A research report submitted to the Faculty of Science, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. February 2015. / This study examines the practice of environmental impact assessments (EIAs) by South African mining transnational companies (TNCs) operating some mining projects in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). It analyses whether and how South African mining TNCs carry out EIAs for their mining projects in the DRC, especially whether they follow (1) the DRC EIA policies, (2) the South African EIAs policies (3) international EIA policies, or (4) internal company policies. It also examines what motivates the companies to follow any of the policy path, by assessing whether financial or policy regimes evaluations motivates the TNCs to follow the certain path. Through the case studies of AngloGold Ashanti and Metorex (Pty) Limited, the study demonstrates the complexity involved in making decisions on choosing a policy path to follow which confronts TNCs. The conclusion we draw from this study is that TNCs do not follow a single policy path in carrying out EIAs but integrate a number of policies and standards and the integration of various policies and standards demands highly qualified and well trained staff as well as availability of an enabling scientific and research infrastructure within the host country.

Bibliography: leaves 98-103. Examines the role of public participation in coastal protection and coastal management in two marina developments proposed for Yorke Peninsula. The study concluded that there was potential for the South Australian Planning System to incorporate sustainable development and involve the public to a greater extent. The Environmental Impact Assessment process has been perceived as a means of incorporating the principles of ecologically sustainable development at a community level, but the extent to which this has occured for the marina developments at Port Vincent and Wallaroo is limited.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves [268]-285) / xiv, 285, [85] leaves : ill. (some folded), maps (col., folded) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Geographical and Environmental Studies, 2002

Amongst the available renewable energy sources, offshore wind energy is having a rapid expansion. Renewable energies are viewed as an environmental benign alternative to the energy production based on fossil fuels, but the emerging development of offshore wind energy has also raised public concern over its potential impact on seabird communities. To assess this impact, seabird distribution and abundance maps are usually included in Strategic Environmental Assessments (SEA) and Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA). Nevertheless few studies have attempted to develop analytical methods to assess quantitatively the potential impacts of offshore wind farms on birds based on seabird distribution data. This PhD study aims to contribute to fill in this gap in the methodological approach. The thesis is a compilation of four studies, two published papers, one submitted manuscript and another ready for submission. These studies focus on different analytical approaches that integrate the spatial and temporal dimension of seabird distribution at large scale and regional and local scale. After presenting these integrative tools I provide practical guidelines for practitioners on how to integrate the tools in the design of SEAs and EIAs. / D’entre totes les fonts d’energia renovable disponibles actualment, l’energia eòlica marina està tenint una ràpida expansió. Les energies renovables es veuen com una bona alternativa per reduir el nostre ús dels combustibles fòssils. El desenvolupament de l’energia eòlica marina, però, també planteja incògnites i preocupació respecte els seus possibles efectes sobre les comunitats d’aus marines. Per avaluar aquest impacte, tant els mapes de distribució com els mapes d’abundància de les aus marines es solen incloure en les avaluacions ambientals estratègiques (AAE) i les avaluacions d'impacte ambiental (AIA). No obstant això, pocs estudis han intentat desenvolupar mètodes analítics per quantificar els impactes potencials dels parcs eòlics marins basats en les dades de distribució i abundància de les aus. Aquest treball de doctorat té com a objectiu contribuir a omplir aquest buit que hi ha a nivell metodològic. La tesi és un recull de quatre estudis, dos articles publicats, un manuscrit enviat i un altre llest per enviar. Aquests estudis es centren en diferents mètodes analítics que integren la dimensió espacial i temporal de la distribució d'aus marines a gran escala i a escala regional i local. Després de presentar aquestes eines d'integració en detall, presento una sèrie de recomanacions i directrius pràctiques sobre la manera òptima d'integrar aquestes eines en el disseny d'EAE i EIA, dirigides principalment a tots aquells experts involucrats en el disseny d’Avaluacions ambientals, tant a nivell estratègic com local. / De entre todas las fuentes de energía renovable disponibles actualmente, la energía eólica marina destaca por su rápida expansión. Las energías renovables están muy bien consideradas como alternativa para reducir nuestro uso de combustibles fósiles. Sin embargo, el desarrollo de la energía eólica marina también plantea incógnitas y cierto grado de preocupación respecto a sus posibles efectos sobre las comunidades de aves marinas. Para evaluar este impacto, se suele incluir mapas de distribución y de abundancia de aves en las Evaluaciones Ambientales Estratégicas (EAE) y las Evaluaciones de Impacto Ambiental (EIA) para este tipo de instalaciones. Sin embargo, pocos estudios han intentado desarrollar métodos analíticos para cuantificar los impactos potenciales de los parques eólicos marinos basados en los datos de distribución y abundancia de las aves. Este trabajo de doctorado tiene como objetivo contribuir a llenar este vacío que existe a nivel metodológico. La tesis es una recopilación de cuatro estudios, dos artículos publicados, un manuscrito enviado y otro listo para enviar. Estos estudios se centran en diferentes métodos analíticos que integran la dimensión espacial y temporal de la distribución de aves marinas a gran escala y a escala regional y local. Tras presentar con detalle estas herramientas de integración, presento una serie de recomendaciones y directrices prácticas sobre la manera óptima de integrar estas herramientas en el diseño de los EAE y EIA, dirigidas principalmente a todos aquellos expertos involucrados en el diseño de Evaluaciones ambientales, tanto a nivel estratégico como local.

Humanity's interactions with the supporting environment are, to state the obvious, complex. Humanity's industrial activities effect the environment over time and space, and the same activities even produce different results in different locations. Since the complexities of these interactions may preclude the successful use of eco-performance metrics, humanity may need a means of informing environmental management decisions that accounts for changes with time, spatial patterns and local uniqueness. The objective of this effort is to interface engineering and ecological systems models to better estimate environmental impacts by modeling the dynamic, spatially explicit and location dependent changes caused by industrial activities. Building upon previously developed, dynamic, spatially explicit, location specific ecosystem modeling software, a technical framework for estimating the impacts of industrial systems in ecosystems is developed. Ecological disturbances endemic to engineering systems are integrated into these existing ecosystem models. The results of these integrations are discussed, and from these results, the potential for estimating impacts using dynamic, spatially explicit and location based modeling is evaluated. In other words, one learns the result of placing industrial plants in mother natures garden.

As the architecture and construction industry places an increased emphasis on sustainability, building researchers are seeking more comprehensive methods to evaluate and reduce a building's environmental impacts. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has emerged as one of the most capable tools to aid in this assessment. Presently there are no guiding principles for the use of LCA in the building industry. This thesis aims to provide guidelines to help architects utilize LCA methodology as part of the design process. This study reviews a number of previously-completed whole-building LCA case-studies to understand different LCA scenarios of use in the building industry. In addition, a set of North American and international LCA tools were evaluated for their utility in different scenarios. The state of research was assessed to find answers to some critical issues concerning LCA. Based on these analyses, a number of scenarios of use of LCA were identified and a set of guidelines was proposed to conduct LCA for buildings. It was concluded that the present use of LCA is limited due to limited tool capabilities, deficient databases and lack of a building-specific methodology. The study recognizes these limitations and recommends specific research opportunities for future researchers. However, it is concluded that approximate LCA results obtained from the tools available today can be useful in informing design-decisions, keeping in mind the lack of precision in the results.

Traditionally, environmental impacts of man made products have been determined by performing a life cycle assessment (LCA) on the product. As the name implies, LCA is usually covers the entire life of the product in a so-called "cradle-to-grave" assessment. In determining environmental impacts over the whole product life, LCA's are reasonably adequate. However, in providing detailed impacts on a particular phase of life, LCA's are lacking. Detailed assessments are important because very few stakeholders have influence over a product during all phases of life. Stakeholders need detailed impact assessments in their particular phase of life. More detailed assessments give stakeholders more information that can be used for better environmental management (EM) and more environmentally benign operations. In many LCA's, the manufacturing phase of life has been over-generalized and over-simplified because of its relatively small environmental impact, as compared to other phases of life. Nevertheless, certain stakeholders, such as manufacturing companies, need detailed impact information for the manufacturing phase of life so that they can create a more sustainable manufacturing process. Most traditional LCA's use a case-based approach, which was deemed to be inadequate. For these LCA's, the information provided for each case is often quite detailed and specific. However, this makes the assessment less flexible, limiting the quality of the assessment to the degree that the current scenario matches the existing cases. In order to make a more user-specific assessment, a model-based approach was used. To give the model flexibility, a parametric model was created based on mathematical equations that represent various parts of the manufacturing process. To give the model structure, an activity-based costing (ABC) approach was used. Using the ABC structure, the manufacturing process was broken down into activities, each of which was characterized by mathematical models. Large models would be difficult to construct and simulate by hand, so a model was built with the aid of a computer. The modeling language SysML (Systems Modeling Language) was used to create an object-oriented model of the manufacturing process, using the ABC structure. SysML defines overall properties and behaviors of the various elements in the model, while the plug-in tool ParaMagic was used to execute the model via a Mathematica Solver. The model computes carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption, and waste mass generation for a particular manufacturing scenario. The goal of the model was to quantify environmental impact factors in order to aid manufacturing stakeholders in EM. The overall goal of the research was to determine whether an activity-based, object-oriented model was a valid approach, and whether the computer-aided tools adequately implemented this approach. Findings show that SysML is capable of modeling large and complex systems. However, due to some limitations of Paramagic, only some of SysML's capabilities were utilized. Nevertheless, Paramagic is capable of extracting information out of a manufacturing model built in SysML, and solving parametric relations in Mathematica in a timely manner. Timely solutions of complex models are critical for stakeholders keeping a competitive edge.

As more owners seek to develop sustainable buildings, the construction industry is adapting to new requirements in order to meet owner's concerns. Material selection has been identified as an area where designers and contractors can have a significant impact on the sustainable performance of a building. Objective factors such as design considerations and cost constraints can play a role in the selection of materials. However, there may be subjective factors that could also impact the selection of materials. Building upon the potential impact of sustainability perceptions in an optimization model that can be used to help decision makers to select materials, this study defines and tests an instrument to identify and measure such perceptions. The purpose of this dissertation is to develop a conceptual instrument that measures the user-based assessment of product sustainability and validates decision-maker's perceptions in order to evaluate the contribution of subjective characteristics in materials selection. A survey of design and construction students and practitioners is carried out to capture the subjective factors included in the instrument. A Factor Analysis approach is used to refine and validate the measurement instrument and predict decision-makers' sustainability appraisal due to the factors considered.

The objective of this thesis is to investigate the preferences of individuals for the management of upland landscapes in the UK. Environmental valuation techniques are becoming an increasingly important tool in the development of environmental management policy, however, they are not without their detractors. In particular a school of thought, developed from the work of Bentham, takes issue with the behavioural foundations of the dominant welfare economic doctrine which underpins many of the valuation techniques commonly adopted. They identify that heuristic rules, experience and memory can all play a role in the development of ‘value’ for a good. This thesis aims to investigate the roles of these, along with the role of association with an environmental good, in the development of value for upland landscapes using the Peak District National Park as a case study. This objective is developed in three parts. Part I introduces the topic, identifies the background of research against which this thesis is presented and introduces the case study. This part also attempts to identify how well the complex economy – ecology interactions in this landscape are understood by stakeholders. It shows that, given the complexities of the systems, there are key omissions in stakeholder knowledge and understanding. Part II uses Discrete Choice Experiments to analyse the impact on value of experience, memory, heuristics and association. A series of experiments are applied to the same landscape characteristics in order to achieve this. The results show that value can be impacted in a number of ways with implications for the development of future valuation studies. This thesis concludes with a discussion of the policy implications, limitations and future work associated with this research.

published_or_final_version / Urban Design / Master / Master of Urban Design