This study is based on the fundamentals of Perceptions of Organizational Politics (POP) proposed by Ferris et al. (2002). We use the SPSS 15.0 and the structural equation modeling (SEM) to verify the relationship between the POP and the turnover intention. And we further confirm the mediating effects of job anxiety and organizational cynicism. This study used the scales of 35 items collected by Dr. Chin-ming Ho and the other members of the last research team of POP in 2008. The research is based on the revision model of POP and questionnaire survey. The sample consisted of 1,890 employee selected from 40 organizations covering 9 industrial sectors in Taiwan. We further use of the SEM to measure the relationship amongst the constructs. The results of this study are as following. Perception of organizational politics has a significant effect on turnover intention. Perceptionsof organizational politics has three measured dimentions. Both measured dimentions of gerenal political behavior and organization policies and practices present positive effect on turnover intention. Measured dimention of go alone to get ahead presents negative effect on turnover intention. Perception of organizational politics and job anxiety present positive remarkable related. Perception of organizational politics and organizational cynicism present positive remarkable related. Job anxiety has a significant moderate effect on the relationship between perceptions of organizational politics and turnover intention. Organizational cynicism has a significant moderate effect on the relationship between perceptions of organizational politics and turnover intention.

The employee¡¦s perceptions of organizational politics will increase due to the ¡§uncertainty¡¨ of environment and ¡§scarcity¡¨ of resources. It will also affect employee¡¦s attitude and behavior. This study is based on the revision model of Perceptions of Organizational Politics (POP) proposed by Ferris et al. (2002). We investigate the relationship between the perceptions of organizational politics, the organizational citizenship behavior, and the organizational cynicism. Finally we further confirm the mediating effects of organizational cynicism. This study used the scales of 35 items collected by Dr. Chin-ming Ho and the other members of the last research team of POP in 2008. The research is based on the revision model of POP and questionnaire survey. The sample consisted of 1,890 employee selected from 40 organizations covering 9 industrial sectors in Taiwan. We further use of the structural equation modeling (SEM) to measure the relationship amongst the constructs. The perceptions of organizational politics have been reduced to three factors: general political behavior, going along to get ahead and pay and promotion policies. The major results of this study are as fallowing: 1.The pay and promotion policies had negative effect on the organizational citizenship behavior. 2.The perceptions of organizational politics had positive effect on the organizational cynicism. 3.The organizational cynicism had negative effect on the organizational citizenship behavior. 4.The perceptions of organizational politics had an indirect negative effect, through the mediating effects of organizational cynicism, in the organizational citizenship behavior.

This investigation is followed Ferris et al. (2002) proposed revised modeling of organizational politics perceptions, and based on structural equation modeling to study the relationship between perceptions of organizational politics and job performance, and the relationship between organizational commitment and job satisfaction. Further research whether the perception of organizational politics influence job performance by the mediating effects of organizational commitment and job satisfaction. A survey research is conducted using the analysis data of Professor, Mr. Chin-Ming Ho research group of perceptions of organizational politics in 2008. After evidence-based results, the findings are as follows: 1. Perceptions of organizational politics has no significant effect three dimensions, "general political behavior", "going along and getting ahead", "the difference between politics and practices", of job performance . 2. Perceptions of organizational politics has no significant effect on "general political behavior" of organizational commitment, but has negative effect on "going along and getting ahead" and "the difference between politics and practices". 3. Perceptions of organizational politics has significant negative effect on job satisfaction. 4. Organizational commitment has positive impact on job performance. 5. Job satisfaction has positive impact on job performance. 6. Organizational commitment and job satisfaction are the intervening variables for perceptions of organizational politics and job performance.

In order to understand the relative impact from natural and anthropogenic sources, Principal Component Analysis - Structural Equation Modeling (PCA-SEM) was used to analyze the phytoplankton dynamics in coastal waters of Taiwan. PCA was used to analyze the changes of the water quality, followed by constructing of conceptual model which incorporated with biological data, and finally verified by SEM. Three study sites were selected: Chang Hua coastal waters, Kaohsiung mud dumping waters and the adjacent waters of Kaohsiung Nansing project. These sites represent the ordinary coastal water ecosystem of western Taiwan, off-shore ocean with one defined pollution sources, and anthropogenic impacted water area, respectively. The results showed that in Chang Hua coastal waters, river input and seasonal change were the primary factors effecting phytoplankton change. Water temperature was the main reason of phytoplankton changes, followed by the influence of dissolved organic matter in Kaohsiung mud dumping site. Whereas waters near Kaohsiung Nansing project, cooling water from Daling power plant coupled with the change of nutrients and heavy metal concentrations, as well as oil pollution, were the major causes of phytoplankton variation. The goodness-of-fits were good for the three models in this study, revealing that PCA- SEM is suitable to analyze the environmental changes of the costal waters of Taiwan. Logistic methods used in this study are also good for the study of benthic or fish community, and are suitable to apply on environmental impact assessments.

Adopting new technologies enable enterprises to improve employees¡¦ performance and competitive advantages. The differences in natures of adopting processes of organizations and individuals need further clarify for better understandings regarding to their framework in adopting new technologies. This paper based on the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) and existed research to construct the relations amongst the effective factors which affect the adopting new technologies in either individual or organization perspectives. In the individual level, the constructed research framework indicated employees¡¦ e-Learning satisfaction could be measured by three major dimensions, the perceived e-Learning qualities, individual internal beliefs (usefulness and ease of use), and social influence. Eight proposed hypothesis were confirmed by Structured Equation Modeling analysis of 428 valid samples. Path analyses verified the original path in TRA, TAM, and D&M ISS Model. The perceived e-Learning qualities and social influence cause significantly influence to employees¡¦ e-Learning satisfaction in both directly and indirectly, which by way of individual internal beliefs, positive paths. The results also showed that perceived information quality, usefulness, system quality, social influence, ease of use, and than service quality positively affect employees¡¦ satisfaction of e-Learning in descend sequences. Where, in the organization level, decision framework of adopting new technology of oil refinery was composed by modified Delphi method and was verified by Analytic Network Process from the survey of 15 experts. The consistency opinions confirmed four inter-depended dimensions and seventeen criteria were included. The results suggested that process fitness, environmental fitness, actors¡¦ organizational fitness, and new technology characteristics are important dimensions of adopting new technology in descend sequences. On the other hand, economic feasibility, relative advantages, government, environment acceptance, and engineering feasibility are the top five important factors to be evaluated during the adopting process. The different natures of adopting processes of organizations and individuals cause their different framework in adopting new technologies. This paper concluded that new technology, actors¡¦, environmental characteristics are three interdepended dimensions which influence the adopting behavior no matter in individual or organization context. In organization level of oil refinery case, actors¡¦ characteristics consist not only of actors¡¦ organizational fitness but also process fitness, which is the most important dimension while adopting new technology. In final, the implications of findings were discussed and directions were also suggested for future research.

The conceptualization of leisure constraints is dependent on negotiating a hierarchy of intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural leisure constraints. It has become a recognizable and distinct subfield within leisure studies. Research has shown that the leisure constraints should not be necessarily viewed as insurmountable obstacles. Individuals can negotiate constraints by applying an array of coping mechanisms. Recently, Iwasaki and Schneider (2003) and Schneider and Stanis (2007) proposed that constraints negotiation and coping with stress share much in common. Leisure constraints are considered elements of stress, whereas constraint negotiation appears to share commonalities with ways of coping with stress. The distinction between negotiation and coping is that negotiation is something people have engaged in prior to participating in the activity, whereas coping involves strategies people more typically engage in during active participation (in response to unwanted or unanticipated situations). Based on past literature, I constructed a constraints-coping model to extend our understanding of constraints negotiation by integrating an understanding of coping mechanisms into leisure constraints-negotiation models. In order to broaden the scope of a constraints-coping framework, I integrated additional social indicators (e.g., commitment, motivation, place attachment, and frequency of participation) into my hypothesized model. First, my testing of the constraints-coping model provided empirical support for Iwasaki and his colleagues' suggestion that coping strategies can be potentially integrated into models of constraints-negotiation processes. Second, I confirmed that the three types of onsite constraints continue to have relevance for active participants. The three types of constraining factors directly influence subsequent aspects of leisure engagement for recreationists already participating. Third, I confirmed that recreationists are more likely to cope with constraints by employing an array of problem-focused coping strategies, rather than to simply adjust cognitively. However, my findings illustrate that recreationists' coping responses vary in response to different types of constraints encountered (e.g., intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural). The experience of constraints did not universally result in the increased use of coping. Fourth, my results confirm that motivation is an immediate antecedent of constraints as well as a potential trigger for encouraging more problem-focused coping strategies. Last, four selected key variables (e.g., place attachment, commitment motivation, and frequency of participation) demonstrated different effects on influencing active participants' perceived constraints and subsequent coping strategies. Future investigations of coping strategies should continue to explore how active participants cope with onsite constraints based on a constraints-coping model in different settings.

Two Monte Carlo studies were conducted to investigate the sensitivity of fit indices in detecting model misspecification in multilevel structural equation models (MSEM) with normally distributed or dichotomous outcome variables separately under various conditions. Simulation results showed that RMSEA and CFI only reflected within-model fit. In addition, SRMR for within-model (SRMR-W) was more sensitive to within-model misspecifications in factor covariances than pattern coefficients regardless of the impact of other design factors. Researchers should use SRMR-W in combination with RMSEA and CFI to evaluate the within-mode. On the other hand, SRMR for between-model (SRMR-B) was less likely to detect between-model misspecifications when ICC decreased. Lastly, the performance of WRMR was dominated by the misfit of within-model. In addition, WRMR was less likely to detect the misspecified between-models when ICC was relative low. Therefore, WRMR can be used to evaluate the between-model fit when the within-models were correctly specified and the ICC was not too small.

Dependencies in multilevel models at the second level have never been thoroughly examined. For certain designs first-level subjects are independent over time, but the second level subjects may exhibit nonzero covariances over time. Following a review of revelant literature the first study investigated which widely used computer programs adequately take into account these dependencies in their analysis. This was accomplished through a simulation study with SAS, and examples of analyses with Mplus and LISREL. The second study investigated the impact of two different missing data techniques for such designs in the case where data is missing at the first level with a simulation study in SAS. The first study simulated data produced in a multiyear study varying the numbers of subjects in the first and second levels, the number of data waves, the magnitude of effects at both the first and second level, and the magnitude of the second level covariance. Results showed that SAS and the MULTILEV component in LISREL analyze such data well while Mplus does not. The second study compared two missing data techniques in the presence of a second level dependency, multiple imputation (MI) and full information maximum likelihood (FIML). They were compared in a SAS simulation study in which the data was simulated with all the factors of the first study and the addition of missing data varied in amounts and patterns (missing completely at random or missing at random). Results showed that FIML is superior to MI because it produces lower bias and correctly estimates standard errors

The major aim of this study is to develop an integrative framework of the determinants and consequence of international human capital, the human capital which enables a firm to compete globally. The open systems view is introduced to develop a comprehensive measurement of international human capital, which includes input-based, transformational, output-based, and managerial international human capital. Human capital accumulation modes (the documentation mode and the socialization mode) are identified as the potential determinant, and global initiatives (global learning and global marketing) and financial performance as the potential outcome. The Structural Equation Modeling technique is employed to investigate the determinants and outcome of the human capital system. The results support our expectation that human capital accumulation modes foster the development of international human capital, which in turn enhances a firm¡¦s global initiatives and financial performance. Important role of output-based and managerial international human capital are also identified. Output-based international human capital not only enhances a firm¡¦s financial performance, but also facilitates its global initiatives. Managerial international human capital, on the other hand, indirectly fosters a firm¡¦s financial performance and global initiatives through its direct positive influences on the other international human capital components.

From the viewpoint of the public, academic work is relatively autonomous, stable, and stress-free as opposed to other professions. However, as the societal environment evolves, high satisfaction is no more an absolute consequence of academic work. Even in comparison to other professionals, the academics experienced longer working hours and heavier occupational stress; hence the events of ¡§Karoshi¡¨ among university academics happened from time to time. Actually, the reason resulting in ¡§Karoshi¡¨ has been proved related to health behavior, and the health behavior also has been proved associated with health belief. Following this concept, a study based upon ¡§health belief model¡¨ was carried out to investigate the health belief, health behavior, and health status of university academics, respectively, and the possible relationships among the aforementioned health related concepts. In total, 4,000 subjects were selected from among the 43,050 or so university academics nationwide based on stratified sampling approach. Data were collected through survey questionnaires which include personal demographics, health belief, health behavior, and health status information. From June through August 2004, 1,778 questionnaires returned with a response rate of 44.45%. SPSS was used for descriptive analysis and basic hypothesis test, and then the software package AMOS was used for structural equation modeling examination. Compared to the general population with the same age, the health status of university academics was worse in both physical and psychological function. Further, it was found that the factor work significantly contributed to each component of health belief (i.e. perceived susceptibility, perceived seriousness, perceived barriers, and perceived benefits). In terms of health behavior, although the academics had no unhealthy habits (i.e. smoking or excessive drinking), the average working hour after 10 pm was more than one hour and one in three teachers didn¡¦t take exercise regularly, which altogether are definitely harmful to health. The structural equation modeling showed that an academic¡¦s health belief would influence his/her health behavior and then influence the health status indirectly. In other words, positive health belief will lead to healthy status in the long run, and negative health belief will conduce to unhealthy status. To sum up, the issue on improving the health status of academics is on edge and the responsibility for taking this issue would be shouldered by teamwork¡X individuals, educational authorities, and public health agencies. An academic should try his/her best to improve the health; the educational authorities should assess the job loading on academic population from time to time and draw up a better educational system; and finally, the public health agency should play the role of information disseminator and catalyst for strengthening the health belief and then improving the health behavior and health status among the academics.