Martina Smržová, 2011/2012 Abstract International Insolvency Law Key Words: COMI, Establishment, Vis Attractiva Concursus With regard to the broad extent of international insolvency law, the author focuses mainly on the Court's jurisdiction in the context of the European insolvency law. The subject of interest is therefore the EC Regulation No. 1346/2000 on insolvency proceedings (the "insolvency regulation"). The aim of this thesis is (1) to summarise development of interpretation of the most important terms concerning the court's jurisdiction to open the main insolvency proceedings, the secondary proceedings and proceedings which relate to the insolvency proceedings; and (2) to propose amendments to the insolvency regulation especially regarding the Report which will be prepared by the Commission on application of the insolvency regulation no later than the 1 June 2012. The work is divided into five main chapters. A short introduction in the first chapter is followed by the second chapter which deals with an introduction on the international insolvency law. The theories and the most important legal instruments on this area of law are introduced. The third and key chapter deals with the European insolvency law; it consists of eight subchapters. In the first subchapter the development and principles of...

The purpose of this study was to investigate some visual artists' experiences of establishing themselves and acting as professional artists based in the Swedish region of Värmland. To do this I have used Bourdieu's theories about fields of cultural production. I have interviewed four different visual artists in Värmland to get a view of how they have established themselves in the field of art. I have used qualitative content analysis to see what has been significant for their establishment. The results of this study showed that social relationships, economy and cultural capital matters to establish as an artist. The study also showed that the degree of will and driving force among the artists matters a lot when it comes to achieve success in the field of art.

Thesis advisor: Stephanie Greene / A Constitutional analysis of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 with respect to educational subsidies to religiously-affiliated universities; including a proposed framework for the adjudication of issues involving religion and the government. / Thesis (BS) — Boston College, 2009. / Submitted to: Boston College. Carroll School of Management. / Discipline: Carroll School of Management Honors Program. / Discipline: Business Law.

Information technology is a driving factor in the process of globalisation. Improvements in the early 1990s in computer hardware, software and telecommunications greatly increased people’s ability to access information. (The Levin Institute, 2013). Globalisation is not a new concept however the pace of integration of national economies and markets has substantially increased in recent years (OECD, 2013e: 7). It can be argued that ‘globalisation’ began with Christopher Columbus and Vasco da Gama (O’Rourke and Williamson, 2000), but the term has only been in existence since the 1960s (Jeffery, 2002). It can be said that information technology has been the most recent major catalyst for global integration (The Levin Institute, 2013) which has enabled globalisation to change the way in which companies do business (PWC, 2013a). In relation to the globalisation of the world’s economies, the concept of ‘a permanent establishment’ has gained significant importance worldwide, due to the direct impact on the tax revenue generated (Nayyar, 2010). In the current era of cross-border transactions and the increase in international trade and commerce among nations, there is a continuous movement of human capital across borders. One of the most significant results of globalisation is the noticeable impact of one country’s domestic tax policies on the economy of another country. Double taxation has an adverse effect on trade and services. Taxation of the same income by two or more countries (juridical double taxation) would constitute an unfair burden on the taxpayer. (Aimurie, 2013). Many countries agree that in order to eliminate double taxation, a base of clear and predictable international tax rules must be applied in order to give certainty to both governments and businesses (OECD, 2013e: 7). Hence the question of taxing rights is created. The possibility of creating a permanent establishment in a jurisdiction by a company or its employees or an agent arises as well as the taxing rights of the tax authorities. This research report will examine the concept of a permanent establishment and its application in commercial business activities, the building and construction industry and in the activities of an agent.

This thesis examines the British Joint Intelligence Bureau (JIB), which, between its creation in 1946 and its end in 1964, gathered, collated and processed topographic, economic, scientific, and atomic intelligence. It did so on an inter-service, national level. The thesis examines the creation of the organisation, in the aftermath of the Second World War, exploring what factors and which people supported the creation of the new agency. It then moves on to examine the work of the JIB in several of its key fields of work, namely topography, economics and monitoring the threat from Soviet nuclear forces, before examining some of the JIB’s international connections and how these contributed to its work. It concludes with an examination of how the JIB begat the Defence Intelligence Staff (DIS). It argues that the creation of the JIB was an appropriate response to the need to centralise and retrench in the intelligence machinery after the War, but that the organisation, in essence, represented a compromise between those who wanted to fully centralise military (and military-relevant) intelligence and those who wished to preserve service independence. Over the course of its existence it made important contributions to several key areas of policy – including mapping the Soviet Union for nuclear strike planning, the economic containment of the USSR, as well as China and North Korea during the Korean War, and in monitoring the production of Soviet bombers and missiles – before becoming a central component of the new DIS.

One of the most dynamic relationships historically has been that of the state with religion. Having been blamed for many wars and rebellions it comes as no surprise that those states continuing to model close relationships with an individual religion come under high scrutiny, especially now religious freedom plays such an important part in today's society. Furthermore, sociological theories have developed beyond metaphysical explanations of state authority and no longer depend on spiritual or religious explanations. The UK, with two established churches, is one such state with its relationship with the Church of England especially being subjected to criticism from a number of different groups. Whether this constant criticism is justified is another story and one of the aims of this thesis is to try to unpick some of the debates that flow around the subject in order to put them into a practical context. Often, when such discussions are undertaken there are lots of arguments made as to why the Church of England should, or should not, be disestablished. Discussions on whether they retain an important place in society are made but ultimately very little said about how disestablishment may occur if this was chosen as the way forward. This thesis will aim to tackle some of these questions and will delve into the constitutional complexities in order to discover how such a procedure can be initiated, and the effect this would have on both the state and the Church of England. Future relations will also be discussed and an important consideration will be the views and effect this might have on other religions who have come to benefit from the pleural approach of the established church. Ultimately, the result will be the uncovering of the complexities of disestablishment and who, if anyone, will benefit from the process.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-22T22:18:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Jose.pdf: 2059502 bytes, checksum: 1d20b8d5e35834838853a65f9b11aeba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta dissertação buscou refletir sobre o processo de migração dos trabalhadores e trabalhadoras rurais para a Perimetral Norte, no período de 1975 a 1990. A migração foi analisada enquanto estratégia de resistência frente a um longo processo de expropriação da terra em seus estados de origem. Esta interpretação foi proporcionada pela utilização da História Social que viabiliza o estudo das múltiplas formas de organização, resistências e luta, valorizando a identidade e a experiência como parte da reflexão investigativa do processo de migração. Para este processo de construção social do migrante enquanto sujeito transformador de sua história, para esta investigação foi importante a utilização da história de vida. Buscou-se ainda evidenciar como ocorreu o processo de colonização e criação dos Projetos de assentamento Jauaperi e Jatapu, assim como a transformação espacial da Perimetral Norte com o surgimento das vilas e aglomerados. As estratégias de sobrevivência foram analisadas enquanto resultado de conflitos, contradições e decisões construídas no tempo, no espaço e no cotidiano dos migrantes. Após o acesso à terra, as vicinais e o lote tornaram-se o espaço de convivência e surgimento da (re) organização de suas vidas. A relação destas experiências com as raízes de sua organização social e política proporcionou o fazer histórico. A mudança desta nova realidade que para muitos era a realização de um sonho, para outros, a realidade encontrada era pior que a anterior, foi única, inigualável na vida destes. A pesquisa utilizou como fontes a história oral, os arquivos dos órgãos públicos e os arquivos particulares dos entrevistados.

The 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq was a foreign policy action that violated international law, was based on false premises, and came to represent a clear and costly political disaster for the United States and Iraq. Why then, did none of the top policymakers responsible for the decision to invade face meaningful consequences – be they professional consequences, or legal ones? Why too have so many of the media figures who helped sell this war to the American public remained in their prestigious positions, with massive platforms to influence the American people? This paper argues that the above groups, referred to as the foreign policy elite or foreign policy establishment, are granted a general impunity for their actions. It seeks to explain this condition of elite impunity, and how it operates, through Robert Putnam’s theory of “elite integration.” It also examines the role of congressional marginalization and public disengagement in enabling the foreign policy elite to escape accountability. The subsequent chapters offer case studies of how each of these factors has helped advance and preserve the careers of two prominent members of the foreign policy elite, Elliott Abrams and Henry Kissinger. Finally, the conclusion explores further questions on the matter of elite impunity, and offers some basic steps towards creating a more accountable foreign policy elite.

Over the last several decades, the use of solitary bees as an alternative to honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) for pollination of commercial crops has increased, in part as a response to ongoing problems faced by commercial honey bee populations. Two solitary bee species have exhibited great commercial potential: the blue orchard bee, Osmia lignaria Say, and the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). However, growth of O. lignaria and M. rotundata populations is limited in commercial systems, mainly due to low establishment of females at provided nesting sites, possibly due to mortality, dispersal, or other causes. Rough handling of pre-emergent bees may possibly contribute to post-emergence dispersal in O. lignaria. The current work addressed this hypothesis by using shaking as a proxy for rough handling. However, shaken bees did not establish fewer nests than unshaken bees. Therefore, commercial fruit growers using O. lignaria as pollinators should be able to remove cocoons from their nests as part of their management plan, without fear of increasing bee dispersal. When searching for a nest site, M. rotundata females are known to be attracted to previously used nest materials. The current work verified the attraction of M. rotundata females to old conspecific nests. It also sought to determine which nest components were most attractive to females. It was found that all components were equally attractive. It may be useful to establish these species' learning abilities in a laboratory setting. The current work attempted to design a conditioning protocol for solitary bees. Initially, a method utilizing the proboscis extension reflex was sought. However, O. lignaria and M. rotundata did not reflexively extend their proboscises upon antennal stimulation with sucrose solution. Therefore, another method of conditioning was implemented. Bees were conditioned to respond to floral odors in a feeding bioassay. Results are compared for both species, as well as for males and females. The research completed for this dissertation may provide helpful information for commercial managers of solitary bees seeking to decrease both bee dispersal and the incidence of disease and parasites.

A study of the nature of entrepreneurial activity and its use in furthering our understanding of small business establishment. An ethnographic study is presented of the business perspectives of a group of business entrepreneurs in the Riverina region of N.S.W. and a conceptual framework is developed for consideration of various qualitative issues involved in establishing a small business.