This paper explores the theoretical approaches to translation and the dynamics of language politics during the ʻAbbāsid-era translation movement through the lens of three prominent figures of the ʿAbbāsid era, Ḥunayn ibn Isʹhāq, Mattā bin Yūnus and al-Jāḥiẓ. In conversation with Emily Apter's concept of untranslatability and current concerns about translation into and out of Arabic, this paper examines the cultural implications of claims to translatability and untranslatability. The ʿAbbāsid era presents a particularly useful comparison to the present because rather than being marginal, Arabic was the language of an expanding empire, and also because the ʿAbbāsid era was a kind of 'Golden Age' of translation. The ʿAbbāsid era was an enormously productive period, with translators rendering nearly the entirely corpus of available Greek manuscripts into Arabic. This outpouring of translation activity not only provided an influx of new ideas but provoked a wide-ranging debate among the literati of the time about the possibilities and problems of translation. Examining the figures of al-Jāḥiẓ, Mattā bin Yūnus and Ḥunayn ibn Is'hāq provides a window into this theoretical conversation. Al-Jāḥiẓ, as one of the foremost authorities on Arabic rhetoric, gave voice to more than one view of translation, in part defining Arabic writing as too unique to be translated while elsewhere claiming translations from other languages as the inheritance of the Arab culture. The Aristotelian translator Mattā bin Yūnus provides an example of backlash against translation in which foreign ideas were seen as a threat to Arab identity. Ḥunayn ibn Is'hāq, one of most highly regarded translators of his day, reveals a pragmatic approach to translation which integrated Greek works into Arab society. These three figures reorient the poles of translatability and untranslatability, revealing the potential of both to strengthen hegemony, and show the positive and negative aspects of an Arabocentric and Islamocentric universalism. / text

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Le récepteur alpha des œstrogènes (ERa) est une cible privilégiée dans le traitement du cancer du sein. En effet, 70% des tumeurs sont hormono-dépendantes, c’est-à-dire qu’elles expriment ERa et que les œstrogènes contrôlent leur prolifération. Par ailleurs, les agonistes du récepteur nucléaire « Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor gamma » (PPAR?? inhibent la prolifération des cellules cancéreuses mammaires in vivo et in vitro. L’objectif de la thèse visait à déterminer si ces composés, en particulier ceux de la famille des thiazolidinediones, interféraient avec la voie de signalisation des œstrogènes. Les travaux ont porté sur 2 lignées cancéreuses mammaires hormono-dépendantes : MCF-7 et ZR-75-1. La troglitazone (TGZ), la ciglitazone et la 15déoxy-Prostaglandine J2 (15d-PGJ2) altèrent la signalisation œstrogénique en induisant la dégradation de l’ERa. ?Cette protéolyse fait appel au protéasome 26S et elle est plus accentuée pour la lignée ZR-75-1. Les composés qui altèrent la signalisation œstrogénique inhibent aussi fortement la prolifération cellulaire. La dégradation de ERa ne semble pas dépendre de l’activation des ligands de PPAR? puisqu’un agoniste puissant comme la rosiglitazone n’induit pas cet effet. L’utilisation d’antagonistes de PPAR?, de la ?2-TGZ, dérivé de la troglitazone qui n’active pas PPAR? ainsi qu’une approche par interférence ARN ont permis de démontrer que la protéolyse de l’ERa est bien liée à mécanisme indépendant de PPAR?. La littérature indiquait que la 15d-PGJ2 se liait de façon covalente à ERa, ?mais pas à l’isoforme ERß. Nous avons observé que la 15d-PGJ2 n’induisait pas la protéolyse de ERß. Une dégradation différentielle a aussi été observée avec les thiazolidinediones. En outre, l’activité transcriptionnelle de ERa est affectée précocement après l’exposition des cellules aux différents ligands, suggérant une modification du récepteur. Afin de savoir si une liaison covalente pouvait être à l’origine de la protéolyse, un groupement biotine a été greffé sur la ?2-TGZ afin de réaliser des expériences de pull-down. Ce composé n’a pas permis de démontrer l’hypothèse mais cette molécule induit plus efficacement que la molécule d’origine la protéolyse non seulement de l’ERa, ?mais aussi de la cycline D1. Des modifications des ligands de PPAR? ?pourraient donc avantageusement diminuer les doses efficaces. Ces mécanismes PPAR?-indépendants, qui aboutissent à la dégradation de la cycline D1 et de ERa mais pas de ERß pourraient être intéressants dans l’optique d’une application à la thérapeutique des cancers mammaires. / Estrogen receptor alpha (ERa) is a major target in breast cancer treatment. About 70% of breast cancers are estrogen-sensitive meaning that estrogens stimulate their growth. Ligands of PPAR? (Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor gamma) inhibit breast cancer cell proliferation both in vivo and in vitro. The aim of this work was to determine whether PPAR? ligands could interfere with estrogen signalling pathway. The effects of Rosiglitazone (RGZ), Ciglitazone (CGZ), Troglitazone (TGZ) and the natural PPAR? agonist 15d-PGJ2 were investigated in two hormone-dependent breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and ZR-75-1. In both of them, TGZ, CGZ and 15d-PGJ2 induced an inhibition of ERa signalling associated with the proteasomal degradation of ERa. ZR-75-1 cells were more sensitive than MCF-7 to these compounds. Treatments that induced ERa degradation also inhibited cell proliferation after 24h. In contrast, 24h exposure to RGZ, the most potent activator of PPAR? disrupted neither ERa signalling nor cell proliferation. 9-cis retinoic acid never potentiated the proteasomal degradation of ERa. PPAR? antagonists did not block the proteolysis of ERa in MCF-7 and ZR-75-1 cells treated with TGZ. ERa proteolysis still occurred in case of PPAR? silencing as well as in case of treatment with the PPAR?-inactive compound ?2-TGZ, demonstrating a PPAR?-independent mechanism. A previous study indicated that 15d-PGJ2 was able to covalently modify ERa, ?but did not bind to ERß. First, we observed that in contrast to ERa, ERß proteolysis did not occur in MCF-7 cells exposed to 15d-PGJ2. A differential proteolysis was also observed in case of exposure to thiazolidinediones. Moreover, transfection experiments using pEREtkLuc showed that ERa functionality was affected early after exposure of MCF-7 cells to thiazolidinediones. In order to determine if a covalent binding of PPAR? ligands to ERa ?could lead to its proteolysis, a biotinylated derivative of ?2-TGZ was synthesized. However, pull-down assays performed using neutravidin beads did not allow to demonstrate a covalent interaction between ERa and biotinylated ?2-TGZ. When we verified the efficiency of biotinylated ?2-TGZ on ERa ?proteolysis induction, we observed that the substitution by biotine potentiated the TGZ-induced proteasomal degradation not only of ERa but also of cyclin D1. In conclusion, the design of new thiazolidinedione derivatives could lead to more efficient molecules able to affect differentially ER in a PPAR?-independent way and could be an interesting tool for breast cancer therapy.

An explorative examination of the phenomenon of New Dance is undertaken through a case study of events at Dartington College of Arts over the period 1971-1987. This socio-historical study, informed by the firsthand accounts of a group of practitioners (artists/teachers), highlights the New Dance development in an educational context. Moving from the broad to the specific, the chapters present contextualised evidence from multiple sources in chronological order. Each chapter substantiates the claim that Dartington was an original and important source of New Dance development in the UK throughout the period of its development (1970s-1980s). Firstly, a broadly sketched contextual frame links the New Dance development to features from other realms and the movement of the New in dance to its own tradition. Then the historical background to Dartington illuminates how the College became a key educational forerunner in the complex of UK dance culture during the 1970s. Documentary and oral sources serve to illustrate the unique position of Dartington and its dance programme at the time. Phase One of the New Dance development (1971-1978) sees new approaches to dance, movement and the body incorporated in the structure and curriculum of the 'Theatre Language' BA (Hans) course and accredited as a main subject of study by the CNAA in 1977. With the UK dance domain and cultural conventions as context, different features and aspects of the New Dance development are revealed. The New Dance era is established as a turbulent period of change, challenge and innovation. These contexts implicitly demonstrate Dartington's special place and pioneering role as an institute of higher education in the overall development and formation of the New Dance movement and community. Dartington's function in the articulation, expansion and dissemination of practice and ideas becomes even more pronounced during Phase Two of the continued New Dance development (1978-1987). This is exemplified by a decade of annual dance festivals hosted by the College and attended by hundreds of dancers from the UK and abroad. A gradual transition out of this optimum time can be detected both at the festivals and the Theatre Department from 1985 onwards. By the late 1980s a notably changed cultural climate signals the end of an erä and allows the assessment of this creative period of development in dance, both in and outside of Dartington. The detailed insight provided by the case study helps to unravel the multi-layered nature of the New Dance phenomenon. This includes the identification of a dynamic network of relationships, people, organisations and events as elements in a movement of change, which contributed to the broadening base of dance. As exemplified by the case study, the structural developments in arts education played a major part in this expansion and this is where Dartington College of Arts made its key contribution.

Thesis (Ed.D.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / This is a study of the social content of 50 Readers used in the education of young American students during the Reconstruction Era, 1863-1877. Analyses of social content from every tenth page of text reveal themes that emerge from a framework of nine categories-character, religion, nature, nation, other cultures, family, education, gender/class, adventure/fantasy-that define the nation. In addition to these analyses, the study presents one Reader in its entirety and two Readers written especially for the freedmen. Plentiful selections from the Readers allow users of the study to arrive at their own conclusions about how well or how poorly the Reconstruction-era Readers were guiding future directions. The fundamental finding is that nineteenth-century Americans believed that moral character was the bedrock of the nation and that it needed to be fostered in the young. / 2031-01-02

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Geociências, Pós-Graduação em Geologia, 2015. / Submitted by Fernanda Percia França (fernandafranca@bce.unb.br) on 2016-02-26T13:11:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_SamilleCristinedosReisdeSouza.pdf: 12593520 bytes, checksum: 57bbb5d3fb7c9ac9c814fe5adba2ba84 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marília Freitas(marilia@bce.unb.br) on 2016-02-28T11:10:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_SamilleCristinedosReisdeSouza.pdf: 12593520 bytes, checksum: 57bbb5d3fb7c9ac9c814fe5adba2ba84 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-28T11:10:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_SamilleCristinedosReisdeSouza.pdf: 12593520 bytes, checksum: 57bbb5d3fb7c9ac9c814fe5adba2ba84 (MD5) / A Faixa Paraguai contém registros dos eventos glaciais globais Neoproterozóicos, incluindo sedimentação que avançou até o limite Neoproterozóico-Cambriano Inferior. Os depósitos superiores da Faixa Paraguai dispõem numerosos dados geológicos que apresentam diversas interpretações e controvérsias quanto sua evolução. Na tentativa de melhor posicionar estes depósitos no contexto evolutivo, realizou-se revisão estratigráfica considerando a literatura disponível, levantamento litoestratigráfico, quimioestratigrafia isotópica (C e Sr) e geocronologia (U-Pb). Na região estudada, segmento E-W da Faixa Paraguai, arredores de Planalto da Serra–MT, afloram pelitos carbonáticos/calcários estromatolíticos da Formação Pacu, unidade recém-incluída ao topo do Grupo Araras; seguido dos diamictitos-ritmitos depositados sobre limite bem marcado da base da Formação Serra Azul, a qual é limitada acima por contato brusco definido pelos arenitos-pelitos da Formação Raizama, seguido bruscamente de arcóseos-pelitos da Formação Diamantino, Grupo Alto Paraguai. A sucessão estromatolítica da Formação Pacu apresenta valores 13C de +6.5‰ (base) a +8.9‰ (topo) e razões 87Sr/86Sr entre 0.7087–0.7088. Os valores 13C são bem distintos daqueles já definidos para o restante do Grupo Araras. As razões 87Sr/86Sr da Formação Pacu, quando plotadas na curva global marinha, referem-se a valores compatíveis com o final do Ediacarano, apesar dessa formação estar estratigraficamente abaixo da Formação Serra Azul, considerada correlata à Glaciação Gaskiers (582 Ma). Idades U-Pb obtidas em grãos de zircão detrítico mostram mudanças de áreas fontes entre as rochas da Formação Diamantino e as demais unidades do Grupo Alto Paraguai. ___________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / The Paraguay Belt contains records of global Neoproterozoic glacial events, including sedimentation that lasted the Neoproterozoic-Cambrian Lower limit. The upper deposits of Paraguay Belt have many geological data that present different interpretations and controversies about their evolution. In an attempt to better position these deposits in the evolutionary context, a stratigraphic review was realized considering available literature, lithostratigraphy, isotopic Chemostratigraphy (C and Sr) and geochronology (U-Pb). In the region studied, EW segment of the Paraguay Belt, surrounding Planalto da Serra-MT outcrop carbonatic mudstone/stromatolitic limestone of Pacu Formation, a new unit added on the top of Araras Group; followed by diamictes-rhythmites deposited on well marked limits at the base of Serra Azul Formation, which is bounded above by sharp contact defined by sandstones-pelites of the Raizama Formation, followed sharply from arkoses-pelites Diamantino Formation, Alto Paraguay Group. The stromatolitic succession of Pacu Formation show 13C values from +6.5‰ (base) to +8.9‰ (top) and ratios 87Sr/86Sr between 0.7087 and 0.7088. The 13C values are very different from those already defined for the rest of the Araras Group. The Pacu Formation 87Sr/86Sr rates, when plotted on marine global curve, refer to values compatible with the end of the Ediacaran, despite this formation be stratigraphically below the Serra Azul Formation, considered related Gaskiers Glaciation of (582 Ma). U-Pb ages of detrital zircon grain show changes in source areas between the rocks of Diamantino Formation and the remaining units of the Upper Paraguay Group.

This study intends to examine criticisms of the Court and efforts to curb its power during the formative period of American constitutional law.

This thesis explores the use of music in Shakespeare's comedies, tragedies, histories and dramatic romances.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Geociências, 2007. / Submitted by wesley oliveira leite (leite.wesley@yahoo.com.br) on 2009-10-13T19:41:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert_Maria Emilia Schutesky Della Giustina.pdf: 6282265 bytes, checksum: 6b35c82103bc83047b6335e8f4b47f9f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luanna Maia(luanna@bce.unb.br) on 2011-01-25T10:46:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert_Maria Emilia Schutesky Della Giustina.pdf: 6282265 bytes, checksum: 6b35c82103bc83047b6335e8f4b47f9f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-01-25T10:46:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert_Maria Emilia Schutesky Della Giustina.pdf: 6282265 bytes, checksum: 6b35c82103bc83047b6335e8f4b47f9f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / A Seqüência Vulcano-sedimentar Campinorte e o Complexo Uruaçu inserem-se na porção mediana do Maciço de Goiás, entre o Arco Magmático Mara Rosa e os Complexos máfico-ultramáficos de Niquelândia e Barro Alto, em contexto geológico incerto que já recebeu diversas denominações e interpretações geotectônicas, porém que permanece indefinido geocronologicamente. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse estudo é a caracterização geológica e geocronológica da Seqüência Vulcano-sedimentar Campinorte e do Complexo Uruaçu. Para tal, utilizam-se informações de campo e petrografia, aliadas às análises geocronológicas e isotópicas. A Seqüência Vulcano-sedimentar Campinorte consiste de uma unidade supracrustal, composta por metapsamitos e metapelitos, depósitos químicos e rochas metavulcânicas ácidas, e de uma suíte intrusiva associada, de composição tonalítica, granodiorítica e granítica. Análise U-Pb em zircão realizada em quartzito micáceo da Seqüência Campinorte fixa a idade máxima deposicional da seqüência supracrustal em c.a. 2191 Ma, e revela a proveniência de uma fonte única, resultante da erosão do próprio arco paleoproterozóico. As rochas graníticas apresentam idades que variam de 2179 a 2158 Ma, e não há contribuição arqueana. Idades modelo Sm-Nd (TDM) dos litotipos supracrustais e intrusivos variam de 2686 a 2216 Ma, com valores de εNd dominantemente positivos, o que indica o caráter juvenil dessas rochas. Os dados apresentados demostram que a Sequência Campinorte assemelha-se à demais províncias paleoproterozóicas descritas na Faixa Brasília e no mundo e, dessa forma, este estudo constribui para a reconstrução do supercontinente Columbia. O Complexo Uruaçu compreende gnaisses para- e ortoderivados metamorfisados em fácies anfibolito a granulito. Análises U-Pb LA-ICPMS realizadas em zircão de ortognaisses revelam idades de cristalização magmática entre 690 e 650 Ma. Sobrecrescimentos em zircão e grãos de titanita resultam em idades entre 650 e 630 Ma, que datam o metamorfismo de alto grau. Idades modelo Sm-Nd (TDM) obtidas em ortognaisses variam de 1,5 a 1,1 Ga, com valores de εNd negativos, o que indica retrabalhamento ou refusão de crosta mais antiga. Assim, o Complexo Uruaçu caracteriza um evento magmático neoproterozóico contemporâneo ao metamorfismo de alto grau, ocorrido no interior do Maciço de Goiás em função da colisão dos Crátons Amazônico e São Francisco na orogênese Brasiliana. Adicionalmente, o contexto geológico e assinatura isotópica apresentadas são comparáveis às descritas para o Complexo Anápolis-Itauçu, na porção meridional da Faixa Brasília. Tal fato sugere que ambos os complexos possam representar um extenso cinturão granulítico desenvolvido atrás do Arco Magmático de Goiás. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / The Campinorte volcano-sedimentary sequence and the Uruaçu Complex are exposed in the center of the Goiás Massif, in between the Mara Rosa Magmatic Arc and the Niquelândia and Barro Alto mafic-ultramafic complexes. This uncertain geological framework has received several geotectonic elucidations, although it still remains undefined. Therefore, the objective of this study is to characterize the geological and geochronological context of the Campinorte Volcano-sedimentary Sequence and the Uruaçu Complex, by means of field notes, petrography and U-Pb and Sm-Nd analysis. The Campinorte Volcano-sedimentary Sequence is composed by a supracrustal unit, which consists of metapsamites and metapelites, chemical deposits and acid metavolcanics, and by a related intrusive suit with tonalitic, granodioritic and granitic plutons. U-Pb analysis realized in zircon grains from a micaceous quartzite from the Campinorte Sequence sets the maximum depositional age of 2191 Ma, and reveals the provenance from a single sedimentary source, with Paleoproterozoic age. The granitic rocks present ages ranging from 2179 to 2158 Ma, and there is no Archean contribution. TDM Sm-Nd model ages from supracrustal and intrusive lithotypes vary from 2682 to 2216 Ma, with mostly positive εNd values, which disclose the juvenile character of these rocks. The data presented here is similar to other Paleoproterozoic Provinces described in the Brasília Belt and in the world and, hence, this study contributes to the reconstruction of the Columbia supercontinent. The Uruaçu Complex comprises ortho- and paragneisses metamorphosed under amphibolite to granulite conditions. U-Pb LA-ICPMS performed on zircon from orthogneisses reveals magmatic ages between 690 to 650 Ma. Zircon overgrowths and titanite grains yield ages varying from 650 to 630 Ma, which dates the high-grade metamorphism. TDM Sm-Nd model ages obtained in orthogneisses range from 1.5 to 1.1 Ga, with εNd values between +2.9 a -4.6, indicating the crustal contaminated signature of these rocks. Therefore, the Uruaçu Complex characterizes a Neoproterozoic magmatic event and coeval high-grade metamorphism, which occurred within the Goiás Massif as a function of the collision of Amazon and São Francisco cratons in the Brasiliano orogenesis. Besides, the geological context and isotopic/geochronologic signature is analogous to that from the Anápolis-Itauçu Complex, exposed in the southern Brasília Belt. This may suggests a connection between both complexes, resulting in a wide granulitic belt developed behind the Goiás Magmatic Arc.

Boston University. University Professors Program Senior theses. / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / 2031-01-02