of report (financial or specific), being incipient and fragile as far as information reliability and comparability is concerned. One can also conclude that: a) most environmental information of companies in this sector is made evident in specific environmental reports, being this information practically descriptive; b) the country where the company is located interferes in the level of disclosure in the pulp and paper industry; c) the bigger the company, the more detailed is the presentation of the disclosure of the environmental information; and d) the level of environmental disclosure of the Brazilian pulp and paper companies is less detailed than the average level of disclosure of companies of the same sector in other countries. New issues for studies and further investments to develop empiric researches in environmental disclosure and accounting are suggested. The result of this study is restricted to the sample analyzed.

Introduction: Over the last few decades there has been a great increase in the attention to Corporate Social Responsibility. Organizations that up until recently have had profit maximization and shareholder value as their only concerns have found themselves in a position where stakeholder demands have created pressure to produce and act on sustainability agendas. Concepts like intergenerational equity, wealth distribution, equality and macroeconomic stability became a part of everyday business language and these days the majority of firms communicate a variety of CSR related issues through annual or separate sustainability reports. Up until recently the construction industry has managed to avoid such demands, however lately, the pressure from various stakeholders such as society, activist groups, governments and external competition, has put the industry among the more environmentally sensitive sectors. Although industry wide CSR involvement has increased within environmental construction management, much is still left to be done. Problem: One area which has received little attention is recycling after demolition. Most companies focus on making new building projects as environmentally friendly as possible, however hardly any attention is geared towards what happens to old buildings being torn down and the lifecycle of the old material. Although construction companies have the legal obligation to recycle hazardous material, much can be improved within the other areas especially regarding the reusing of materials from the demolishing sites which means both environmental and economical aspects are so far being overlooked.  Purpose: The authors aim to examine the complexities and challenges facing the construction industry in environmental management of demolition projects, and more specifically the effect this has on the recycling and reusing of materials. Methodology: In order to research the waste management practices on demolition sites the research employs interview studies conducted through qualitative mostly face-to-face and a few telephone interviews. Complementary cases were selected within different categories of the construction industry sectors related to demolition projects: client, construction, demolition and waste management companies’ employees were interviewed. Conclusion: The results show that companies within the construction industry realize the potential negative effects their line of business has on the environment. Sustainability agendas in all cases focus extensively on environmental management, which includes proper disposal of demolition waste. The main benefits for recycling and reusing (in some cases reselling) the material were financial incentives and generated competitive advantage, which resulted in better competitiveness concerning procurement. The main challenges identified are time and monetary constraints. Lack of regulation, common standard that would enable firms to compete equally, and lack of common effort and cooperation towards more efficient waste management practices on demolition sites were identified as main hindering factors for industry wide improvement.

Análise do conteúdo dos relatórios ambientais de empresas do setor de papel e celulose em nível internacional. Objetiva esta pesquisa investigar, com base nas práticas correntes de relatórios anuais e ambientais, como está o nível de disclosure de informações ambientais apresentado pelas empresas do setor de papel e celulose. Apresentam-se na revisão da literatura os principais aspectos relacionados à contabilidade e ao disclosure ambiental, as regulamentações e diretrizes sobre relatórios ambientais, bem como um sumário de várias pesquisas realizadas sobre disclosure e relatório ambiental. São realizadas análises do conteúdo dos relatórios de 42 das 50 maiores empresas, por vendas, do setor de papel e celulose em nível mundial, assim como de oito das dez maiores empresas brasileiras desse setor. Os achados sustentam a tese de que o disclosure de informações ambientais apresentado pelas empresas do setor de papel e celulose diverge entre as companhias com relação ao tamanho da empresa, ao país de localização e ao tipo de relatório (financeiro ou específico), mostrando-se ainda incipiente e frágil em relação ao nível de confiabilidade e comparabilidade das informações. Conclui-se também que: a) a maioria das informações ambientais das empresas desse setor é evidenciada nos relatórios ambientais específicos, sendo essas informações praticamente descritivas; b) o país de localização da empresa influencia no nível de disclosure das companhias do setor de papel e celulose; c) quanto maior o tamanho da empresa, mais detalhada é a apresentação do disclosure das informações ambientais; e d) o nível de disclosure ambiental das empresas brasileiras de papel e celulose é menos detalhado que a média do nível disclosure de informações ambientais de empresas de outros países nesse mesmo setor. São sugeridas novas questões para estudos e mais investimentos para o fomento de pesquisas empíricas na área de contabilidade e disclosure ambientais. O resultado deste estudo é restrito à amostra analisada. / Analysis of the content of the companies' environmental reports of the pulp and paper industry in international level. The objective of this research is to investigate, based on the annual and environmental reports currently practiced, how the environmental information disclosure level presented by the companies of the pulp and paper industry is. The literature review presents the main aspects related to the environmental disclosure and accounting, the regulations and guidelines about environmental reports, as well as a summary of several researches on environmental reports and disclosures. Analysis of the reports contents of 42 of the 50 larger companies, for sales in the pulp and paper industry worldwide, as well as of eight of the ten larger Brazilian companies of this sector are performed. The findings sustain the thesis that disclosure of environmental information presented by the companies of the pulp and paper industry diverge from company to company regarding size, country location and type of report (financial or specific), being incipient and fragile as far as information reliability and comparability is concerned. One can also conclude that: a) most environmental information of companies in this sector is made evident in specific environmental reports, being this information practically descriptive; b) the country where the company is located interferes in the level of disclosure in the pulp and paper industry; c) the bigger the company, the more detailed is the presentation of the disclosure of the environmental information; and d) the level of environmental disclosure of the Brazilian pulp and paper companies is less detailed than the average level of disclosure of companies of the same sector in other countries. New issues for studies and further investments to develop empiric researches in environmental disclosure and accounting are suggested. The result of this study is restricted to the sample analyzed.

Cette thèse analyse l’impact de la réglementation des divulgations environnementales ainsi que l’utilité de ces informations pour les investisseurs, partie prenante susceptible d’influencer l’entreprise en l’amenant à produire l’information environnementale utile, éventuellement imposée par la réglementation. Notre recherche s’appuie sur une approche quantitative basée sur le traitement des scores de divulgation environnementale au travers de modèles de régression ordinaire et censuré. Les scores de divulgation environnementale ont été calculés à partir d’une grille de mesure élaborée par nos soins et utilisée pour l’analyse de 121 entreprises européennes. Les résultats montrent que la réglementation des divulgations environnementales a un impact positif direct et induit sur le niveau de divulgation environnementale des entreprises. Par contre, l’impact des recommandations gouvernementales ou émanant d’organismes professionnels est identiquement faible. Les résultats montrent également que l’utilité des divulgations environnementales pour les investisseurs n’est pas uniforme : elle dépend de l’opacité des divulgations financières de l’entreprise, de son exposition aux risques environnementaux et de la structure de son actionnariat. Enfin, dans un contexte où l’information environnementale publiée est largement, voire totalement volontaire, les résultats montrent que les entreprises orientent leur communication environnementale en fonction des parties prenantes qu’elles identifient comme prioritaires. / Using disclosure scores to assess the level of environmental information provided by 121 randomly selected European listed companies, this research has two major goals. First, it examines whether environmental information is useful to investors. Second, it analyzes whether it is worth regulating environmental disclosures. Results reveal that the usefulness of environmental disclosures for investors is not uniform. It varies among firms, increasing with (i) exposure to environmental risks; (ii) ownership dispersion; (iii) the level of financial opacity. Furthermore, results also reveal that regulation has a direct and induced favorable impact on corporate environmental disclosure. After controlling for the usual determinants of environmental disclosures, we show that firms subject to a law that regulates environmental reporting disclose more than those domiciled in countries that have developed guidelines only. Finally, in a context where environmental information is mainly voluntary, we show that firms reserve their environmental communication for their preferred stakeholders.

This dissertation consists of three separate, but inter-related, studies overarching a common theme labeled "the role played by social and environmental accounting disclosures using different methodologies and framed within legitimacy theory." The first study investigates the use of different language techniques in social and environmental disclosures (SED) and tests whether the impression management hypothesis holds when disclosures are measured as such. The second study extends the "legitimacy on the Internet" arguments of Patten and Crampton (2004) by examining the content and presentation of corporate website environmental disclosure in relation to firm environmental performance of four size-matched sample groups constructed based on industry environmental sensitivity and America's Toxic 100 membership (the top 100 polluters in the US). The third study investigates whether and how Total, one of the world's largest integrated oil and gas companies headquartered in France, utilized legitimation strategies such as social and environmental disclosures, to respond to two significant environmental incidents. Taken together, these three studies build upon prior theoretical and empirical work to substantiate and advance social and environmental accounting research using various methodological lenses and perspectives.