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The earth and its global economy are faced with many environmental considerations. Among those are limited resources such as food, energy, and water, as well as a myriad of complex issues including global warming and population growth. These environmental problems are not recent developments, and in attempting to remedy them in the past we have created solutions within the existing scientific and economic framework. However, in recent decades it has become apparent that these problems encompass more than simply science and economics, and an innovative model is supplanting traditional decision-making methods. This new model is collaborative environmental planning (CEM). Collaborative environmental planning differs from traditional problem solving methods in several critical ways. It goes beyond economics and science, incorporating values and norms. Collaborative planning views problems not as belonging to a single discipline, but rather in a holistic, multi-disciplinary manner. In addition, collaborative approaches focus on the process of problem solving, which means involving all stakeholders--in an effort to produce better solutions. The collaborative process ensures that all interested parties (stakeholders) have a voice in shaping solutions. This necessitates incorporating various competing interests from the beginning, thus framing problems in a different manner. Allowing stakeholders to participate and contribute their perspectives means that problems are defined differently than if one or two "experts" look at the same situation. It means that solutions are not necessarily defined by the "experts", or agencies, but within and from the community. Currently, we see this practice manifest in many community initiatives and it seems to be spreading. State and federal agencies are participating in collaborative partnerships as well, and the idea of collaborative planning is infusing into the mainstream of policy and planning. One area of particular interest with regards to collaborative environmental planning is rural resource-based economies. Many of these locales have many inherent features, such as strong ties to the land, that can create a successful platform from which to launch collaborative efforts. Many such communities suffer from resource depletion, loss of economic base, environmental degradation and a host of other resource issues, and face a rather unique situation. These communities depend on the environment in a way urban areas do not. For rural resource-based economies, the environment provides their livelihood and they must change the way that they interact with that environment. These areas must view environmental protection and economic development as one in the same, rather than as two irreconcilable goals. Collaborative environmental planning is using resources which exist within rural communities to create a new problem-solving framework in an effort to create self-sufficiency and positive change. This paper begins with an introduction to the history and theoretical components of collaborative environmental planning in Chapter Two, and then defines the concept by operationalizing several elements of the model in the subsequent chapter. Chapter Four examines rural communities, specifically the issues many currently face, and how collaborative environmental planning is assisting in the revitalization of faltering resource-based economies. Chapter Five provides an in-depth look at three rural collaborative environmental planning efforts, and the uncertainties and accomplishments of each. The final chapter provides lessons that can be applied to collaborative environmental planning and sustainable rural development. / Master of Urban and Regional Planning

The goal of planning is to use knowledge to determine action. Planning theory has focused specifically on how the process of achieving this occurs. Two dominant theories prevail: rational comprehensive and communicative planning theory. The former relies heavily on the scientific method as a model for acquiring knowledge from which the correct action can be determined. The latter suggests that collaborative processes that engage stakeholders in decision-making offer distinct advantages to achieving both knowledge and action through consensus processes. This study looks at how knowledge is developed in collaborative planning processes used in ecosystem management. Knowledge is defined as more than simply data and information. It includes the tacit elements that underlie and give meaning to the data and information. As such, it requires processes that are more communicative in nature. At the same time, ecosystem management practices are rooted in the natural sciences and rely heavily on rational, instrumental reasoning to determine management plans. This combination of rational and communicative approaches provides for an interesting setting in which to understand the interaction of the two and to determine if there are advantages to conceptualizing planning in one way or the other. The study targets the remedial action planning done in the Great Lakes since 1987. Forty-three Areas of Concern were established throughout the basin, and in each, a stakeholder planning committee established. The committee was charged with developing a plan for remediating the water quality of the area. Over the past fourteen years, they have struggled through many circumstances to accomplish this with varying degrees of success. As each utilized slightly different procedural approaches and faced different obstacles, they provide an excellent laboratory for comparison. The study offers an analysis of the elements of the process and the implications of the different ways of approaching the various steps and stages. The analysis focuses on revealing what needs to be intact prior to collaborating, how information is collected, shared, and utilized, and how decisions are made and formalized in these processes. It focuses specifically on the information itself, communication issues, structural elements, and factors outside the process and how these all work together to enhance or inhibit collaboration. Following a detailed analysis of the process, a model for doing ecosystem management based on knowledge is developed and the basic principles of the model suggested. Collaboration is often theorized to accomplish far more than simply improved knowledge for decision-making. Some believe it will improve democracy, equality, and accountability. The study concludes with a brief reflection on these possibilities. / Ph. D.

Ecotourism is considered an effective agent to conserve environmentally fragile areas while bringing economic opportunities to local communities at the same time. In the past decades, empirical studies about ecotourism's conservation effects on wetland ecosystems attracted relatively less academic attention than rainforests and coral reefs. Florida, listed as one of the states with the greatest share of wetland loss in the U.S. due to rapid growth in agriculture, tourism, and urban development, has a small number of existing wetlands under the protection of the park and reserve system. To generate long-term positive environmental impacts, ecotourism stakeholders' contributions to planning and management activities could be an alternative beyond land use controls for conserving Florida wetlands. The major objective of this study is to explore the relationship between ecotourism and wetland conservation contributions which lead to long-term environmental sustainability. The study surveyed 97 nature-based tour operators in Florida on their activeness in a set of wetland planning and management behavior, the proportion of tourism revenue from ecotourism, and the perceived tourism benefits regarding economic, socio-cultural, and ecological aspects. Factor analysis was employed to identify indicators for the composite factors, such as the conservation contributions and incentives (i.e., economic benefits, socio-cultural benefits, and ecological benefits). The effects of ecotourism involvement and conservation incentives on tour operators' participation in wetland conservation practices were statistically modeled. The results demonstrated the business characteristics, degrees of the perceived tourism benefits, and frequency of participation in wetland conservation activities of responding tour operators. On average, tour operators were not as active in wetland management and planning approaches leading to the long-term environmental health as theories suggest they should be. Generally, the regression analysis results illustrated the significant association between ecotourism involvement and tour operators' conservation contribution. It is noteworthy that the effects of ecotourism involvement on tour operators' participation in environmental planning and water management processes were relatively important. In addition, the incentive of the perceived socio-cultural benefits was identified as the leading factor by regression analysis. The findings lent to the policy suggestions in expanding the incentives to drive major stakeholders' active engagement in wetland conservation planning and management, which is critical for collaborative and adaptive management.

Orientador: Antônio Cezar Leal / Banca: Edson Luis Piroli / Banca: Naldy Emerson Canali / Resumo: A bacia hidrográfica do córrego do Cedro, afluente do reservatório responsável por aproximadamente 30% do abastecimento de água da cidade de Presidente Prudente/SP, vem sendo intensamente degradada por ações antrópicas. Os principais fatores que contribuem para a degradação dos mananciais desta bacia são: a impermeabilização do solo, resultante... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The hydrographic basin of the Cedro stream, an affluent of the reservoir responsible for approximately 30% of the water supply in the city of Presidente Prudente/SP, has been intensely degenerated by anthropic actions... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

This thesis explores stakeholder engagement in complex networked governance and adaptive management structures. It analyzes the adaptive capacity, multi-level learning, and stakeholder engagement and inclusion processes organizations engaged in transboundary environmental planning employ for effective governance. Over the last few decades, networked governance and adaptive management have become increasingly popular within natural resource management, while public demand for and expectations of stakeholder engagement within government funded programs has grown. There is a need to better understand networked governance arrangements' structures and strategies for local stakeholder engagement, and how these structures and strategies support inclusive determination and implementation of regional planning and funding priorities. Research for this project involved a qualitative study of local stakeholder engagement within the Chesapeake Bay Program using document analysis and semi-structured interviews of Bay Program staff, advisory committee members, and partners. This paper finds that inclusive stakeholder engagement, practiced in both episodic and institutionalized forms, is critical to the social learning and change required for successful natural resource management within regional partnerships. Networked governance arrangements can strategically employ engagement practices that create spaces for network and social learning and increase diversity through inclusion. Informal subnetworks play a key role in developing new engagement strategies (e.g., trusted sources) and preparing organizations for change (e.g., alternative decision-making methods). This research makes the following recommendations for stakeholder engagement: prioritize DEIJ in engagement design; identify engagement goals, values, and roles; strengthen networks to support diversity in participation and inclusion; create mechanisms to operationalize engagement learning; and regularly evaluate engagement practices. / Master of Urban and Regional Planning / This thesis explores stakeholder engagement in complex networked governance and adaptive management structures. It analyzes the adaptive capacity, multi-level learning, and stakeholder engagement and inclusion processes organizations engaged in transboundary environmental planning employ for effective governance. Over the last few decades, networked governance and adaptive management have become increasingly popular within natural resource management, while public demand for and expectations of stakeholder engagement within government funded programs has grown. There is a need to better understand networked governance arrangements' structures and strategies for local stakeholder engagement, and how these structures and strategies support inclusive determination and implementation of regional planning and funding priorities. Research for this project involved a qualitative study of local stakeholder engagement within the Chesapeake Bay Program using document analysis and semi-structured interviews of Bay Program staff, advisory committee members, and partners. This paper finds that inclusive stakeholder engagement, practiced in both episodic and institutionalized forms, is critical to the social learning and change required for successful natural resource management within regional partnerships. Networked governance arrangements can strategically employ engagement practices that create spaces for network and social learning and increase diversity through inclusion. Informal subnetworks play a key role in developing new engagement strategies (e.g., trusted sources) and preparing organizations for change (e.g., alternative decision-making methods). This research makes the following recommendations for stakeholder engagement: prioritize DEIJ in engagement design; identify engagement goals, values, and roles; strengthen networks to support diversity in participation and inclusion; create mechanisms to operationalize engagement learning; and regularly evaluate engagement practices.

This study presents an examination of the history of the Department of Landscape Architecture and Environmental Planning. The study uses both qualitative and quantitative methods to produce a holistic view of the events that influenced change with the Department and it is presented through a social constructionist lens. The qualitative methods were primarily driven by oral history interviews with former faculty, as well as analysis by the author of historical documents. The quantitative analysis involved the use of an alumni survey to measure changes in demographics, values, predispositions, and perceptions regarding the LAEP Department amongst the student body, and how those changes influenced the Department. The historical findings are presented as a narrative from the origins of the Department in the late 1930s to 2014, covering the first seventy-five years of the program. The narrative is broadly organized into chronological sections (1939-1964, 1964-1972, 1972-1983, 1983-2001, 2001-2014), and broken up further by specific themes that run throughout the narrative (leadership, faculty, program development, facilities, technology, and student body). This thesis found that throughout the first seventy-five years of the Department’s history, change has been brought-about by numerous internal and external forces, and the people involved in the creation and development of the LAEP Department were influenced by a broad range of social and professional trends. Notably, the creation of a core faculty in the 60s and 70s set the agenda for changes that occurred within the LAEP Department for the next forty years, and that their strengths and weaknesses were manifest in the Department's development.

Orientador: Rozely Ferreira dos Santos / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T09:19:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lima_GuilhermeTheodoroNascimentoPereirade_D.pdf: 3449251 bytes, checksum: b58b8906613c68e7b634f74169c741e7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Diversos autores afirmam que é importante compreender as paisagens costeiras como uma área de transição entre sistemas terrestres e aquáticos, com faixas ecotonais. A compreensão desses aspectos é fundamental para o planejamento que visa manutenção da diversidade biológica e do fornecimento de serviços ecossistêmicos. Nessa linha, vários estudos relacionam as mudanças de uso da terra com variantes como a estrutura da paisagem, influência das forças motoras, os vetores de mudança, a oferta e a valoração de serviços ecossistêmicos de maneira segmentada, sem reunir os elos que formam essa cadeia de variáveis. Este estudo objetiva reunir esses elos de forma a (i) identificar a relação histórica entre forças indutoras das mudanças de uso e ocupação da terra, impactos e oferta de alguns serviços ecossistêmicos; (ii) investigar de que forma a relação entre complexidade estrutural de uma paisagem e a sua trajetória de uso nos diferentes estágios evolutivos podem refletir na oferta dos serviços ecossistêmicos; e (iii) medir, a partir da correlação ix entre estrutura da paisagem e qualidade da água, a degradação da oferta de três serviços ecossistêmicos relacionados aos recursos hídricos de cinco microbacias hidrográficas dentro de um gradiente de fases de evolução histórica. Foi possível qualificar as microbacias da Ilha de São Sebastião (SP) em cinco fases de evolução histórica, com seus respectivos vetores de mudança. As perdas de oferta de serviços ecossistêmicos para essas fases foram determinadas pela seleção de 13 indicadores da estrutura da paisagem e de qualidade da água / Abstract: Several authors assert that is important understand coastal landscapes as a transition area between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, creating ecotonal zones. The comprehension of these aspects is essential for planning which aims maintaining biological diversity and providing ecosystem services. In this way, several studies have related land use changes with aspects such as landscape structure, driving forces, change vectors, supply and valuation of ecosystem services in a segmented way, without gathering the links that form this variables chain. This study aims to assemble these links in order to (i) identify the historical relationship between the driving forces that have induced changes in land use, impacts and supply some ecosystem services, (ii) investigate how the relation between structural complexity of a landscape and its history of use in different stages of evolution may be reflected in the supply of ecosystem services, and (iii) measure, using the correlation between landscape xi structure and water quality, the degradation of three ecosystem services supply related to water resources in five watersheds, within a gradient of historical evolution phases. It was possible to classify the watershed of São Sebastião (SP) Island in five phases of historical evolution, with their respective change vectors. The loss of ecosystem services supply for these phases was determined from the selection of 13 indicators of landscape structure and water quality / Doutorado / Recursos Hidricos, Energeticos e Ambientais / Doutor em Engenharia Civil

Outre la contrainte de sa situation géopolitique liée à l'occupation, la Palestine est confrontée aux mêmes problèmes écologiques que ceux qui se posent aux autres pays de la planète et qui pèsent notamment sur la population, la structure des villes et l'avenir du territoire. Plusieurs facteurs peuvent être cités : instabilité politique, non-reconnaissance en tant qu’État souverain, fragmentation géographique, pression démographique, rareté des ressources, manque de traitement des déchets et eaux usées, urbanisation anarchique, défaillance législative locale et internationale. L'ensemble de ces facteurs engendrent des conséquences graves sur l'Homme et son milieu de vie. Les territoires sont ainsi frappés par la crise économique et écologique : insécurité alimentaire, pollution, déforestation, disparition des terrains agricoles, atteinte au patrimoine bâti et naturel. Face à ces handicaps et ces défis, toute projection dans l'avenir devient difficile, voire désespérée. La forte dégradation de l'environnement en Cisjordanie ne permet pas de maintenir des conditions de vie digne pour la population existante ni pour les futures générations. La politique menée aujourd'hui relève de l'écocide progressif qui menace fortement la survie sur ce territoire. Améliorer la situation ne peut aboutir sans une réflexion globale et locale, sans une volonté d'adhésion et de coopération de l'ensemble des décideurs politiques ou technique, ni sans une participation active des associations et des habitants. Si l'on considère les enjeux environnementaux (eau, ressources, sol) comme étant au coeur du conflit israélo-palestinien, la planification environnementale devient alors primordiale tant pour les Israéliens que pour les Palestiniens. Il n'y a pas d'un côté la Palestine et de l'autre Israël, d'un côté l'homme et de l'autre l'environnement. Ces éléments sont liés et interconnectés. Chaque élément affecte la viabilité de l'autre. Ce sont les conclusions qui sont formulées dans la présente thèse autour de quatre axes. La mise en perspective des constats et des enjeux géopolitiques, environnementaux et urbains sont déclinés dans les trois premières parties de la thèse. La quatrième partie est consacrée à la nécessité d'agir en concevant une planification environnementale. Passer de l'écocide à l'écocité requiert le respect de l'Homme et de son milieu de vie, la mobilisation primordiale de tous les acteurs à tous les niveaux, que ce soient les responsables politiques, le les secteurs publics et privés, les habitants... Alors que la concrétisation peut paraître utopique, elle est le seul moyen de corriger la réalité. Même si cela exige du temps et de la patience, il faut semer dès à présent pour récolter plus tard. Ainsi, construire un meilleur avenir progressivement peut poindre et une politique démocratique et planifiée peut émerger à la condition de s'appuyer sur les volontés des associations, des universitaires, des techniciens et des citoyens... Il est alors nécessaire de travailler à l'échelle locale, de protéger le patrimoine et les richesses du territoire mais aussi d'éduquer les jeunes à l'environnement et de faire naître leur prise de conscience aux problèmes actuels. Seule une planification environnementale englobant toutes ces dimensions peut cimenter les fondations d'un État palestinien viable et durable dans une optique fondée sur une confiance mutuelle. / Palestine faces geopolitical problems on both local and global levels affecting the population, the cities and its future. In other words, it is threatening the existence of the territory. Indeed, several factors can be cited: political instability, non-recognition of the sovereign state, geographical fragmentation, population density, scarcity of resources, uncontrolled urbanization, the lack of waste and wastewater management, of local and international legislatures. All these factors have seriously impinged on the country and resulted to an economic and ecological crisis, food insecurity, pollution, deforestation, agricultural lands' loss and damage to the built and natural heritage. Therefore, any planning into the future becomes difficult and with no essence. The environmental degradation in the West Bank cannot maintain decent and hygiene living conditions for the existing population or future generations. The ecocide is progressive; it threatens the survival of the territory. A remedy for the situation cannot be established without thinking on the local and international scope of cooperation and without the willingness to join and work together on all levels hand in hand with policy makers through full participation of associations and residents. If we consider environmental issues (water, resources, land) as fundamental issues in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict: the environmental planning challenges become paramount for both Israelis and Palestinians. Facts on the ground show that we do not have the West Bank on one hand and Israel on the other, just as you do not have man on the one hand and the environment on the other. These elements are interconnected to the roots. Both States are deemed to a common destiny. Here are the conclusions that have been treated throughout this thesis divided into four parts. The first three ones put into perspective the geopolitical, environmental and urban findings. Then, the last one asserts the need to urge the environmental planning. Under such complex and unstable conditions, passing from ecocide to ecological city requires the respect for man and his environment, the mobilization of all primary stakeholders at all levels, whether they are politicians, public-private sectors, habitants, etc. Thus, it is necessary to start working at local level to protect the heritage and the wealth of the country, to educate the young generation to the environment and bring out their awareness of the current problems. Only environmental planning encompassing all these dimensions can cement a strong base to ensure a better quality of life, it will contribute to establishing a viable Palestinian State and setting the foundations to the pillars of peace