Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:20:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marco Antonio Dias.pdf: 2870318 bytes, checksum: 395bc224d80361238826474c847dd34d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Because of the union of efforts between European and American banks, clearly in order to maximise the actions towards a sustainable economic model, some financial institutions have created a group in 2002 in the United Kingdom, called the banks of Greenwich, which later came to be known as Equator banks. Precisely in 2003, the Equator banks announced what we know as the Equator Principles, which are voluntary initiatives of good environmental practices in funding for Project Finance. This type of financing is characterized by investing undertakings that require intensive capital, usually long-term and with many interactions with the community where it is happening. Having as background this scenario, the study aims to understand the general relations Brazilian civil society with the Brazilian signatories seats, and analyse the profile of this relationship when compared with the companies of developed countries. The theme is justified by the existence of an intense debate between civil society engaged in non-governmental organizations, and banks signatories. Financial institutions from various parts of the world, quickly joined the group of founding Equator Principles, transforming what would be a way to implement good environmental practices in their operations, in a symbol of distinction between the organizations. Exactly at this point the international literature covering the topic, has no longer checked a new approach of the Equator Principles, such as a dialogue between the banks and society, opening room for a new approach, and thus a new point of view. This work has the intention to seek this explanation, specifically in the Brazilian case, and thus to establish the context of the Equator Principles in face of the challenges of Brazilian society / Devido a união de esforços entre bancos europeus e americanos, e no intuito claro de maximizar as ações em direção a um modelo econômico sustentável, algumas instituições financeiras criaram um grupo em 2002, na Inglaterra, chamado de bancos de Greenwich, que mais tarde vieram a ser conhecidos como bancos do Equador. Precisamente em 2003, os bancos do Equador anunciaram o que hoje conhecemos como Princípios do Equador (PE), que são iniciativas voluntárias de boas práticas ambientais em financiamentos de Project Finance. Este tipo de financiamento é caracterizado por aplicar-se em emprendimentos que exigem capital intensivo, geralmente de longo prazo e com muitas interações com a comunidade onde será realizado. Tendo como pano de fundo esse cenário, o estudo tem como objetivo geral compreender as relações da sociedade civil brasileira com os bancos signatários brasileiros, e analisar qual o perfil desta relação quando comparadas as sociedades de países desenvolvidos. O tema se justifica pela existência de um intenso debate entre a sociedade civil engajada pelas organizações não governamentais, e os bancos signatários. As instituições financeiras originárias de várias partes do mundo, rapidamente se juntaram ao grupo fundador dos Princípios do Equador, transformando o que seria uma forma de implementar boas práticas ambientais em suas operações, em um símbolo de distinção entre as organizações .Exatamente neste aspecto que a literatura internacional, que cobre o tema, deixou de explorar os Princípios do Equador como diálogo entre os bancos e a sociedade, abrindo o espaço para uma nova abordagem, e consequentemente um novo ponto de vista. Este trabalho tem a pretensão de buscar algo que leve a determinação ou validação de um diálogo entre as instituições e a sociedade, especificamente no caso brasileiro; e estabelecer a contextualização dos Princípios do Equador (PE) frente sua aplicabilidade no Brasil

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:53:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marco Antonio Dias.pdf: 2870318 bytes, checksum: 395bc224d80361238826474c847dd34d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Because of the union of efforts between European and American banks, clearly in order to maximise the actions towards a sustainable economic model, some financial institutions have created a group in 2002 in the United Kingdom, called the banks of Greenwich, which later came to be known as Equator banks. Precisely in 2003, the Equator banks announced what we know as the Equator Principles, which are voluntary initiatives of good environmental practices in funding for Project Finance. This type of financing is characterized by investing undertakings that require intensive capital, usually long-term and with many interactions with the community where it is happening. Having as background this scenario, the study aims to understand the general relations Brazilian civil society with the Brazilian signatories seats, and analyse the profile of this relationship when compared with the companies of developed countries. The theme is justified by the existence of an intense debate between civil society engaged in non-governmental organizations, and banks signatories. Financial institutions from various parts of the world, quickly joined the group of founding Equator Principles, transforming what would be a way to implement good environmental practices in their operations, in a symbol of distinction between the organizations. Exactly at this point the international literature covering the topic, has no longer checked a new approach of the Equator Principles, such as a dialogue between the banks and society, opening room for a new approach, and thus a new point of view. This work has the intention to seek this explanation, specifically in the Brazilian case, and thus to establish the context of the Equator Principles in face of the challenges of Brazilian society / Devido a união de esforços entre bancos europeus e americanos, e no intuito claro de maximizar as ações em direção a um modelo econômico sustentável, algumas instituições financeiras criaram um grupo em 2002, na Inglaterra, chamado de bancos de Greenwich, que mais tarde vieram a ser conhecidos como bancos do Equador. Precisamente em 2003, os bancos do Equador anunciaram o que hoje conhecemos como Princípios do Equador (PE), que são iniciativas voluntárias de boas práticas ambientais em financiamentos de Project Finance. Este tipo de financiamento é caracterizado por aplicar-se em emprendimentos que exigem capital intensivo, geralmente de longo prazo e com muitas interações com a comunidade onde será realizado. Tendo como pano de fundo esse cenário, o estudo tem como objetivo geral compreender as relações da sociedade civil brasileira com os bancos signatários brasileiros, e analisar qual o perfil desta relação quando comparadas as sociedades de países desenvolvidos. O tema se justifica pela existência de um intenso debate entre a sociedade civil engajada pelas organizações não governamentais, e os bancos signatários. As instituições financeiras originárias de várias partes do mundo, rapidamente se juntaram ao grupo fundador dos Princípios do Equador, transformando o que seria uma forma de implementar boas práticas ambientais em suas operações, em um símbolo de distinção entre as organizações .Exatamente neste aspecto que a literatura internacional, que cobre o tema, deixou de explorar os Princípios do Equador como diálogo entre os bancos e a sociedade, abrindo o espaço para uma nova abordagem, e consequentemente um novo ponto de vista. Este trabalho tem a pretensão de buscar algo que leve a determinação ou validação de um diálogo entre as instituições e a sociedade, especificamente no caso brasileiro; e estabelecer a contextualização dos Princípios do Equador (PE) frente sua aplicabilidade no Brasil

RABELO, Melca Silva. A eficiência da inserção da variável ambiental nas instituição financeiras perante o protocolo verde e os princípios do Equador. 2008. 144 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Pro-Reitoria de pesquisa e Pós-Graduação, Programa Regional de Pós-graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente - PRODEMA, Fortaleza-CE, 2008. / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-03-31T14:27:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_msrabelo.pdf: 2087742 bytes, checksum: 6a56ee05d4e4e51a9c676ee7bbe774d9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes(nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-03-31T14:29:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_msrabelo.pdf: 2087742 bytes, checksum: 6a56ee05d4e4e51a9c676ee7bbe774d9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-31T14:29:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_msrabelo.pdf: 2087742 bytes, checksum: 6a56ee05d4e4e51a9c676ee7bbe774d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / The certainty of the climatic changes has put in question the current economic model. The search for profit through consumption, without conscience, has reached new levels with the appearance of globalization and with that the society has noticed that the resources are finite and that change is necessary. in this new context, there are the financial institutions, companies responsible for financing most of the economic activities, including the most polluting ones. By financing those types of activities, the banks become co-responsible for the environmental impact generated by their clients. Thus, in order to avoid future penalties, several tools were created to help the process of credit evaluation, together with the inclusion of the environmental variable, among them are the Green Protocol and the Equator Principles. Both can be considered initiatives that paved the way for a new modality of business - that includes the environmental risk in their activities and that evaluates their impact in the environment and in the neighboring communities. This study had the goal of measuring the efficiency of the financial institutions in the inclusion of the environmental variable through the Green Protocol and the Equator Principles. For that, was created the Index of Efficiency of Inclusion of the Environmental Variable (IEIVA), through the adaptation of Alimonda and Leão (2005). That index was applied to five financial institutions, with great performance in Brazil, being three public and two private. The analysis of IEIVA led to the understanding of the indices that compose it individually, allowing this way to act preferentially in the indicators that obtained results below the expected, in order to improve the total performance. At the end it was possible to verify that there is a small difference that favors the public financial institutions (Green Protocol) in relation to the private ones (The Equator Principles). Even so it must be emphasized that these two tools - Green Protocol and The Equator Principles - are not the only ones that allow the introduction of the environmental variable in the Financial Institutions, being chosen because they are the more widespread and used; in that way, they do not guarantee the transformation of a financial institution in a sustainable company; even so they open up a road. Sustainable Development demands actions that include governments, companies and society. It is necessary that everybody become aware of the importance of introducing a new economic model that favors all of them. What seems to be now impossible, but that can become indispensable in the future. Therefore the analysis of the environmental variable in the credit concession, that today seems to be innovative for the market, has been showing necessary, before natural resources become rare. / A certeza das mudanças climáticas colocou em questão o modelo econômico atual. A busca pelo lucro através do consumo, sem consciência, ganhou novas escalas com o surgimento da globalização e com isso a sociedade percebeu que os recursos são finitos e que é preciso mudar. Dentro deste novo contexto, estão as instituições financeiras, empresas responsáveis pelo financiamento da maioria das atividades econômicas, incluindo as mais poluidoras. Ao financiarem esses tipos de atividades, os bancos tornam-se co-responsáveis pelo impacto ambiental gerado por elas. Deste modo, a fim de evitarem penalizações futuras, foram criadas diversas ferramentas que auxiliam no processo de avaliação de crédito juntamente com a inserção da variável ambiental, dentre elas o Protocolo Verde e os Princípios do Equador. Ambas podem ser consideradas iniciativas que abriram o caminho para uma nova modalidade de negócios - aquela que se inclui o risco ambiental em suas atividades e avalia o impacto destas no meio ambiente e nas comunidades vizinhas. Este estudo teve como objetivo mensurar a eficiência das instituições financeiras na inserção da variável ambiental a partir do Protocolo Verde e Princípios do Equador. Para isso, foi criado o Índice de Eficiência da Inserção da Variável Ambiental (IEIVA), através da adaptação de Alimonda e Leão (2005), que foi aplicado com cinco instituições financeiras, sendo três públicas e duas privadas, atuantes no Brasil. A análise do IEIVA possibilitou conhecer individualmente os índices que o compõem, permitindo deste modo agir preferencialmente nos indicadores que obtiveram resultados abaixo do esperado, para deste modo melhorar o desempenho total. Ao final pode-se constatar que há uma pequena diferença que favorece as instituições financeiras públicas (Protocolo Verde) em relação às privadas (Princípios do Equador). Porém ressalta-se que estas duas ferramentas – Protocolo Verde e Princípios do Equador - não são as únicas que permitem a introdução da questão ambiental nas instituições financeiras, sendo escolhidas por serem as mais difundidas e utilizadas; dessa forma, somente elas não são garantia para a transformação de uma Instituição Financeira em uma empresa sustentável; porém um caminho. O Desenvolvimento Sustentável requer ações conjuntas entre governos, empresas e sociedade. É preciso que todos estejam conscientizados da importância de se introduzir um novo modelo econômico que favoreça a ambos. O que parece ser impossível atualmente, mas que no futuro poderá tornar-se indispensável. Assim, a análise da variável ambiental na concessão de crédito, que hoje parece ser inovadora para o mercado, tem se mostrado apenas necessária, diante de recursos naturais cada vez mais escassos.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A presente pesquisa busca analisar como se deu, no CearÃ, o processo de IndependÃncia e a formaÃÃo do Estado Nacional. Para tanto, nos propusemos, primeiramente, a investigar como se deu a desvinculaÃÃo polÃtica da capitania do Siarà grande da capitania geral de Pernambuco no ano de 1799 e a importÃncia desse fato tanto para uma maior autonomia local como para o desenvolvimento dessa capitania. AlÃm desse aspecto, analisamos como os grupos locais se colocaram diante da presenÃa da famÃlia real na colÃnia, Reino Unido a partir de 1815, destacando o movimento de 1817 como um primeiro momento de descontentamento com as ordens e medidas tomadas pela Corte Imperial que estavam indo de encontro aos interesses locais, sobretudo das capitanias do Norte. Discutimos tambÃm a participaÃÃo do Cearà no processo de IndependÃncia e na ConfederaÃÃo do Equador, destacando que a adesÃo a esse movimento refletia as divergÃncias existentes tanto nessa provÃncia como no recente paÃs a respeito de como ele deveria ser conduzido. E ainda debatemos sobre o movimento conhecido na historiografia como Revolta de Pinto Madeira, movimento de cunho restauracionista, que tinha, entre outros motivos, restabelecer D. Pedro I no trono brasileiro depois de sua abdicaÃÃo em sete de abril de 1831. / The present research seeks to analyze how did happen, in CearÃ, the independence process and the formation of the National State. Therefore, we proposed first to investigate how did occur the political disentail of the captainship of Siarà grande from the general captainship of Pernambuco in the year of 1799, and the importance of such fact both for a local bigger autonomy and for that captainship development. Beside this aspect, we analyze how did the local groups place before the Royal Familyâs presence in the colony, United Kingdom from 1815, putting in relief the 1817âs movement like a first moment of displeasure with the orders and measures taken by Imperial Court which were going opposed to the local interests, mainly the Northâs captainships. We discussed too the participation of Cearà in the process of independence, and in the Equator Confederation, detaching that the adherence to that movement reflected the existing divergences both in that province and in the recent country respecting to how it should ought be conducted. And l we still discuss on the movement known in historiography as Pinto Madeiraâs Revolt, a movement of restoring character that has, among other motifs, the re-establishment of D. Pedro I in Brazilianâs throne after his abdication in April seven 1831.

L'évaluation de l’aléa sismique doit tenir compte des différents aspects qui interviennent dans le processus sismique et qui affectent le mouvement du sol en surface. Ces aspects peuvent être classés en trois grandes catégories : 1) les effets de source liés au processus de rupture et à la libération d'énergie sur la faille. 2) les effets liés à la propagation de l'énergie sismique à l'intérieur de la Terre. 3) l'influence des caractéristiques géotechniques des couches peu profondes ; appelé effet de site. Les effets de site sont pris en compte dans la mitigation des risques par l'évaluation de la réponse sismique du sol. Lors de sollicitations cycliques, le sol présente un comportement non-linéaire, ce qui signifie que la réponse dépendra non seulement des paramètres du sol mais aussi des caractéristiques du mouvement sismique (amplitude, contenu en fréquence, durée, etc.). Pour estimer la réponse non-linéaire du site, la pratique habituelle consiste à utiliser des simulations numériques avec une analyse linéaire équivalente ou une approche non-linéaire complète. Dans ce document, nous étudions l'influence du comportement non-linéaire du sol sur la réponse du site sismique en analysant les enregistrements sismiques des configurations des réseaux de forages. Nous utilisons les données du réseau Kiban Kyoshin (KiK-Net). Les 688 sites sont tous équipés de deux accéléromètres à trois composantes, l'un situé à la surface et l'autre en profondeur. À partir de ces données, nous calculons les amplifications du mouvement du sol depuis la surface jusqu'aux enregistrements en fond de puit à l'aide des rapports spectraux de Fourier. Une comparaison entre le rapport spectral pour le faible et le fort mouvement du sol est alors réalisée. Le principal effet du comportement non-linéaire du sol sur la fonction de transfert du site est un déplacement de l'amplification vers les basses fréquences. Nous proposons une nouvelle méthodologie et un nouveau paramètre appelé fsp pour quantifier ces changements et étudier les effets non-linéaires. Ces travaux permettent d'établir une relation site-dépendante entre le paramètre fsp et le paramètre d'intensité du mouvement du sol. La méthode est testée sur les données accélérométriques du séisme de Kumamoto (Mw 7.1, 2016). Nous proposons ensuite d’utiliser des corrélations entre moment seismic et la duration de la faille (Courboulex et al., 2016), obtenues à partir d’une base de données globale de fonctions source et une méthode basée sur l’approche des fonctions de Green empiriques (EGF) stochastiques pour simuler les mouvements forts du sol dus à un futur séisme. Cette méthodologie est appliquée à la simulation d’un séisme de subduction en Équateur et comparée aux données réelles du séisme de Pedernales (Mw 7.8, 16 avril 2016) dans la ville de Quito. Nous proposons enfin de combiner la méthode de simulation de mouvements forts par EGF et la prise en compte des effets non-linéaires proposée dans les premiers chapitres. La méthode est testée sur les données accélérométriques d’une réplique du séisme de Tohoku (Mw 7.9). / Seismic hazard assessments must consider different aspects that are involved in an earthquake process and affect the surface ground motion. Those aspects can be classified into three main kinds. 1) the source effects are related to the rupture process and the release of energy. 2) the path effects related to the propagation of energy inside Earth. 3) the influence of the shallow layers geotechnical characteristics; the so-called site-effects. The site effects are considered in risk mitigation through the evaluation of the seismic soil response. Under cyclic solicitations the soil shows a non-linear behavior, meaning that the response will not only depend on soil parameters but also on seismic motion input characteristics (amplitude, frequency content, duration, …). To estimate the non-linear site response, the usual practice is to use numerical simulations with equivalent linear analysis or truly non-linear time domain approach. In this document, we study the influence of the nonlinear soil behavior on the seismic site response by analyzing the earthquake recordings from borehole array configurations. We use the Kiban Kyoshin network (KiK-Net) data. All 688 sites are instrumented with two 3-components accelerometers, one located at the surface and the another at depth. From these data, we compute the ground motion amplifications from the surface to downhole recordings by the computing Fourier spectral ratios for the aim to compare between the spectral ratio for weak and strong ground motion. The main effect of the non-linear behavior of the soil on the site transfer function is a shift of the amplification towards lower frequencies. We propose a new methodology to quantify those changes and study the nonlinear effects. This work results in a site-dependent relationship between the changes in the site response and the intensity parameter of the ground motion. The method is tested analyzing the records of the earthquake of Kumamoto (Mw 7.1, 2016). Posteriorly, we propose to integrate a correlation between seismic moment and the duration of the fault (Courboulex et al., 2016) in the empirical Green’s function method. This methodology was applied to simulate one seduction event in Equator, and we compare the results with the records of the Pedernales earthquake (Mw 7.8, 2016) in the city of Quito. We attempt to take in account the nonlinear effects in the empirical Green’s function method. We use the methodologies of the first part of this document based on the frequency shift parameter. The procedure could be implemented in other methodologies that can predict an earthquake at a rock reference site, such as the stochastic methods. We test the procedure using the accelerometric records for one of the aftershocks o the Tôhoku earthquake (Mw 7.9).

This master's thesis focuses on the use of the Renishaw's Equator gauging system in cooperation with the industrial robot. The target is to design the robotized workcell which contains these two products. Robot acts as a manipulator for inserting and sorting out the workpieces into the "good" and "bad" pallets according to measured results from the Equator. Equator uses a parallel kinematics and probing system which is normally used on coordinate measuring machines. Therefore there is the introduction to the parallel and serial kinematic structures, to the problems of the coordinate measuring machines in the first part of this thesis. It was made a separation of the probing systems into a few basic categories, description of the typical representatives of these categories and of the other important accessories of the coordinate measuring machines, too. The second part of the thesis contains a description of the Equator gauging system, the industrial robot which I used and their accessories. In this part is mentioned a few examples of measurement automation in industry practice, too. The third part devotes to the design of the robotized workcell and contains all the important requirements for the realization.

In this article, the authors describe how the International Financial Corporation of the World Bank, and the 77 global financial institutions that have signed on to the Equator Principles, have come to the conclusion that social conflict with indigenous communities needs to be resolved through the application of free, prior, informed and consent. While the requirement to obtain consent of an indigenous people would appear to make it more difficult for extractive industry projects to proceed, theories of dispute resolution developed by the Harvard Negotiation Project suggest that where consent is obtained, it is more likely thatc onflicts will be reduced.

In the environmental context banks face direct, indirect and reputational risks from their internal operations and their external business activities. The current specific focus on the protection of the environment makes it essential for banks and their directors to be aware and stay on top of potential risks and liabilities. This is especially so because banks’ directors can be criminally prosecuted for environmental crimes. The application and effect of the Prevention of Organised Crime Act 121 of 1998 (POCA) on persons convicted of an environmental crime or crimes has been identified as a possible new or added risk for banks and their directors. Banks in addition to their normal environmental risk and liabilities also need to contend with the possibility of lender liability. Existing legislation pertinent to lender liability does not expressly or specifically deal with lender liability. Absence of judgements on lender liability further exacerbates the risks and the uncertainty for banks in South Africa. Therefore, banks remain subject to legal uncertainty and associated risks. The issue of lender liability specifically with regard to the implication of “the person in control” requires clarification. Hence, it is recommended that legislation relevant to lender liability (National Environmental Management Act 107 of 1998; National Water Act 36 of 1998 and the National Environmental Management: Waste Act 59 of 2008) be revised to specifically accommodate and protect lenders (lending banks) in certain distinct circumstances. The role of banks is that of an intermediary between borrowers and lenders of money. Therefore, it influences the direction and pace of economic development and by default steers and promotes either sustainable or non-sustainable development. Currently, mainstream banks are in effect financing a brown economy and hence subscribe to a weak form of sustainability. It would seem that mainstream banks are more concerned with managing the impact that environmental risk may have on bank lending than the impact of bank lending on the environment. The evolving nature of sustainability (from weak to strong and from a brown to green economy) demands a fundamental policy change for banks. It is expected that mainstream banks will be put under even greater pressure than before to make the transition from weak to strong sustainability. Hence, banks’ current environmental risk management systems will not be sufficient to cater for new environmental risks and liabilities that the move to stronger sustainability (in the form of the green economy) will present. Banks should adopt the stronger version of sustainability; formulate environmental principles that the bank will adhere to; incorporate these environmental principles into all aspects of its lending cycle, develop an environmental risk management system that should include as a minimum the identification of all the applicable legislation pertaining to the specific financing or lending of capital, risk identification, assessment of the specific risk, implementation of risk control measures, mitigation of the risk, risk monitoring and auditing. / LLM (Environmental Law and Governance), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

In the environmental context banks face direct, indirect and reputational risks from their internal operations and their external business activities. The current specific focus on the protection of the environment makes it essential for banks and their directors to be aware and stay on top of potential risks and liabilities. This is especially so because banks’ directors can be criminally prosecuted for environmental crimes. The application and effect of the Prevention of Organised Crime Act 121 of 1998 (POCA) on persons convicted of an environmental crime or crimes has been identified as a possible new or added risk for banks and their directors. Banks in addition to their normal environmental risk and liabilities also need to contend with the possibility of lender liability. Existing legislation pertinent to lender liability does not expressly or specifically deal with lender liability. Absence of judgements on lender liability further exacerbates the risks and the uncertainty for banks in South Africa. Therefore, banks remain subject to legal uncertainty and associated risks. The issue of lender liability specifically with regard to the implication of “the person in control” requires clarification. Hence, it is recommended that legislation relevant to lender liability (National Environmental Management Act 107 of 1998; National Water Act 36 of 1998 and the National Environmental Management: Waste Act 59 of 2008) be revised to specifically accommodate and protect lenders (lending banks) in certain distinct circumstances. The role of banks is that of an intermediary between borrowers and lenders of money. Therefore, it influences the direction and pace of economic development and by default steers and promotes either sustainable or non-sustainable development. Currently, mainstream banks are in effect financing a brown economy and hence subscribe to a weak form of sustainability. It would seem that mainstream banks are more concerned with managing the impact that environmental risk may have on bank lending than the impact of bank lending on the environment. The evolving nature of sustainability (from weak to strong and from a brown to green economy) demands a fundamental policy change for banks. It is expected that mainstream banks will be put under even greater pressure than before to make the transition from weak to strong sustainability. Hence, banks’ current environmental risk management systems will not be sufficient to cater for new environmental risks and liabilities that the move to stronger sustainability (in the form of the green economy) will present. Banks should adopt the stronger version of sustainability; formulate environmental principles that the bank will adhere to; incorporate these environmental principles into all aspects of its lending cycle, develop an environmental risk management system that should include as a minimum the identification of all the applicable legislation pertaining to the specific financing or lending of capital, risk identification, assessment of the specific risk, implementation of risk control measures, mitigation of the risk, risk monitoring and auditing. / LLM (Environmental Law and Governance), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

FELIX, Keile Socorro Leite. Espíritos inflamados: a construção do estado nacional brasileiro e os projetos políticos no Ceará (1817-1840). 2010. 231f. Dissertação (Mestrado em História) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de História, Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Social, Fortaleza-CE, 2010. / Submitted by Raul Oliveira (raulcmo@hotmail.com) on 2012-06-27T15:22:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_Dis_KSLFelix.pdf: 1648419 bytes, checksum: 39c3a2df3227012e0c02612b4b8e1ebe (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2012-07-19T14:26:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_Dis_KSLFelix.pdf: 1648419 bytes, checksum: 39c3a2df3227012e0c02612b4b8e1ebe (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-07-19T14:26:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_Dis_KSLFelix.pdf: 1648419 bytes, checksum: 39c3a2df3227012e0c02612b4b8e1ebe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / The present research seeks to analyze how did happen, in Ceará, the independence process and the formation of the National State. Therefore, we proposed first to investigate how did occur the political disentail of the captainship of Siará grande from the general captainship of Pernambuco in the year of 1799, and the importance of such fact both for a local bigger autonomy and for that captainship development. Beside this aspect, we analyze how did the local groups place before the Royal Family’s presence in the colony, United Kingdom from 1815, putting in relief the 1817’s movement like a first moment of displeasure with the orders and measures taken by Imperial Court which were going opposed to the local interests, mainly the North’s captainships. We discussed too the participation of Ceará in the process of independence, and in the Equator Confederation, detaching that the adherence to that movement reflected the existing divergences both in that province and in the recent country respecting to how it should ought be conducted. And l we still discuss on the movement known in historiography as Pinto Madeira’s Revolt, a movement of restoring character that has, among other motifs, the re-establishment of D. Pedro I in Brazilian’s throne after his abdication in April seven 1831. / A presente pesquisa busca analisar como se deu, no Ceará, o processo de Independência e a formação do Estado Nacional. Para tanto, nos propusemos, primeiramente, a investigar como se deu a desvinculação política da capitania do Siará grande da capitania geral de Pernambuco no ano de 1799 e a importância desse fato tanto para uma maior autonomia local como para o desenvolvimento dessa capitania. Além desse aspecto, analisamos como os grupos locais se colocaram diante da presença da família real na colônia, Reino Unido a partir de 1815, destacando o movimento de 1817 como um primeiro momento de descontentamento com as ordens e medidas tomadas pela Corte Imperial que estavam indo de encontro aos interesses locais, sobretudo das capitanias do Norte. Discutimos também a participação do Ceará no processo de Independência e na Confederação do Equador, destacando que a adesão a esse movimento refletia as divergências existentes tanto nessa província como no recente país a respeito de como ele deveria ser conduzido. E ainda debatemos sobre o movimento conhecido na historiografia como Revolta de Pinto Madeira, movimento de cunho restauracionista, que tinha, entre outros motivos, restabelecer D. Pedro I no trono brasileiro depois de sua abdicação em sete de abril de 1831.