Dans ce manuscrit, nous nous inéressons à l'étude du mouvement des vagues soumises uniquement à leur poids par le biais d'équations asymptotiques. Nous commençons par rappeler la dérivation des principaux modèles généralement utilisés (Boussinesq, Green-Naghdi,...). Nous introduisons également un nouveau modèle exprimé en amplitude-flux qui correspond à une variante des équations de Nwogu. Dans le second chapitre, nous démontrons un résultat d'existence en temps long pour ces nouvelles équations et nous étudions l'existence d'ondes solitaires pour les équations de Boussinesq. Ce travail permet notamment de calculer avec une grande précision ces solutions exactes. Le troisième chapitre détaille les différences non linéaires que l'on retrouve entre les différentes équations de Boussinesq (modèles en flux-amplitude comparés aux modèles en vitesse-amplitude). Enfin, les deux derniers chapitres introduisent un nouveau paradigme pour trouver des schémas numériques adaptés aux modèles asymptotiques. L'idée est d'appliquer une analyse asymptotique aux équations d'Euler discrétisées. Ce nouveau paradigme est appliqué aux équations de Peregrine, de Nwogu et de Green-Naghdi. Plusieurs cas tests sont proposés dans ces deux chapitres. / In this work, we are interested in the evolution of water waves under the gravity force using asymptotics models. We start by recalling the derivation of most used models (Boussinesq, Green-Naghdi,...) and we introduce a new model expressed amplitude-flux, which is an alternative version of the Nwogu equations. In the second chapter, we prove a long time existence result for the new model and we investigate the existence of solitary waves for the Boussinesq models. This work allow us to compute these solutions with a good precision. The third chapter highlights the nonlinear differences between the Boussinesq equations (amplitude-flux models versus amplitude-velocity models). Finally, the two last chapter introduce a new paradigm in order to find numerical schemes adapted to asymptotics models. The idea is to apply an asymptotic analysis to a discretized Euler system. This new paradigm is applied to Peregrine equations, Nwogu equations and Green-Naghdi equations. Test cases are presented in these two chapters

There exists substantial applications motivating the study of nonlinear longitudinal wave propagation in layered (or laminated) elastic waveguides, in particular within areas related to non-destructive testing, where there is a demand to understand, reinforce, and improve deformation properties of such structures. It has been shown [76] that long longitudinal waves in such structures can be accurately modelled by coupled regularised Boussinesq (cRB) equations, provided the bonding between layers is sufficiently soft. The work in this thesis firstly examines the initial-value problem (IVP) for the system of cRB equations in [76] on the infinite line, for localised or sufficiently rapidly decaying initial conditions. Using asymptotic multiple-scales expansions, a nonsecular weakly nonlinear solution of the IVP is constructed, up to the accuracy of the problem formulation. The asymptotic theory is supported with numerical simulations of the cRB equations. The weakly nonlinear solution for the equivalent IVP for a single regularised Boussinesq equation is then constructed; constituting an extension of the classical d'Alembert's formula for the leading order wave equation. The initial conditions are also extended to allow one to separately specify an O(1) and O(ε) part. Large classes of solutions are derived and several particular examples are explicitly analysed with numerical simulations. The weakly nonlinear solution is then improved by considering the IVP for a single regularised Boussinesq-type equation, in order to further develop the higher order terms in the solution. More specifically, it enables one to now correctly specify the higher order term's time dependence. Numerical simulations of the IVP are compared with several examples to justify the improvement of the solution. Finally an asymptotic procedure is developed to describe the class of radiating solitary wave solutions which exist as solutions to cRB equations under particular regimes of the parameters. The validity of the analytical solution is examined with numerical simulations of the cRB equations. Numerical simulations throughout this work are derived and implemented via developments of several finite difference schemes and pseudo-spectral methods, explained in detail in the appendices.