Resumo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi o de avaliar comparativamente, dois cimentos obturadores de canal radicular à base de resina epóxica, AH Plus e Sealer Plus, através de duas diferentes metodologias. 1. Teste in vivo - Avaliação histopatológica em dentes de cães. Foram utilizados 36 canais radiculares de dentes pré-molares superiores e inferiores de 2 cães, com vitalidade pulpar, os quais, após o preparo biomecânico coadjuvado pela irrigação/aspiração e inundação com solução de hipoclorito de sódio a 1% (Líquido de Dakin), foram obturados pela técnica clássica complementada pela condensação lateral ativa, empregando os cimentos Sealer Plus (Grupo I) e AH Plus (Grupo II). Decorridos 90 dias após a obturação, os animais foram sacrificados por sobredose anestésica, as maxilas e mandíbulas removidas e fixadas em formol a 10%, durante 48 horas. Após processamento histológico de rotina, os cortes foram corados pela hematoxilina e eosina, pelo tricrômico de Mallory e Brown e Brenn. A análise histopatológica evidenciou que o cimento AH Plus, quanto à compatibilidade biológica, mostrou-se superior ao Sealer Plus, sendo o cimento que melhor permitiu a deposição de tecido mineralizado à nível apical, oferecendo um selamento quase completo na maioria dos casos, com infiltrado inflamatório ausente e quando presente era suave no tecido intersticial e/ou junto ao material obturador, assim como na região periapical. Já, com o cimento Sealer Plus, ocorreu predominantemente, selamento parcial, porém sempre acompanhado de infiltrado inflamatório de grau suave, no tecido intersticial, porém, mais concentrado, junto ao cimento obturador. Quando o material obturador era observado na região periapical, o infiltrado inflamatório apresentava-se, classificado como de grau moderado, concentrado próximo ao... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo). / Abstract: The scope of the present study was to evaluate comparativily, two root canal resin - based sealers - AH Plus and Sealer Plus through two different methodologies. 1. In vivo study - Histopathological evaluation in teeth of dogs. 36 root canals of lower and upper bicuspide teeth of 2 dogs with vital pulp, which after biomechanic preparation utilizing sodium hypochloride solution at 1% (Milton solution) were filling by classical technique complemented by active lateral condensation, using Sealer Plus (Group I) and AH Plus (Group II). 90 days after treatment, the animals were sacrificed by overdose anesthetical. After histopathological processing of routine, the sections were stained with hematoxiline and eosine, Mallory Trichromic and Brown and Brenn. The histopathological analysis had evidenced that the AH Plus sealer shows more biological compatibility in relation to the Sealer Plus being the sealer that shows more good deposition of mineralized tissue to the apical level, offering an almost full apical sealing in the majority of the cases, with infiltrated inflammatory absent and when present was mild in the interstitial tissue and/or together to the material sealer, as well as in the periapical region. With the Sealer Plus, partial apical sealing occurred, however always followed by infiltrated inflammatory of mild degree in the intersticial tissue, however, more concentrated, together to the filling material when in the periapical region, the inflammatory infiltrated was presented, classified as of moderate degree. 2. In vitro study - With the objective to analyze pH and clearing of total calcium by periods that had varied from 0 to the 5 days, the filling materials. AH Plus and Sealer Plus had been manipulated according to the manufacturers instructions. Samples of each sealer were... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below). / Orientador: Mario Roberto Leonardo / Coorientador: Léa Assed B. da Silva / Banca: Idomeo Bonetti Filho / Banca: Francisco José de Souza Filho / Banca: Jesus Djalma Pécora / Doutor

Estimativas de esgotamentos das reservas petrolíferas vêm motivando pesquisas no intuito de buscar alternativas para combustíveis e derivados, como os lubrificantes baseados em óleos diferentes dos óleos minerais, visando assim reduzir a contaminação provocada pelo uso dos lubrificantes convencionais. O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em realizar modificações químicas no óleo de soja refinado, através da reação de transesterificação seguida da epoxidação, alcóxi-hidroxilação, di-hidroxilação e acetilação a fim de melhorar as características lubrificantes desse óleo. A transesterificação foi realizada utilizando metanol, em uma razão molar óleo/metanol de 1:6 e 0,7% de catalisador. Os epóxidos foram produzidos utilizando ácido peracético comercial 15%, atingindo índice de oxigênio oxirano de 13,2%. A alcoxi-hidroxilação foi catalisada por Fe2(SO4)3 e ácido p-toluenosulfonico (APTS), utilizando diferentes alcoóis (metanol, etanol e 1-propanol) e água, onde se constatou que o Fe2(SO4)3 foi o catalisador mais eficiente. As melhores condições foram de 3% de catalisador para a relação óleo/álcool 1:3 e 5% de catalisador para a relação óleo/água, fazendo com que os índices de oxigênio oxirano fossem reduzidos a 0. A acetilação foi realizada usando anidrido acético em uma razão molar óleo/reagente de 1:2,5. A reação de alcoxi-hidroxilação provocou um aumento significativo da viscosidade cinemática de 34,18 mm².s-1; 54,82 mm².s-1; 46,34mm².s-1e 100,02 mm².s-1 para o EMOSRMH, EMOSREH, EMOSRPH e para o EMOSRDH respectivamente. Estes resultados mostram que a viscosidade para os lubrificantes alcoxi-hidroxilados e do diidroxilado é superior ao do óleo de soja refinado. Com a reação de acetilação dos alcoxi-hidroxidos e do di-hidroxilado, os valores de viscosidade cinemática são 46,22 mm².s-1; 42,22 mm².s-1; 28,44 mm².s- e 49,30 mm².s-1 para o EMOSRMA, EMOSREA, EMOSRPA e MOSRMDA, respectivamente. O aumento no índice de viscosidade para os alcoxi-hidroxilados ocorre na seguinte ordem DH, EMH, EEH e EPH. Para os acetilados a ordem é EMA, EEA, EPA e DHA. Estes resultados indicam que o tamanho da ramificação na cadeia éster altera o índice de viscosidade. Todos os produtos foram caracterizados por análises Físico-Químicas e por meio dos espectros de RMN de 1H e 13C. Pode-se concluir que a metodologia apresentada neste trabalho possibilita a obtenção de potenciais lubrificantes biodegradáveis. / Estimates of the lack of petroleum in the near future have motivated research to investigated fuels and refined products to petroleum alternative. Synthesizing various vegetable oils lubricants, to reduce the contamination caused by the use of conventional lubricants. The objective of this work is to carry out chemical modification of soybean oil by transesterification reaction followed by epoxidation, alkoxy- hydroxylation, di-hydroxylation and acetylation to improve the characteristics of these oil lubricants. Transesterification were performed using methanol at a molar ratio oil/methanol 1:6 and 0.7% catalyst. The epoxides were produced using commercial 15% peracetic acid, reaching oxirane oxygen content of 13.2%. The alkoxy-hydroxylation were catalyzed by Fe2(SO4)3 and p-toluenesulfonic acid (APTS) using different alcohols (methanol, ethanol and 1-propanol) and water. Fe2(SO4)3 was the catalyst more efficient. The best conditions to alkoxy-hydroxylation reactions were with 3% ratio of catalyst to oil/ethanol 1:3, and 5% of catalyst relative to oil/water, In these conditions, the oxirane oxygen levels were reduced to zero. Acetylation was carried out using acetic anhydride in a molar ratio oil/reagent 1:2.5. The reaction of alkoxy-hydroxylation caused a significant increase in the kinematic viscosity of 34.18 mm².s-1 ; 54.82 mm².s-1 ; 46.34 mm².s-1 and 100.02 mm².s-¹ for o EMOSRMH, EMOSREH, EMOSRPH and the EMOSRDH respectively. These results show that the viscosities of alkoxy-hydroxy and di-hydroxylated lubricants are superior to refined soybean oil. With the acetylation of alkoxy-hydroxides and di-hydroxylated lubricants, kinematic viscosity values were 46.22 mm².s-1; 42.22 mm².s-1; 28.44 mm².s-¹ and 49.30 mm².s-1 for EMOSRMA, EMOSREA, EMOSRPA and MOSRMDA, respectively. The increase in viscosity for the alkoxy-hydroxylated lubricants occurs in the following order: DH, EMH, EEH and EPH. For acetylated order is EMA, EEA, EPA and DHA. These results indicate that the size of the ester chain branching alters the viscosity. All products were characterized by Physicochemical analyzes and by 1H and 13C NMR spectra. It can be concluded that the method presented here enables obtaining potential biodegradable lubricants.

Estimativas de esgotamentos das reservas petrolíferas vêm motivando pesquisas no intuito de buscar alternativas para combustíveis e derivados, como os lubrificantes baseados em óleos diferentes dos óleos minerais, visando assim reduzir a contaminação provocada pelo uso dos lubrificantes convencionais. O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em realizar modificações químicas no óleo de soja refinado, através da reação de transesterificação seguida da epoxidação, alcóxi-hidroxilação, di-hidroxilação e acetilação a fim de melhorar as características lubrificantes desse óleo. A transesterificação foi realizada utilizando metanol, em uma razão molar óleo/metanol de 1:6 e 0,7% de catalisador. Os epóxidos foram produzidos utilizando ácido peracético comercial 15%, atingindo índice de oxigênio oxirano de 13,2%. A alcoxi-hidroxilação foi catalisada por Fe2(SO4)3 e ácido p-toluenosulfonico (APTS), utilizando diferentes alcoóis (metanol, etanol e 1-propanol) e água, onde se constatou que o Fe2(SO4)3 foi o catalisador mais eficiente. As melhores condições foram de 3% de catalisador para a relação óleo/álcool 1:3 e 5% de catalisador para a relação óleo/água, fazendo com que os índices de oxigênio oxirano fossem reduzidos a 0. A acetilação foi realizada usando anidrido acético em uma razão molar óleo/reagente de 1:2,5. A reação de alcoxi-hidroxilação provocou um aumento significativo da viscosidade cinemática de 34,18 mm².s-1; 54,82 mm².s-1; 46,34mm².s-1e 100,02 mm².s-1 para o EMOSRMH, EMOSREH, EMOSRPH e para o EMOSRDH respectivamente. Estes resultados mostram que a viscosidade para os lubrificantes alcoxi-hidroxilados e do diidroxilado é superior ao do óleo de soja refinado. Com a reação de acetilação dos alcoxi-hidroxidos e do di-hidroxilado, os valores de viscosidade cinemática são 46,22 mm².s-1; 42,22 mm².s-1; 28,44 mm².s- e 49,30 mm².s-1 para o EMOSRMA, EMOSREA, EMOSRPA e MOSRMDA, respectivamente. O aumento no índice de viscosidade para os alcoxi-hidroxilados ocorre na seguinte ordem DH, EMH, EEH e EPH. Para os acetilados a ordem é EMA, EEA, EPA e DHA. Estes resultados indicam que o tamanho da ramificação na cadeia éster altera o índice de viscosidade. Todos os produtos foram caracterizados por análises Físico-Químicas e por meio dos espectros de RMN de 1H e 13C. Pode-se concluir que a metodologia apresentada neste trabalho possibilita a obtenção de potenciais lubrificantes biodegradáveis. / Estimates of the lack of petroleum in the near future have motivated research to investigated fuels and refined products to petroleum alternative. Synthesizing various vegetable oils lubricants, to reduce the contamination caused by the use of conventional lubricants. The objective of this work is to carry out chemical modification of soybean oil by transesterification reaction followed by epoxidation, alkoxy- hydroxylation, di-hydroxylation and acetylation to improve the characteristics of these oil lubricants. Transesterification were performed using methanol at a molar ratio oil/methanol 1:6 and 0.7% catalyst. The epoxides were produced using commercial 15% peracetic acid, reaching oxirane oxygen content of 13.2%. The alkoxy-hydroxylation were catalyzed by Fe2(SO4)3 and p-toluenesulfonic acid (APTS) using different alcohols (methanol, ethanol and 1-propanol) and water. Fe2(SO4)3 was the catalyst more efficient. The best conditions to alkoxy-hydroxylation reactions were with 3% ratio of catalyst to oil/ethanol 1:3, and 5% of catalyst relative to oil/water, In these conditions, the oxirane oxygen levels were reduced to zero. Acetylation was carried out using acetic anhydride in a molar ratio oil/reagent 1:2.5. The reaction of alkoxy-hydroxylation caused a significant increase in the kinematic viscosity of 34.18 mm².s-1 ; 54.82 mm².s-1 ; 46.34 mm².s-1 and 100.02 mm².s-¹ for o EMOSRMH, EMOSREH, EMOSRPH and the EMOSRDH respectively. These results show that the viscosities of alkoxy-hydroxy and di-hydroxylated lubricants are superior to refined soybean oil. With the acetylation of alkoxy-hydroxides and di-hydroxylated lubricants, kinematic viscosity values were 46.22 mm².s-1; 42.22 mm².s-1; 28.44 mm².s-¹ and 49.30 mm².s-1 for EMOSRMA, EMOSREA, EMOSRPA and MOSRMDA, respectively. The increase in viscosity for the alkoxy-hydroxylated lubricants occurs in the following order: DH, EMH, EEH and EPH. For acetylated order is EMA, EEA, EPA and DHA. These results indicate that the size of the ester chain branching alters the viscosity. All products were characterized by Physicochemical analyzes and by 1H and 13C NMR spectra. It can be concluded that the method presented here enables obtaining potential biodegradable lubricants.

Durante a cura, ou seja, durante o processo de reticulação, resinas sofrem alterações irreversíveis em suas propriedades químicas e físicas, como, por exemplo, alterações significativas em seu coeficiente de compressibilidade (inverso do módulo de compressão volumétrico) e em sua viscosidade. A variação destas propriedades, ao longo de uma dimensão (direção) no interior de uma resina em processo de cura, pode ser obtida a partir de técnicas ultrassônicas baseadas no princípio pulso-eco, que permite a estimativa da velocidade de propagação e das atenuações das ondas. Antes da cura, as resinas apresentam velocidades de propagação entre 1600 e 1800 m/s, com viscosidade e atenuação pequenas. Durante o processo de cura ocorre um aumento notável da viscosidade, que causa grandes atenuações na onda ultrassônica. Chegando ao final do processo de cura, tanto a atenuação quanto a viscosidade voltam a diminuir. Após a reticulação, a velocidade de propagação pode ser superior a 2500 m/s. Visto que a densidade varia pouco durante a cura, a alteração de velocidade, observada durante a cura, pode ser atribuída às mudanças no módulo de compressão volumétrico da resina. O método pulso-eco descrito nesta dissertação permite monitorar, de forma não invasiva, a variação da viscosidade e a variação do coeficiente de compressibilidade durante o tempo de cura de uma resina epóxi, ao longo da direção de propagação de uma onda ultrassônica. / During the curing process, i.e. crosslinking process, resins suffer significant and irreversible changes on theirs chemical and physical properties, as the alterations in the compressibility coefficient (the inverse of bulk modulus) and in the viscosity. The changes in these properties along a direction inside of a resin, under a curing process, can be estimated with techniques based on pulse-echo ultrasonic waves. With these techniques is possible to obtain the ultrasonic wave speed and the attenuation imposed on the wave by a resin under curing. Before the cure, resins have speeds of wave propagation between 1600 and 1800 m/s, low attenuation and low viscosity. As the curing process evolves, there is a remarkable increase of viscosity, which causes great attenuations. After that, and until the end of the curing process, the viscosity and the attenuation decrease. After the cure and solidification, the wave speed may reach values up to 2500 m/s. Since the density almost does not vary during the cure, the changes in wave speed can be attributed to changes in the resins bulk modulus. The pulse-echo method, described in this dissertation, allows the monitoring, in a no invasive way, of the variation of the bulk modulus and the changes in viscosity along a direction of propagation of an ultrasonic wave, during the curing process of an epoxy resin.

In this work silver atoms were deposited by ion sputtering on the surface of two types of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) epoxy resin. The films of DGEBA and its precursors were characterized by Raman and infrared spectroscopy to identify the main functional groups and their relationship with the deposited silver atoms. Thermogravimetric (TG) and differential themogravimetric (DTG) analysis, and Raman spectroscopy was performed to study the thermal effects in the resin. Silver thin films of 5, 10, 15 and 20 nm were deposited on the epoxy resin at room temperature. Both the initial film of DGEBA and the subsequent silver thin film were analyzed by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) in non-contact mode. Silver thin films were also analyzed by x-ray diffraction (XRD) at room temperature. The AFM results showed the formation of silver crystallites on the surface of DGEBA at very low coverage whereas XRD indicated that most of them had their main axis aligned to the normal of the surface. Increase in the coverage led to an increase in the grain size as indicated by AFM. XRD results however indicated that the crystallite size remained almost constant while the appearance of peaks corresponding to other crystalline orientati ons suggests the coalescence of the original crystallites and an increase in size of the more dense planes, namely [111]. / Neste trabalho átomos de prata foram depositados por ion sputtering na superfície de dois tipos de resina epóxi diglicidil éter de bisfenol A (DGEBA). Os filmes de DGEBA e seus precursores foram caracterizados por espectroscopia Raman e infravermelha para identificas os principais grupos funcionais e suas relações com os átomos de prata depositados. Análises termogravimétrica (TG), termogravimétrica diferencial (DTG), e espectroscopia Raman foram realizadas para estudar os efeitos térmicos na resina. Filmes finos de prata de 5, 10, 15 e 20 nm foram depositados na resina epóxi a temperatura ambiente. Ambos filmes iniciais de DGEBA e o subsequente filme fino de prata foram analisados por Microscopia de Força Atômica (AFM) no modo de não contato. Os filmes finos de prata também foram analisados por difratometria de raios X (DRX) a temperatura ambiente. Os resultados de AFM mostram a formação de cristalitos de prata sobre a superfície da DGEBA para pequenas espessuras de recobrimento, enquanto DRX indica que a maioria dos cristalitos tem seu eixo principal alinhado normal à superfície. Um aumento na espessura de recobrimento leva a um aumento no tamanho do grão como indicado por AFM. Resultados de DRX porém, mostram que o tamanho de cristalito permaneceu quase constante, enquanto o aparecimento de picos correspondentes a outras orientações cristalinas sugere a coalescência dos cristalitos originais e um aumento no tamanho dos planos mais densos, principalmente [111].

Contrôler la gélification des résines époxy est un enjeu majeur de la chimie des matériaux thermodurcissables. Dans cette étude, nous décrivons une méthode de contrôle du temps de gel (tgel) et de la conversion au point de gel (xgel) dans le cas de la polymérisation cationique de résines époxy commerciales. Pour ce faire, des additifs hydroxylés sont utilisés comme agents de transfert afin de contrôler xgel. Parallèlement, des additifs de type oligo-oxyéthylène permettent de contrôler tgel en complexant les amorceurs de la polymérisation (cations aniliniums). La combinaison de ces deux leviers de contrôle permet d'explorer une large gamme de valeurs de tgel et de xgel. Lorsqu'un oligo-oxyéthylène cyclique (18-crown-6) est utilisé, les cations aniliniums sont stabilisés sur de très longues périodes grâce à de fortes interactions de type " clé-serrure ". En l'absence d'agent de transfert, une élévation modérée de la température est suffisante pour observer la dissociation du complexe aniliniumo18-crown-6 suivie d'un rapide amorçage de la polymérisation. Ce complexe est isolable et peut être utilisé comme un amorceur thermodéclenchable. En présence d'agent de transfert, une élévation de la température s'accompagne d'un long retard à la polymérisation (temps d'induction) suivi d'une rapide réticulation du matériel. La composition chimique du mélange initial permet de contrôler le temps d'induction. Ainsi, la réticulation du matériel devient programmable dans le temps, à la manière d'une minuterie. Cette chimie est ensuite appliquée à la copolymérisation de résines mono- et di-époxy afin de contrôler la densité de réticulation du matériel et donc ses propriétés mécaniques. / Controlling the pot life and the gelation of epoxy resins is a crucial issue in thermosets processing. In this study, we report about the control of the gel time (tgel) and the gel conversion (xgel) for the cationic polymerization of commercial epoxy resins. To this end, hydroxyl additives are used as chain transfer agent to control xgel. Concurrently, oligo(ethylene oxide) additives are used to vary tgel as a result of the supramolecular complexation of the anilinium cations responsible for the polymerization’s initiation. We show that the combination of these two control levers enables the exploration of a wide range of tgel and xgel values. When a cyclic oligo(ethylene oxide) (18-crown-6) is used, anilinium cations are stabilized on very long period as a result of strong host-guest interactions. In absence of transfer agent, a slight increase of temperature is enough to observe the dissociation of the anilinium•18-crown-6 complex and the fast initiation of polymerization. The anilinium•18-crown-6 complex can be isolated and used as a thermoresponsive initiator presenting a high apparent activation energy. When used in combination with hydroxyl additives, a temperature increase results in a long delay of polymerization followed by the rapid completion of the material’s reticulation. By varying the composition of the initial mixture it is possible to tailor the duration of the polymerization’s delay. Thus, the resulting system is programmable and exhibits a clock like behavior. This chemistry is then extended to the copolymerization of diepoxy and monoepoxy resins to control the crosslink’s density of the material and thus, the properties of the final networks.

This thesis deals with problems of electrical insulation materials based on epoxy composites used in the electronics industry. This thesis is divided into theoretical part focused on composite materials, their technological processing and diagnostics. It also describes dielectric materials, their properties and events taking place in their structure. The experimental section describes the measurement of electrical properties of samples of electrical insulating materials with different types of fillers.

Diese Dissertation beschreibt die Synthese und Charakterisierung neuartiger Hyperstern-Polymere (HSP) und deren Funktion als Reaktivbinder in Epoxy- bzw. PUR-Harzen. Hyperstern-Polymere sind Hybride aus hochverzweigten (hvz) und linearen Polymeren. Sie können über ihre reaktiven OH-Gruppen als multifunktionelle hochverzweigte Quervernetzer kovalent in ein kationisch härtendes Epoxyharz einbinden und thermische sowie thermomechanische Eigenschaften verbessern.:Theoretischer Teil Einleitung und Aufgabenstellung Grundlagen 1 Polymeraufbau 1.1. Radikalische Polymerisationen 1.1.1. Kontrolliert radikalische Polymerisation 1.1.2. NMRP 1.1.3. ATRP 1.1.4. RAFT 1.2. Anionische Polymerisation 1.3. Kationische Polymerisation 1.3.1. CROP von Oxazolinen 1.4. Koordinative Polymerisationen 2 Verzweigte Polymerarchitekturen 2.1. Dendritische Polymere 2.1.1. Dendrimere 2.1.2. Hochverzweigte Polymere 2.1.2.1 SCVP 2.1.3. Dendrigrafts 2.1.4. Dendronisierte Polymere 2.2. Spezielle Polymerarchitekturen 2.2.1. Hyperstern-Polymere (HSP) 3 Lacke 3.1. Lösungsmittelhaltige Lacke 3.1.1. Chemisch härtende Lacke 3.1.2. Physikalisch trocknende Lacke 3.2. Wässrige Lacke 3.3. Lösungsmittelfreie Lacke 3.3.1. Strahlenhärtende Lacke 3.3.2. Pulverlacke 3.4. Aliphatische Epoxylacke 3.4.1. UV-Härtung 3.4.2. Thermische Härtung 3.4.3. Thermische Härtung klassischer 2K-Polyepoxid-Lacke 3.5. 2K-PUR-Lacke 3.6. Aktuelle Herausforderungen 3.7. Wissenschaftliche Konzepte zur Schlagzähmodifizierung von Lacken Diskussion und Ergebnisse 4 Synthese hochverzweigter Makroinitiatoren 4.1. Polyester-Makroinitiatoren PE-MI1 und PE-MI2 4.1.1. Polyester-Kern (PE-OH) 4.1.2. Makroinitiatoren für die Oxazolinpolymerisation (PE-MI1) 4.1.3. Makroinitiatoren für die ATRP von Methacrylaten (PE-MI2) 4.2. Poly(vinylbenzylchlorid)-Makroinitiator (PVBC) 5 Hypersterne mit POxa-Armen 5.1. Lineare Polyoxazolin-Modellverbindungen (POxa) 5.1.1. Test der Initiatorfunktionen 5.1.2. Einfluss der Mikrowelle 5.1.3. Terminierung (Capping) 5.1.4. Polymerisation OH-tragender Oxazoline 5.1.5. Adamantan-funktionalisierte Polyoxazoline 5.2. Hypersterne aus Polyester-Kern sowie Polyoxazolin-Armen: PE-g-POxa 5.2.1. Einführung von OH-Gruppen über die Terminierung 5.2.2. Einführung von OH-Gruppen über die Wiederholeinheiten 5.3. Hypersterne aus Polyvinylbenzylchlorid-Kern sowie Polyoxazolin-Armen: PVBC-g-POxa 5.3.1. Modellinitiatoren 5.3.2. Einführung von OH-Gruppen über die Wiederholeinheiten 5.4. Ausblick: Arm first-Strategie 6 Hypersterne mit Polymethacrylat-Armen 6.1. Hypersterne aus Polyvinylbenzylchlorid-Kern sowie Polymethacrylat-Armen: PVBC-g-PHEMA 6.2. Hypersterne aus Polyester-Kern sowie Polymethacrylat-Armen: PE-g-(PMMA-b-HEMA) 7 Hypersterne als Quervernetzer-Additive in Lacken 7.1. PVBC-g-POxa in Epoxyharz 7.1.1. Thermische Härtung 7.2. PE-g-P(MMA-b-HEMA) in Epoxyharz 7.2.1. UV-Härtung 7.2.2. Thermische Härtung 7.3. PE-g-P(MMA-b-HEMA) in 2K-PUR-Harz Zusammenfassung – Ausblick Experimenteller Teil 8 Geräte, Methoden und Chemikalien 9 Synthesen 9.1. Monomere, Capper, Niedermolekulare Substanzen 9.2. Lineare Polyoxazoline 9.2.1. Niedermolekulare CROP-Initiatoren 9.2.2. Lineares Poly(2-methyloxazolin) (PMeOxa) 9.2.3. Adamantan-funktionalisierte Poly(2-methyloxazoline) 9.2.4. Lineare Poly(2-ethyloxazoline) 9.2.5. NMR-Modellverbindungen für PVBC-Kern 9.3. Hochverzweigte Polymere und Makroinitiatoren 9.4. Hyperstern-Polymere mit POxa-Armen 9.5. Hyperstern-Polymere mit PAlkMA-Armen 9.6. Lackproben Abkürzungsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Publikationsliste

M. Tech. (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology), Vaal University of Technology. / Sisal is a vegetable fibre extracted from the leaves of Agave Sisalana. The fibre is long, bold and creamy white in colour besides being exceptionally strong. It can be used for making agricultural and parcelling twines of various kinds as well as ropes, sacks, carpet and upholstery. The primary purpose of this research was to study and evaluate the use of sisal as a reinforcing fibre in both treated and untreated forms with epoxy resin matrices. The casting process employed during the composite production was the the vacuum infusion. The effects of both the treated sisal fibre-epoxy resin composites and the untreated sisal fibre-epoxy resin composites on the tensile strength and stiffness, flexural strength and stiffness, impact toughness, shear strength, compression strength and hardness were evaluated. Finally, the occurrence of transverse matrix fracture and fibre pull-out were also studied. It was found that the quasi-static mechanical properties of both the treated sisal fibre-epoxy resin composites and the untreated sisal fibre-epoxy resin composites improved with increases in reinforcement weight fractions. Further, fibre surface treatment on the sisal fibres and the attendant increase in the interfacial bond also resulted into improved quasi-static mechanical properties of the treated sisal fibre-epoxy resin composites when compared to untreated sisal fibre-epoxy resin composites.

This master’s thesis is focused on the study of chemical and physical properties of dielectric materials with main focus on epoxy resins. It includes possible processes that can influence the properties of epoxy resins, both processes that improve polymer properties and processes that cause material degradation. Next part of the thesis is a description of diagnostic methods suitable for measurement of basic electrical quantities of material and design of a suitable method for measuring properties of epoxy resins with different additives, influencing the samples by solar radiation. At the end, the work includes an experiment dedicated to the degradation of epoxy resins with various additives by solar radiation and the evaluation of the experiment.