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Bibliography: p. 105-107. / The imminent promulgation of the Environment Conservation Act, No. 73 of 1989, which made provision for the devolution of responsibility for environmental matters to the third tier of government authority, was the primary motivation for this research, conducted throughout South Africa between 1988 and 1990. Local authority officials were concerned that they did not have the knowledge, manpower and infrastructural resources to accept this responsibility. This concern was reinforced by the rapid urbanization of predominantly disadvantaged communities for whom little provision had been made. A stratified selection for study purposes of urban areas from the whole of South Africa and all its population groups ensured a reasonable sample of metropolitan regions, regional centres, principle towns and smaller outlying urban areas. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with representatives of government authorities, Non-Government and Community Organizations and practitioners, either implementing or interacting with environmentally related legislation at the local level. With the permission of all participants, the interviews were recorded on audio-cassettes and later transcribed by the interviewers using a word processing programme. Out of these transcriptions, approximately 1000 problem-and-solution groupings were identified and classified. The most widely held perceptions of factors constraining the resolution of urban environmental problems at local authority level were subsequently compared to the provisions of the Environment Conservation Act. It was found that these perceptions of factors requiring attention for the resolution of urban environmental problems are strongly linked to the establishment, maintenance and improvement of environments which contribute to a generally acceptable quality of life. This accords with only one of the four explicit provisions of the Environment Conservation Act. There is a widespread perception that until human needs (Maslow, 1968) are either satisfied or at least addressed, and the whole population incorporated into a more equitable legal framework, the successful implementation of environmental conservation in South Africa will be severely impaired. Furthermore, that the South African ' Government's adherence to the political ideology of separate development constitutes an abuse and exploitation of scarce resources. Recommendations are that the human needs of the whole population of South Africa must be addressed and environmentally destructive legislation repealed in order to truly resolve urban environmental problems, that the participation of the public in matters relating to the effective protection and controlled utilization of the environment be required, that administrative, natural and functional boundaries need to be aligned, and that the structure and responsibilities of bureaucratic hierarchies responsible for environmental management in urban areas need to be set out clearly.

<p>This study is a comparison of Swedish and Danish legislation on recycling of MSWI (Municipal Solid Waste Incineration) residues for construction purposes. The aim has been to look for differences and figure out whether these could be a reason for the minor use of MSWI ashes in Sweden compared to Denmark. To do this, text analysis has been performed on Swedish and Danish environmental legislation with focus on recycling of incineration ashes for constructions. </p><p>In Denmark, use of incineration ashes was very common and large amounts were recycled during the 1980’s and 1990’s. The new legislation, more similar to the Swedish in terms of an increased need for assessments along with tightened limits for hazardous substances, has diminished the use. </p><p>This shows that changes in Danish legislation towards the Swedish complicate the use of incineration ashes. Thereby the minor use of ashes from MSWI in Sweden could, at least partially, be explained by differences in Danish and Swedish legislation.</p>

Attention has been drawn to the observation that environmental benefits under the current regulatory approaches are diminishing with respect to increased pollution control costs. Regulators have begun to appreciate that while environmental gains can still be achieved under the current command and control system, the most significant environmental gains have already been made, and an alternative regulatory approach might be warranted for continued environmental improvement. This study found that regulatory initiatives that seek to address business incentives and disincentives may yield better environmental outcomes. Internal characteristics such as corporate environmental directives, waste audit and environmental performance tracking systems and linkage of compensation to environmental performance are evident in firms that have attempted to adapt to regulatory pressures. These characteristics, according to organizational models, are posited to improve the environmental performance of firms as environmental issues are linked to key business decisions. This study was conducted by surveying firms in the forest products industry. Certain firms were found to exhibit specific internal characteristics indicative of good environmental performance. The study attempts to identify the implication this finding has on regulators in terms of policy design and implementation. The study suggests that the optimum regulatory strategy is a hybrid of a command and control approach and a market-based approach which blends the compliance assurance of the command and control approach to address motivating firm behavior with the flexibility of the market-based approach to provide firms incentives to improve environmental performance. The study concludes that the value of such a hybrid approach which attempts to address firm incentives and disincentives related to their environmental practices will result in improved environmental performance. / Graduation date: 1998

This study is a comparison of Swedish and Danish legislation on recycling of MSWI (Municipal Solid Waste Incineration) residues for construction purposes. The aim has been to look for differences and figure out whether these could be a reason for the minor use of MSWI ashes in Sweden compared to Denmark. To do this, text analysis has been performed on Swedish and Danish environmental legislation with focus on recycling of incineration ashes for constructions. In Denmark, use of incineration ashes was very common and large amounts were recycled during the 1980’s and 1990’s. The new legislation, more similar to the Swedish in terms of an increased need for assessments along with tightened limits for hazardous substances, has diminished the use. This shows that changes in Danish legislation towards the Swedish complicate the use of incineration ashes. Thereby the minor use of ashes from MSWI in Sweden could, at least partially, be explained by differences in Danish and Swedish legislation.

O Exército Brasileiro tem entre suas atribuições o permanente preparo de sua tropa, visando sua melhoria operacional, pronto emprego e a utilização responsável do meio ambiente sob sua responsabilidade. A Lei Complementar nº 140/2011, atribuiu às Forças Armadas a dispensa do licenciamento ambiental de empreendimentos e atividades que envolvam o preparo e emprego da tropa. Desta forma, surge a necessidade de elaboração de procedimentos que conciliem a atividade militar com a conformidade ambiental. Através de um estudo de caso, esta pesquisa analisou, descreveu e criticou os procedimentos realizados pelos órgãos ambientais, necessários ao licenciamento ambiental para um posto de abastecimento de combustível de veículos automotores. Foi proposto método a ser aplicado pela Diretoria de Meio Ambiente do Exército Brasileiro para verificação da conformidade ambiental de seus futuros empreendimentos. O método proposto é dividido em duas fases, a primeira chamada de licenciamento de 1ª Fase, e a segunda, de licenciamento de 2ª Fase, com a previsão da renovação da 2ª Fase. Foram criados formulários para cada fase do licenciamento, bem como roteiros de fiscalização de tanques de armazenamento e tubulações. Como resultado da aplicação do método, propôs-se uma minuta de Instrução Normativa, que se adotada irá padronizar a conformidade ambiental para aquela atividade dentro do Exército Brasileiro. Ao se analisar os processos administrativos dentro do Exército Brasileiro pode-se concluir que não há procedimentos específicos que tratem de forma administrativa ou técnica o licenciamento ambiental de um posto de abastecimento de combustível. Concluiuse que 58 % dos quesitos poderiam ser suprimidos, sem prejuízo do processo de licenciamento. Pode-se perceber como vantagens da aplicação do método: a economia de tempo e recursos financeiros decorrentes da maior rapidez do rito proposto em comparação ao licenciamento tradicional, a conformidade ambiental da atividade de abastecimento dentro do escopo da atividade militar e, sob a ótica administrativa, a padronização do licenciamento ambiental. Como desvantagem conclui-se que o autolicenciamento pode propiciar desvios de conduta no interesse institucional, os quais podem ensejar a não conformidade ambiental, almejada pelo método, tais falhas administrativas precisam ser verificadas e combatidas por meio de efetiva fiscalização por parte de órgãos externos ao Exército Brasileiro ou através da fiscalização cruzada isto é, a verificação do processo da conformidade ambiental realizado por uma Força Armada diferente da que realizou o processo, ou seja o Exército Brasileiro fiscalizaria os processos de licenciamento feitos pela Marinha do Brasil e Aeronáutica, sendo a recíproca verdadeira. Outra desvantagem é a necessidade de alocação de recursos humanos adicionais para aplicação do método, necessitando de um aperfeiçoamento constante de seus militares. / The Brazilian Army has among its attributions the permanent preparation of its troops, aiming at its operational improvement, ready employment and responsible use of the environment under its responsibility. Complementary Law No. 140/2011, assigned to the Armed Forces the exemption of the environmental licensing of undertakings and activities that involve the preparation and employment of the troops. In this way, the need arises to elaborate procedures that reconcile military activity with environmental compliance. Through a case study, this research analyzed, described and criticized the procedures performed by the environmental agencies, necessary for the environmental licensing for a fuel supply station of automotive vehicles. A method was proposed to be applied by the Brazilian Army's Environment Directorate to verify the environmental compliance of its future projects. The proposed method is divided into two phases, the first licensing call for Phase 1, and the second, for Phase 2 licensing, with the expected Phase 2 renewal. Forms have been created for each phase of the licensing, as well as inspection scripts for storage tanks and pipelines. As a result of the application of the method, it was proposed a draft Normative Instruction, which if adopted will standardize the environmental compliance for that activity within the Brazilian Army. When analyzing the administrative processes within the Brazilian Army it can be concluded that there are no specific procedures that deal with the environmental licensing of a fuel supply station in an administrative or technical way. It was concluded that 58% of the items could be deleted, without prejudice to the licensing rite. The advantages of applying the method can be perceived as: the saving of time and financial resources resulting from the increased speed of the proposed rite compared to traditional licensing, environmental compliance of the supply activity within the scope of military activity and, from the administrative point of view , the standardization of environmental licensing. As a disadvantage, it can be concluded that self-certification may lead to deviations of conduct in the institutional interest, which may lead to environmental non-compliance, as desired by the method, such administrative failures must be verified and countered by effective oversight by external bodies. Brazilian Army or through cross-inspection, ie the verification of the environmental compliance process carried out by a different Armed Forces from the one that carried out the process, ie The Brazilian Army would supervise the licensing processes carried out by the Brazilian Navy and Aeronautics, being the reciprocal true. Another disadvantage is the need to allocate additional human resources to implement the method, requiring a constant improvement of its military.