Bakgrund: Sömnen är en viktig del av en människas liv, man sover bort ca en tredjedel av sin livstid. Med det naturliga åldrandet förändras sömnen och man blir mer känslig för omkringliggande stimuli och vaknar då lättare på natten samt sover färre timmar. På en vårdavdelning finns det mycket som kan påverka sömnen, speciellt hos äldre människor. Ljud som man inte känner igen, en okänd säng att sova i samt andra människor i samma rum. Alla dessa faktorer kan ge uppkomst till sömnrubbningar under en vistelse på en vårdavdelning. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturöversikt var att beskriva faktorer som påverkar äldre vuxnas och äldres sömn på en vårdavdelning. Metod: I denna litteraturöversikt har databaserna CINAHL with full text och Medline använts. Totalt elva artiklar har granskats där åtta artiklar har varit kvantitativa och två kvalitativa, den sista artikeln var en mixad kvalitativ och kvantitativ studie. Utifrån resultaten har författarna sammanställt teman. Resultat: Fem teman uppmärksammades: sömnen på en vårdavdelning där sömnen påverkas av den okända miljön. Inre faktorer som påverkar patientens sömn där det emotionella tillståndet grundat i oro, sjukdom och avsaknad av anhöriga kan påverka sömnen. Miljöfaktorer stör sömnen, där ljus, ljud och personalens interaktioner stör sömnen. Skillnader mellan länder och könsskillnader som påverkar sömnen, där män och kvinnors sömnkvalitet ser olika ut i olika länder. Ljudreducerande åtgärder för sömnen, där betydelsen av inplanerad tysthet (Quiet time) tas upp samt vikten av ljus och ljud-reduceringsprogram för att främja sömnen. Diskussion: I metoddiskussionen har vi diskuterat om valen av artiklar och länder kan ha påverkat resultatet negativt, men diskuterar även för varför vi valt att använda dessa. I resultatdiskussionen har vi diskuterat Florence Nightingales teori om miljö och sömn kopplat till resultatet, samt vad som inte har tagits upp i resultatet. / Background: Sleep is an important part of a person’s life, you sleep away a third of your lifetime. With the natural aging there will be changes in the sleep pattern. You will become more sensitive to surrounding stimuli, wake up easier at night and sleep less hours. On a ward, there are a lot that can affect sleep, especially for elderly. Sound that you don’t recognize, an unknown bed to sleep in as well as other people in the same room. All these factors can make you get sleep disorders during sleep in a ward. Aim: The purpose of this literature review was to describe factors impact on older adults and older peoples sleep in a ward. Methods: In this literature review the databases CINAHL with full text and Medline have been used. A total of eleven articles were reviewed, eight articles had quantitative methods and two had qualitative methods, the last article were a mixed method with both qualitative and quantitative design. From the results, the authors had complied themes. Results: Five themes noticed: sleep in a ward, where the sleep is affected by the unfamiliar environment. Inside factors that affect sleep, where the emotional state of the patient caused by worry, disease and absence of relatives can affect the sleep. Environmental factors that disturb sleep, where light, sound and staff interactions contribute to disrupt sleep. Differences between countries and gender differences that affect the sleep, where men and women's sleep quality are different between countries. Noise reducing measures for sleep, where scheduled silence (Quiet Time), light- and sound reduction programs are important factors to promote quality sleep. Discussions: The methodological discussion we have discussed about the choices of articles and countries may have negatively affected the result, but also discusses why we chose to use them. The results discussion, we had discussed Florence Nightingale's theory of environment and sleep related to the result, and what has not been included in the results.

The aim of this study was to assess and explore the household environmental health factors associated with the occurrence of diarrhoea in under five children in Sebeta town of Ethiopia, in order to develop environmental health strategies for prevention of childhood diarrhoea. A descriptive, quantitative, contextual and cross-sectional study, using stratified random sampling method, was used to conduct the research. The data collection was carried out from November 6 to 28, 2013 using structured interview schedules and a total of 477 households’ mothers/caregivers with under five children had participated in the study. In analyzing data, both bivariate and multivariate analyses were employed using SPSS software. The finding of the study shows that the prevalence of childhood diarrhoea was 9.9%. A number of risk factors including socio-demographic variables, water and hygienic practices, and knowledge risk factors showed significant association with childhood diarrhoea on bivariate analysis using chi-squared and Fischer's exact tests. Multivariate analysis using binary logistic regression was conducted to examine the significance of identified risk factors in bivariate analysis. The results of multivariate regression analysis shows that four variables were associated with risk of childhood diarrhoea; including type of toilet facility (AOR: 0.37; 95% CI 0.16 – 0.87; p=0.023), availability of specific place for handwashing (AOR: 0.40; 95% CI 0.18 – 0.90; p=0.026), availability of handwashing facility (AOR: 0.20; 95% CI 0.06 – 0.70; p=0.012) and mothers’ knowledge on diarrhoea causation (AOR: 3.09; 95% CI 1.24 – 7.68; p=0.015). Although childhood diarrhoea was found to be less prevalent as compared to national and regional prevalence rates, diarrhoea remains one of the causes of morbidity in children of the studied households. The findings of the study concludes that childhood diarrhoea has a number of environmental determinants, notably due to environmental health risk factors associated with lack of improved sanitation and hand-washing facilities and poor knowledge on diarrhoea causation. The study thus recommends that effective measures to curtail prevalence of diarrhoea in urban contexts should be substantially increased by enhancing urban sanitation promotion programmes with emphasis on accelerating universal access to improved sanitation and handwashing facilities, together with efforts in promoting proper hygiene behaviours. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

The aim of this study was to assess and explore the household environmental health factors associated with the occurrence of diarrhoea in under five children in Sebeta town of Ethiopia, in order to develop environmental health strategies for prevention of childhood diarrhoea. A descriptive, quantitative, contextual and cross-sectional study, using stratified random sampling method, was used to conduct the research. The data collection was carried out from November 6 to 28, 2013 using structured interview schedules and a total of 477 households’ mothers/caregivers with under five children had participated in the study. In analyzing data, both bivariate and multivariate analyses were employed using SPSS software. The finding of the study shows that the prevalence of childhood diarrhoea was 9.9%. A number of risk factors including socio-demographic variables, water and hygienic practices, and knowledge risk factors showed significant association with childhood diarrhoea on bivariate analysis using chi-squared and Fischer's exact tests. Multivariate analysis using binary logistic regression was conducted to examine the significance of identified risk factors in bivariate analysis. The results of multivariate regression analysis shows that four variables were associated with risk of childhood diarrhoea; including type of toilet facility (AOR: 0.37; 95% CI 0.16 – 0.87; p=0.023), availability of specific place for handwashing (AOR: 0.40; 95% CI 0.18 – 0.90; p=0.026), availability of handwashing facility (AOR: 0.20; 95% CI 0.06 – 0.70; p=0.012) and mothers’ knowledge on diarrhoea causation (AOR: 3.09; 95% CI 1.24 – 7.68; p=0.015). Although childhood diarrhoea was found to be less prevalent as compared to national and regional prevalence rates, diarrhoea remains one of the causes of morbidity in children of the studied households. The findings of the study concludes that childhood diarrhoea has a number of environmental determinants, notably due to environmental health risk factors associated with lack of improved sanitation and hand-washing facilities and poor knowledge on diarrhoea causation. The study thus recommends that effective measures to curtail prevalence of diarrhoea in urban contexts should be substantially increased by enhancing urban sanitation promotion programmes with emphasis on accelerating universal access to improved sanitation and handwashing facilities, together with efforts in promoting proper hygiene behaviours. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)