A histological investigation was carried out on the esophagus and stomach of the following birds: kingfisher (Megacercyle alcyon caurina), California murre (Uria aalgae Californioa), screeoh owl (Otus asio kennicotti),Peale's faloon (Falco peregrinius pealei), and sparrow hawk (Falco sparverius sparverius). A number of stains was used to intensify the different structures present. In the kingfisher, murre and owl the esophagus was a thin walled highly expansible tube of generally even calibre, whereas in the Peak's falcon the anterior part was dilated into a sac. The wall of the esophagus possessed the usual structure characteristic of this region of the digestive tube. Three types of glands have been distinguished in these birds. In the kingfisher and owl simple oval glands were situated almost entirely within the epithelium. The glands and excretory duct were composed of similar cells with slight variations occuring in excretory duct lengths. In the California murre the glands were still simple but had sunken to the tunica propria with just the excretory ducts passing through the epithelium. The gland cells were narrower, and the duct cells resembled those observed in the owl and the kingfisher. These glands were all apocrine secretory. However, in the Peale’s falcon and sparrow hawk secretion was holocrine. These glands were deeply embedded within the tunica propria and resembled the esophageal glands of the chicken. The excretory ducts were lined by squamous epithial cells. Although the birds examined possessed a variety of food habits: fish, mammals, birds and crustaceans, the food was essentially meat. However, considerable variations in the structure of the esophagus were observed. The proventriculus was comprised of: a mucosa, indented with minute gastric pits, a muscularis externa of three layers of smooth muscle, and a lamina adventitia that surrounded the entire tube. Within the mucosa the deep glands were situated. These were composed of large lobes, enveloped in a dense capsule of connective tissue and internally consisted of simple tubules that radiated about a central excretory duct. The structure of the proventriculus was more or less uniform in the birds investigated, with only slight variations occuring in cellular arrangement and cellular size. The gizzards in the birds examined were large spherical structures that filled a majority of the abdominal cavity. In the kingfisher, owl, Peale's falcon, and sparrow hawk, the gizzard was lined by a thin keratinoid lining that was secreted by the glands present in the gizzard mucosa. The muscularis externa was of approximately equal thickness throughout. In the murre, the keratinoid layer was five or six times as thick as in the above birds and the muscles showed a heavy development on the dorsal and ventral sides. This development took place toward a grinding mechanism that was necessary for processing the hard shelled crustaceans eaten by this bird. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:49:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-09-30. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-11T03:25:59Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 Publico-11859a.pdf: 1971801 bytes, checksum: dc22083567fcbecdefe8d1bc1ef866e9 (MD5). Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-11T03:25:59Z : No. of bitstreams: 2 Publico-11859a.pdf: 1971801 bytes, checksum: dc22083567fcbecdefe8d1bc1ef866e9 (MD5) Publico-11859b.pdf: 1464854 bytes, checksum: ed8fffe60a11710f362faadbbbf6b037 (MD5). Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-11T03:25:59Z : No. of bitstreams: 3 Publico-11859a.pdf: 1971801 bytes, checksum: dc22083567fcbecdefe8d1bc1ef866e9 (MD5) Publico-11859b.pdf: 1464854 bytes, checksum: ed8fffe60a11710f362faadbbbf6b037 (MD5) Publico-11859c.pdf: 618900 bytes, checksum: ce78a0221e4d7c2792bf114602ddb45d (MD5). Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-11T03:25:59Z : No. of bitstreams: 4 Publico-11859a.pdf: 1971801 bytes, checksum: dc22083567fcbecdefe8d1bc1ef866e9 (MD5) Publico-11859b.pdf: 1464854 bytes, checksum: ed8fffe60a11710f362faadbbbf6b037 (MD5) Publico-11859c.pdf: 618900 bytes, checksum: ce78a0221e4d7c2792bf114602ddb45d (MD5) Publico-11859d.pdf: 1753706 bytes, checksum: 1aa5162c1f98a814fc5f261944e41f5a (MD5) / Desenho do estudo: Transversal, não experimental. Objetivos: Detectar e comparar as alterações funcionais esofágicas e da junção esôfago-gástrica em dois grupos de pacientes com lesão medular crônica, um no nível da inervação frênica e o outro em níveis torácicos superiores, e relacioná-las à contenção do refluxo gastroesofágico. Sumário e contexto: Em lesados medulares não há estudo manométrico esofágico associado à pHmetria. A estatística mundial revela que a prevalência de doença do refluxo gastroesofágico em lesados medulares é maior que a população geral, em torno de 22 a 27%. A "crura diafragmática" vem sendo reconhecida como importante barreira antirefluxo e, funcionalmente, deveria ser considerada como um músculo separado do diafragma costal, mas permanece a dúvida se essa diferença está relacionada com sua inervação. Métodos: O estudo é transversal em que participaram 29 pacientes com lesão medular completa, sendo 14 tetraplégicos (nível C4) e 15 paraplégicos (níveis T1 a T7). As alterações funcionais da junção esôfagogástrica, esôfago e diafragma foram avaliadas através da manometria esofágica e vídeo-fluoroscopia diafragmática; presença de refluxo gastroesofágico por dados subjetivos (pirose e regurgitação) e objetivos (dados pHmétricos e endoscópicos). Resultados: A prevalência da doença do refluxo gastroesofágico foi de 27,6%, sem diferença entre os grupos. Esta foi estatisticamente significante quando se comparou as médias da pressão da crura diafragmática (tetraplégico: 37,517,8; paraplégico: 26,67,2; p=0,048). Também teve significância em relação à prevalência de no mínimo um dos achados objetivos e/ou subjetivos de refluxo e/ou do peristaltismo esofágico (tetraplégico: 85,7%; paraplégico: 40%; p=0,011). Conclusões: A lesão medular no nível da inervação frênica não predispôs os tetraplégicos a um risco maior para desenvolver a doença do refluxo gastroesofágico. Paradoxalmente, a manometria mostrou uma contractilidade da crura diafragmática significantemente maior nos tetraplégicos. / Study design: Cross-sectional and non-experimental. Objective: To detect and compare functional abnormalities in the esophagus and esophagogastric junction in two groups with chronic spinal injuries, one with injuries at the phrenic innervation level and the other at upper thoracic levels, and to relate these to gastroesophageal reflux containment. Summary of background data: There are no studies on esophageal manometry with pH metering among spinal cord injury patients. Worldwide statistics reveal that the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease among spinal cord injury patients is greater than among the general population, at around 22 to 27%. The "diaphragmatic crura" has been recognized as an important antireflux barrier and should functionally be considered to be a muscle separated from the costal diaphragm. However, doubts remain regarding whether this difference relates to its innervation. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study on 29 patients with complete spinal cord injuries: 14 quadriplegics (level C4) and 15 paraplegics (levels T1 to T7). Functional abnormalities of the esophagogastric junction, esophagus and diaphragm were investigated using esophageal manometry and diaphragmatic video fluoroscopy. Presence of gastroesophageal reflux was investigated subjectively (pyrosis and regurgitation) and objectively (pH metering and endoscopy). Results: The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease was 27.6%, without difference between the groups. This became statistically significant when the mean diaphragmatic crura pressures were compared (quadriplegics: 37.5  17.8; paraplegics: 26.6  7.2; p=0.048). It was also significant in relation to the prevalence of at least one of the objective and/or subjective reflux findings and/or esophageal peristaltism (quadriplegics: 85.7%; paraplegics: 40%; p=0.011). Conclusions: Spinal injury at the level of the phrenic innervation did not predispose the quadriplegics towards greater risk of developing gastroesophageal reflux disease. Paradoxically, manometry showed significantly greater crura contractility among the quadriplegics. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações