京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第20052号 / 医博第4160号 / 新制||医||1018(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 戸井 雅和, 教授 妹尾 浩, 教授 小川 修 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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Background. Esophageal cancer is ranked in the top ten of diagnosed tumors worldwide. Even though improvements in survival could be noticed over the last years, prognosis remains poor. ETS translocation variant 1 (ETV1) is a member of a family of transcription factors and is phosphorylated by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2). Aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic role of MK2 and ETV1 in esophageal cancer. Methods. Consecutive patients that underwent surgical resection at the department of surgery at the Medical University of Vienna between 1991 and 2012 were included into this study. After microscopic analysis, tissue micro arrays (TMAs) were created and immunohistochemistry was performed with antibodies against MK2 and ETV1. Results. 323 patients were included in this study. Clinical data was achieved from a prospective patient data base. Nuclear overexpression of MK2 was observed in 143 (44.3%) cases for nuclear staining and in 142 (44.0%) cases a cytoplasmic overexpression of MK2 was observed. Nuclear and cytoplasmic ETV1 overexpression was detected in 20 cases (6.2%) and 30 cases (9.3%), respectively. In univariate survival analysis, cMK2 and nETV1 were found to be significantly associated with patients' overall survival. Whereas overexpression of cMK2 was associated with shorter, nETV1 was associated with longer overall survival. In multivariate survival analysis, both cMK2 and nETV1 were found to be independent prognostic factors for the subgroup of EAC as well. Discussion. Expression of MK2 and ETV1 are prognostic factors in patients, with esophageal adenocarcinoma.

Clinical management of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) relies on radiation therapy, yet radioresistance is a pervasive challenge in this disease. The mechanisms of EAC radioresistance remain largely unknown due to a paucity of validated preclinical models. The present studies report on the development of seven primary xenograft models established from patient tumours. These models are used to interrogate the range of radiosensitivities and mechanisms of radioresistance in EAC tumours. We found that radiation enriches the tumour-initiating cell population in two xenograft lines tested. Furthermore, three tested xenograft lines respond to irradiation by upregulating Hedgehog transcripts, a pathway involved in stem cell maintenance and proliferation. Upregulation occurs in autocrine and paracrine patterns simultaneously, suggesting that Hedgehog signalling may have a complex role in the radioresponse of EAC tumours. These findings suggest that inhibiting stem cell pathways in combination with radiotherapy may have an important role in the clinical management of EAC.

Clinical management of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) relies on radiation therapy, yet radioresistance is a pervasive challenge in this disease. The mechanisms of EAC radioresistance remain largely unknown due to a paucity of validated preclinical models. The present studies report on the development of seven primary xenograft models established from patient tumours. These models are used to interrogate the range of radiosensitivities and mechanisms of radioresistance in EAC tumours. We found that radiation enriches the tumour-initiating cell population in two xenograft lines tested. Furthermore, three tested xenograft lines respond to irradiation by upregulating Hedgehog transcripts, a pathway involved in stem cell maintenance and proliferation. Upregulation occurs in autocrine and paracrine patterns simultaneously, suggesting that Hedgehog signalling may have a complex role in the radioresponse of EAC tumours. These findings suggest that inhibiting stem cell pathways in combination with radiotherapy may have an important role in the clinical management of EAC.

Introdução e Objetivos: O esôfago de Barrett (BE) desenvolve-se como conseqüência de uma agressão acentuada sobre a mucosa esofágica causada pelo refluxo gastresofágico crônico. É uma lesão precursora e exerce papel importante no desenvolvimento do adenocarcinoma esofágico (ACE). Inúmeras alterações genéticas estão presentes ao longo da transformação tumoral de uma célula, sendo o c-Myc um dos principais genes envolvidos na carcinogênese humana. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a expressão do c-myc em pacientes com EB e com adenocarcinoma esofágico, e avaliar esta prevalência relacionada com a seqüência metaplasia-displasia-adenocarcinoma. Métodos: A expressão da proteína do C-myc foi determinada através da análise imunohistoquímica em quatro grupos diferentes: 31 pacientes com tecido normal, 43 pacientes com EB sem displasia, 11 pacientes com displasia em EB e 37 pacientes com o adenocarcinoma esofágico. O material foi obtido de peças de biópsias ou de ressecção cirúrgica de pacientes atendidos pelo Grupo de Cirurgia de Esôfago, Estômago e Intestino Delgado (GCEEID) do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) no período de janeiro 1998 a fevereiro 2004. Dados demográficos e endoscópicos (sexo, idade, raça, tamanho hiatal da hérnia e extensão do epitélio colunar esofágico), e as características morfológicas e histopatológicas tumorais (invasão tumoral, comprometimento linfonodal, e diferenciação histológica do tumor) foram analisados. A expressão de c-Myc foi avaliada usando o sistema de escore de imunorreatividade (Immunoreactive Scoring System – ISS). Resultados: Expressão aumentada do c-myc foi encontrada em apenas 9,7% das amostras de epitélio normal, em 37,2% dos pacientes com EB, em 45,5% dos pacientes com displasia e em 73% dos pacientes com adenocarcinoma, com diferença estatística significativa entre os grupos. Nenhuma associação foi identificada quando a expressão do c-Myc foi comparada as características morfológicas e histológicas do tumor ou aos dados endoscópicos. Entretanto, uma correlação linear da expressão do c-myc ao longo da seqüência metaplasia-displasia-adenocarcinoma foi observada. Conclusão: O estudo demonstrou um aumento significativo da expressão do c-Myc no EB, na displasia, e no adenocarcinoma em relação aos controles, bem como uma progressão linear da positividade deste gene ao longo desta seqüência. Estes resultados apontam para um papel importante deste marcador no desenvolvimento do ACE a partir do EB. Esta expressão aumentada do c-Myc em pacientes com EB poderá ajudar a identificar pacientes com risco elevado para o desenvolvimento de adenocarcinoma, contribuindo para um diagnóstico precoce desta doença. / Background & Aims: Barrett’s esophagus (BE) develops as a result of severe esophageal mucosa injury from gastroesophageal reflux. BE is premalignant lesion and plays important role in the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Several genetic alterations have been identified in the transforming process through a normal cell to tumor one, where the c-myc is one of the most important genes involved in the development of human tumors. The aim of the present study was to determine the expression of the c-myc in patients with BE and esophageal adenocarcinoma, and to evaluate this prevalence in relation to the metaplasia-displasia-adenocarcinoma sequence. Methods: The c-myc protein expression was determined by immunohistochemical analysis in four different groups: 31 patients with normal tissue, 43 patients with BE without dysplasia, 11 patients with dysplasia in BE and 37 patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma. The material was obtained from esophageal biopsy or dissection of esophagectomy specimens of patients from the Esophagus, Stomach and Small Bowel Surgery Group of the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre from January 1998 to February 2004. Demographic and endoscopic data (sex, age, race, hiatal hernia size and intestinal metaplasia extension), and morphologic and histopathologic tumor characteristics (deep tumor invasion, lymph node status, and tumor differentiation) were analyzed. The c-myc expression was assessed using the Imunoreactive Scoring System (IRS). Results: Overexpression of c-myc was found in only 9.6% of normal tissue specimens, 37,2% of Barrett’s esophagus, 45,5% of BE patients with displasia and 73% adenocarcinoma samples, with significant statistic difference among these groups. No association was identified when the c-myc expression was compared with morphologic and histologic tumor features or endoscopic data. However, linear correlation of c-myc overexpression along the metaplasia-displasia-adenocarcinoma sequence was observed. Conclusion: The study demonstrated a significant increase of the expression of c-myc in Barrett’s esophagus, dysplasia and adenocarcinoma in relation to the control group, as well as a linear progression of this gene expression in this sequence. These results put forward to an important role of this marker in the development of ACE from EB. The increased expression of the c-myc in patients with EB may help to identify patients with increased risk for adenocarcinoma development, contributing to an early diagnosis of this disease.

Introdução e Objetivos: O esôfago de Barrett (BE) desenvolve-se como conseqüência de uma agressão acentuada sobre a mucosa esofágica causada pelo refluxo gastresofágico crônico. É uma lesão precursora e exerce papel importante no desenvolvimento do adenocarcinoma esofágico (ACE). Inúmeras alterações genéticas estão presentes ao longo da transformação tumoral de uma célula, sendo o c-Myc um dos principais genes envolvidos na carcinogênese humana. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a expressão do c-myc em pacientes com EB e com adenocarcinoma esofágico, e avaliar esta prevalência relacionada com a seqüência metaplasia-displasia-adenocarcinoma. Métodos: A expressão da proteína do C-myc foi determinada através da análise imunohistoquímica em quatro grupos diferentes: 31 pacientes com tecido normal, 43 pacientes com EB sem displasia, 11 pacientes com displasia em EB e 37 pacientes com o adenocarcinoma esofágico. O material foi obtido de peças de biópsias ou de ressecção cirúrgica de pacientes atendidos pelo Grupo de Cirurgia de Esôfago, Estômago e Intestino Delgado (GCEEID) do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) no período de janeiro 1998 a fevereiro 2004. Dados demográficos e endoscópicos (sexo, idade, raça, tamanho hiatal da hérnia e extensão do epitélio colunar esofágico), e as características morfológicas e histopatológicas tumorais (invasão tumoral, comprometimento linfonodal, e diferenciação histológica do tumor) foram analisados. A expressão de c-Myc foi avaliada usando o sistema de escore de imunorreatividade (Immunoreactive Scoring System – ISS). Resultados: Expressão aumentada do c-myc foi encontrada em apenas 9,7% das amostras de epitélio normal, em 37,2% dos pacientes com EB, em 45,5% dos pacientes com displasia e em 73% dos pacientes com adenocarcinoma, com diferença estatística significativa entre os grupos. Nenhuma associação foi identificada quando a expressão do c-Myc foi comparada as características morfológicas e histológicas do tumor ou aos dados endoscópicos. Entretanto, uma correlação linear da expressão do c-myc ao longo da seqüência metaplasia-displasia-adenocarcinoma foi observada. Conclusão: O estudo demonstrou um aumento significativo da expressão do c-Myc no EB, na displasia, e no adenocarcinoma em relação aos controles, bem como uma progressão linear da positividade deste gene ao longo desta seqüência. Estes resultados apontam para um papel importante deste marcador no desenvolvimento do ACE a partir do EB. Esta expressão aumentada do c-Myc em pacientes com EB poderá ajudar a identificar pacientes com risco elevado para o desenvolvimento de adenocarcinoma, contribuindo para um diagnóstico precoce desta doença. / Background & Aims: Barrett’s esophagus (BE) develops as a result of severe esophageal mucosa injury from gastroesophageal reflux. BE is premalignant lesion and plays important role in the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Several genetic alterations have been identified in the transforming process through a normal cell to tumor one, where the c-myc is one of the most important genes involved in the development of human tumors. The aim of the present study was to determine the expression of the c-myc in patients with BE and esophageal adenocarcinoma, and to evaluate this prevalence in relation to the metaplasia-displasia-adenocarcinoma sequence. Methods: The c-myc protein expression was determined by immunohistochemical analysis in four different groups: 31 patients with normal tissue, 43 patients with BE without dysplasia, 11 patients with dysplasia in BE and 37 patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma. The material was obtained from esophageal biopsy or dissection of esophagectomy specimens of patients from the Esophagus, Stomach and Small Bowel Surgery Group of the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre from January 1998 to February 2004. Demographic and endoscopic data (sex, age, race, hiatal hernia size and intestinal metaplasia extension), and morphologic and histopathologic tumor characteristics (deep tumor invasion, lymph node status, and tumor differentiation) were analyzed. The c-myc expression was assessed using the Imunoreactive Scoring System (IRS). Results: Overexpression of c-myc was found in only 9.6% of normal tissue specimens, 37,2% of Barrett’s esophagus, 45,5% of BE patients with displasia and 73% adenocarcinoma samples, with significant statistic difference among these groups. No association was identified when the c-myc expression was compared with morphologic and histologic tumor features or endoscopic data. However, linear correlation of c-myc overexpression along the metaplasia-displasia-adenocarcinoma sequence was observed. Conclusion: The study demonstrated a significant increase of the expression of c-myc in Barrett’s esophagus, dysplasia and adenocarcinoma in relation to the control group, as well as a linear progression of this gene expression in this sequence. These results put forward to an important role of this marker in the development of ACE from EB. The increased expression of the c-myc in patients with EB may help to identify patients with increased risk for adenocarcinoma development, contributing to an early diagnosis of this disease.

Introdução e Objetivos: O esôfago de Barrett (BE) desenvolve-se como conseqüência de uma agressão acentuada sobre a mucosa esofágica causada pelo refluxo gastresofágico crônico. É uma lesão precursora e exerce papel importante no desenvolvimento do adenocarcinoma esofágico (ACE). Inúmeras alterações genéticas estão presentes ao longo da transformação tumoral de uma célula, sendo o c-Myc um dos principais genes envolvidos na carcinogênese humana. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a expressão do c-myc em pacientes com EB e com adenocarcinoma esofágico, e avaliar esta prevalência relacionada com a seqüência metaplasia-displasia-adenocarcinoma. Métodos: A expressão da proteína do C-myc foi determinada através da análise imunohistoquímica em quatro grupos diferentes: 31 pacientes com tecido normal, 43 pacientes com EB sem displasia, 11 pacientes com displasia em EB e 37 pacientes com o adenocarcinoma esofágico. O material foi obtido de peças de biópsias ou de ressecção cirúrgica de pacientes atendidos pelo Grupo de Cirurgia de Esôfago, Estômago e Intestino Delgado (GCEEID) do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) no período de janeiro 1998 a fevereiro 2004. Dados demográficos e endoscópicos (sexo, idade, raça, tamanho hiatal da hérnia e extensão do epitélio colunar esofágico), e as características morfológicas e histopatológicas tumorais (invasão tumoral, comprometimento linfonodal, e diferenciação histológica do tumor) foram analisados. A expressão de c-Myc foi avaliada usando o sistema de escore de imunorreatividade (Immunoreactive Scoring System – ISS). Resultados: Expressão aumentada do c-myc foi encontrada em apenas 9,7% das amostras de epitélio normal, em 37,2% dos pacientes com EB, em 45,5% dos pacientes com displasia e em 73% dos pacientes com adenocarcinoma, com diferença estatística significativa entre os grupos. Nenhuma associação foi identificada quando a expressão do c-Myc foi comparada as características morfológicas e histológicas do tumor ou aos dados endoscópicos. Entretanto, uma correlação linear da expressão do c-myc ao longo da seqüência metaplasia-displasia-adenocarcinoma foi observada. Conclusão: O estudo demonstrou um aumento significativo da expressão do c-Myc no EB, na displasia, e no adenocarcinoma em relação aos controles, bem como uma progressão linear da positividade deste gene ao longo desta seqüência. Estes resultados apontam para um papel importante deste marcador no desenvolvimento do ACE a partir do EB. Esta expressão aumentada do c-Myc em pacientes com EB poderá ajudar a identificar pacientes com risco elevado para o desenvolvimento de adenocarcinoma, contribuindo para um diagnóstico precoce desta doença. / Background & Aims: Barrett’s esophagus (BE) develops as a result of severe esophageal mucosa injury from gastroesophageal reflux. BE is premalignant lesion and plays important role in the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Several genetic alterations have been identified in the transforming process through a normal cell to tumor one, where the c-myc is one of the most important genes involved in the development of human tumors. The aim of the present study was to determine the expression of the c-myc in patients with BE and esophageal adenocarcinoma, and to evaluate this prevalence in relation to the metaplasia-displasia-adenocarcinoma sequence. Methods: The c-myc protein expression was determined by immunohistochemical analysis in four different groups: 31 patients with normal tissue, 43 patients with BE without dysplasia, 11 patients with dysplasia in BE and 37 patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma. The material was obtained from esophageal biopsy or dissection of esophagectomy specimens of patients from the Esophagus, Stomach and Small Bowel Surgery Group of the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre from January 1998 to February 2004. Demographic and endoscopic data (sex, age, race, hiatal hernia size and intestinal metaplasia extension), and morphologic and histopathologic tumor characteristics (deep tumor invasion, lymph node status, and tumor differentiation) were analyzed. The c-myc expression was assessed using the Imunoreactive Scoring System (IRS). Results: Overexpression of c-myc was found in only 9.6% of normal tissue specimens, 37,2% of Barrett’s esophagus, 45,5% of BE patients with displasia and 73% adenocarcinoma samples, with significant statistic difference among these groups. No association was identified when the c-myc expression was compared with morphologic and histologic tumor features or endoscopic data. However, linear correlation of c-myc overexpression along the metaplasia-displasia-adenocarcinoma sequence was observed. Conclusion: The study demonstrated a significant increase of the expression of c-myc in Barrett’s esophagus, dysplasia and adenocarcinoma in relation to the control group, as well as a linear progression of this gene expression in this sequence. These results put forward to an important role of this marker in the development of ACE from EB. The increased expression of the c-myc in patients with EB may help to identify patients with increased risk for adenocarcinoma development, contributing to an early diagnosis of this disease.

Chronic acid reflux causes cellular damage and inflammation in the lower esophagus. Due to these irritating insults, the squamous epithelium is replaced by metaplastic epithelium, which is a risk factor for the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). In this study, we investigated the acid susceptibility in a Barrett’s cell culture in vitro model, using six cell lines, derived from squamous epithelium (EPC1 and EPC2), metaplasia (CP-A), dysplasia (CP-B), and EAC (OE33 and OE19) cells. Cells exposed to acidic pH showed a decreased viability dependent on time, pH, and progression status in the Barrett’s sequence, with the highest acid susceptibility in the squamous epithelium (EPC1 and EPC2), and the lowest in EAC cells. Acid pulsing was accompanied with an activation of the Nrf2/Keap1- and the NFκB-pathway, resulting in an increased expression of HO1—independent of the cellular context. OE33 showed a decreased responsiveness towards 5-FU, when the cells were grown in acidic conditions (pH 6 and pH 5.5). Our findings suggest a strong damage of squamous epithelium by gastroesophageal reflux, while Barrett’s dysplasia and EAC cells apparently exert acid-protective features, which lead to a cellular resistance against acid reflux.