SARAIVA, Kátia Daniella da Cruz. Respostas moleculares e fisiológicas envolvidas com tolerância a estresses isolados e combinados de salinidade e temperatura elevada em dois genótipos de Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. 2017. 387 f. Tese (Doutorado em Bioquímica)-Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2017. / Submitted by Coordenação PGBioquímica (pg@bioquimica.ufc.br) on 2017-11-29T18:03:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_tese_kdcsaraiva.pdf: 15687626 bytes, checksum: ac56bd3bdd7e24b9f4693d2a36e2b37d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Weslayne Nunes de Sales (weslaynesales@ufc.br) on 2017-12-01T14:52:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_tese_kdcsaraiva.pdf: 15687626 bytes, checksum: ac56bd3bdd7e24b9f4693d2a36e2b37d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-01T14:52:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_tese_kdcsaraiva.pdf: 15687626 bytes, checksum: ac56bd3bdd7e24b9f4693d2a36e2b37d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Abiotic stresses represent a grave challenge for agricultural productivity, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, which are often exposed to salinity, drought and high temperatures. In order to overcome this issue, studies focused on the identification of stress tolerance mechanisms and genotypes with high capability of growing under stressful conditions have become more and more significant. This research was developed in order to identify molecular, biochemical and physiological mechanisms involved in the acclimatization of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) plants to salinity and high temperature, isolated or combined. Transcriptomical, physiological and biochemical essays were performed in order to identify responses of tolerance to the abiotic stresses, utilizing two genotypes of sorghum with differential tolerance to salt stress as experimental model: CSF20 (tolerant) and CSF18 (sensitive). Data showed clearly that CSF20 plants exhibited better responses to the isolated stresses of high temperature and salinity, whereas, under the combination of stresses, this result was observed in CSF18 plants. Under salinity, a better photosynthetic performance of CSF20 plants was emphasized by a high PSII photochemical efficiency (↑ΔF/Fm’, ↑ETR and ↑qp), by the carboxilation of Rubisco and by greater photosynthetic pigments contents. Such responses were followed by increases in the expression of genes that codify enzymes related to chlorophyll biosynthesis (HEMA1) and carbon metabolism (for instance, Rubisco genes RBCS1A and RBCL). CSF20 plants also restricted excessive accumulation of Na+ ions in citosol of leaf cells, probably due to mechanisms of compartimentalization of this ion into the vacuoles, because there was a higher expression of NHX2 gene in photosynthetic tissues. Allied to that, GPOD and CAT enzymes were considerably activated under stressful conditions, a response correlated with a positive modulation of genes that codify and signal antioxidant compounds (NOA1, MPK1, CHS and genes of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway). As a result, it was observed a minor oxidative damage to membranes (↓MDA e ↓VE) and higher biomass accumulation after 12 days of salinity. In this genotype, genes related to ABA and H2O2 signaling, RBOHD, CIPK and several transcription factors (TFs) might have participated in the complex network of responses that led to a higher tolerance to salt stress. In contrast, a higher sensibility of CSF18 plants to salt stress was assigned to a lower efficiency of the photosynthetic apparatus, highlighted by the greatest inhibitions in A, ΔF/Fm’, ETR and qp parameters. A lower PSII photochemical efficiency might have promoted an excessive accumulation of ROS, which caused oxidative damage to cell membranes, especially in the photosynthetic apparatus, including degradation of chlorophyll and carotenoids. In order to repair structural damages to chloroplasts electron transport chain, CSF18 plants activated the expression of several genes related to photosystems I and II (PSI and PSII) repair/reconstruction; However, this mechanism did not seem to be sufficient to mitigate damages to the photosynthetic apparatus, as CO2 assimilation rates were drastically inhibited, and a greater alternative electron drainage (↑ETR/A) was noted. Moreover, plants of the salt-sensitive genotype also activated mechanisms to control Na+ accumulation, perhaps by the recirculation of this ion through HKT transporters, once HKT1 gene was overexpressed under stress; yet, this mechanism was not efficient to prevent Na+ accumulation at toxic levels in leaf tissues. When plants were submitted to heat stress (high temperature), CO2 assimilation rates of both genotypes were increased or unaltered in comparison to the control treatment during the whole assessed period (12 and 24 h of stress); however, higher photosynthetic rates under stress were found in CSF20 plants. This response was related to a high PSII photochemical efficiency (↑ΔF/Fm’, ↑ETR and ↑qp), and coupled with an increase in the expression of genes associated with carbon and amino acid metabolism. In addition, CSF20 plants activated an array of mechanisms in order to alleviate oxidative damage and to modulate stress tolerance responses, including: (i.) transcriptional (CAT1, CAT2, PER17, other peroxidases, ascorbate/glutathione cycle, carotenoids, polyamines, P5CS2 and TRX-M4) and functional (↑CAT and ↑GPOD) regulation; (ii.) expression of genes that codify chaperones and heat stress proteins (HSPs); and (iii.) activation of signaling pathways involving H2O2, MAPK (MKK2, MKK6), RBOHE and various TFs (WRKYs). On the other hand, although photosynthetic rates of CSF18 plant underwent little or no alteration by the stress, it was observed high degradation of photosynthetic pigments and oxidative damage to cell membranes; at the same time, genes related to reconstruction/repair of PSI and PSII had their expression augmented under high temperatures, a sign of sensitivity to excessive heat. Such reconstruction mechanism seemed to have reverted, at least in part, the deleterious effects of heat stress on the photosynthetic machinery, for the photochemical efficiency of PSII remained almost unaltered. Curious results were noted under combined stress, as the application of high temperature apparently increased the harmful effects of salt stress, but with higher intensity in CSF20 plants. In this group of plants, severe reductions in CO2 assimilation rate arose from stomatal and non-stomatal factors, such as: (i.) degradation of photosyntetic pigments, and hence of PSI and PSII, highlighted by a massive increase in the expression of genes related to photosystem structure and chlorophyll metabolism; (ii.) increase of Na+ transport via transpiration flow and an excessive Na+ accumulation in leaves; and (iii.) activation of a large number of genes related to biosynthetic pathways and other metabolic processes (carbon metabolism, starch, sucrose and amino acids) which, probably depleted NADPH and ATP supplies. Nevertheless, the massive activation of signaling and biosynthesis pathways did not result in efficient responses to lessen the deleterious effects of the combination of salinity and high temperture. Thus, CSF20 plants signalized to the transition from vegetative phase to reproductive phase (increased expressions of TPR, ABH1, Vps51/Vps67, AGL2 and REV1 genes) and activated senescence genes. (SAG20, among others). Conversely, a better acclimatization of CSF18 plants to combined stress, in comparison to CSF20 plants, was correlated with a higher efficiency of the photosynthetic apparatus (↑CO2 ↑ΔF/Fm’ and ↑ETR) and with the activation of efficient mechanisms for reducing ROS production and oxidative damage, mainly by the non-photochemical dissipation of photosynthetic electrons (↑NPQ and ↓ETR/A) and antioxidant enzymes (↑APX and ↑CAT). This phenomenon was followed by an increase in the expression of genes that codify molecules involved in energy dissipation (NPQ1 and ZEP genes) and in the antioxidant defense system (APX4, CAT1, CAT2, C4H, CAD, CRT1 and peroxidases). All these responses were results of specific modulations in signaling pathways (RBOHD, MKK6 and MPK20), TFs (WRKY genes) and decisive processes for the acclimatization to the combined stress, as well as the osmotic adjustment (P5CS2 and TPS6 genes) and others (E3 SUMO-protein ligase genes). These data clearly emphasize that tolerance/susceptibility of sorghum plants to salinity and high temperature vary widely, depending on the genotype and on the interaction between the stresses. In all cases, the responses to the stresses here studied are multifactorial, and the efficiency of the photosynthetic machinery represents a crucial factor for the acclimatization of plants to adverse conditions. Lastly, genes suitable for utilization in plant breeding programs are indicated, aiming for tolerance to isolated and combined abiotic stresses. / Os estresses abióticos constituem um desafio severo para a produtividade agrícola, especialmente nas regiões áridas e semiáridas, as quais estão frequentemente expostas à salinidade, seca e altas temperaturas. Para contornar esse problema, estudos voltados para a identificação de mecanismos de tolerância ao estresse, bem como de genótipos com elevada capacidade de crescer sob condições estressantes têm se tornado cada vez mais relevantes. Essa pesquisa foi desenvolvida para identificar mecanismos moleculares, bioquímicos e fisiológicos envolvidos na aclimatação de plantas de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) aos estresses isolados e combinados de salinidade e temperatura elevada. Ensaios transcriptômicos (via sequenciamento de RNA – RNA-seq), fisiológicos e bioquímicos foram confrontados para identificar respostas de tolerância aos estresses abióticos, utilizando como modelo experimental plantas de dois genótipos de sorgo forrageiro dotados de tolerância diferencial ao estresse salino, CSF20 (tolerante) e CSF18 (sensível). Os dados demonstraram claramente que plantas CSF20 apresentaram melhores respostas frente aos estresses isolados de temperatura elevada e salinidade; ao passo que, sob estresse combinado, esse fenômeno foi observado nas plantas CSF18. Sob salinidade, o melhor desempenho fotossintético das plantas CSF20 foi evidenciado pela alta eficiência fotoquímica do PSII (↑ΔF/Fm’, ↑ETR e ↑qp) e de carboxilação da Rubisco, e pelos maiores teores de pigmentos fotossintéticos. Tais respostas foram acompanhadas por incrementos na expressão de genes que codificam para a síntese de clorofilas (HEMA1) e metabolismo do carbono (por exemplo, os genes RBCS1A e RCBL da Rubisco). Plantas CSF20 também restringiram o acúmulo excessivo de Na+ no citosol das folhas, provavelmente por mecanismos de compartimentação desse íon nos vacúolos, pois houve maior expressão do gene NHX2 nos tecidos fotossintetizantes. Associado a isso, as enzimas CAT e GPOD foram ativadas consideravelmente sob condições de estresse, uma resposta correlacionada com a modulação positiva dos genes que codificam e sinalizam compostos antioxidantes (NOA1, MPK1, CHS e genes das vias de biossíntese de carotenoides). Como resultado, houve menor dano oxidativo as membranas (↓MDA e ↓VE) e maior acúmulo de biomassa após 12 dias de salinidade. Nesse genótipo, os genes relacionados à sinalização via ABA, H2O2, RBOHD, CIPK e inúmeros fatores de transcrição (FTs) podem ter participado da rede intricada de respostas que resultou na maior tolerância ao estresse salino. Contrariamente, a maior sensibilidade das plantas CSF18 ao estresse salino foi atribuída a menor eficiência do aparato fotossintético, evidenciada pelas maiores reduções nos parâmetros de A, ΔF/Fm’, ETR e qp. A menor eficiência fotoquímica do PSII pode ter promovido um acúmulo excessivo de EROs, que resultou em danos oxidativos às membranas celulares, principalmente no aparato fotossintético, incluindo degradação da clorofila e de carotenoides. Na tentativa de reparar os danos estruturais à cadeia de transporte de elétrons (CTE) dos cloropastos, plantas CSF18 ativaram a expressão de inúmeros genes relacionados à reestruturação/reparo dos fotossistemas I e II (PSI e PSII); contudo, esse mecanismo parece não ter sido suficiente para mitigar os danos ao aparato fotossintético, pois as taxas de assimilação de CO2 foram drasticamente reduzidas e houve um maior indicativo de dreno alternativo de elétrons (↑ETR/A). Além disso, plantas do genótipo sensível à salinidade também ativaram mecanismos para controlar o acúmulo de Na+, provavelmente pela recirculação desse íon através dos transportadores HKT, uma vez que o gene HKT1 foi super expresso sob estresse; entretanto, esse mecanismo não foi eficiente para evitar o acúmulo de Na+ em níveis tóxicos nos tecidos foliares. Quando as plantas foram submetidas ao estresse térmico (temperatura elevada), as taxas de assimilação de CO2 de ambos os genótipos foram aumentadas ou inalteradas em relação ao controle, durante todo o período de tempo analisado (12 e 24 h de estresse); no entanto, as maiores taxas fotossintéticas sob estresse foram registradas nas plantas CSF20. Essa resposta foi atribuída a alta eficiência fotoquímica do PSII (↑ΔF/Fm’, ↑ETR e ↑qp) e acompanhada do aumento na expressão de genes envolvidos com o metabolismo do carbono e aminoácidos. Adicionalmente, plantas CSF20 ativaram um arsenal de mecanismos para atenuar os danos oxidativos e modular respostas de tolerância ao estresse, incluindo: (i.) regulação funcional (↑CAT e ↑GPOD) e transcricional (CAT1, CAT2, PER17, outras peroxidases, ciclo ascorbato/glutationa, carotenoides, poliaminas, P5CS2 e TRX-M4) de antioxidantes enzimáticos e não enzimáticos; (ii.) expressão de genes que codificam chaperonas e proteínas do choque térmico (HSPs); e (iii.) ativação de vias de sinalização envolvendo H2O2, MAPK (MKK2, MKK6), RBOHE e diversos FTs (WRKYs). Por outro lado, embora as taxas fotossintéticas das plantas CSF18 tenham sofrido pouca ou nenhuma alteração pelo estresse, observou-se alta degradação de pigmentos fotossintéticos e danos oxidativos às membranas celulares; bem como genes relacionados à reestruturação/reparo do PSI e PSII tiveram a expressão aumentada sob condições de altas temperaturas, um indicativo de sensibilidade ao excesso de calor. Tal mecanismo de reestruturação parece ter revertido, pelo menos em parte, os efeitos deletérios do estresse térmico sobre a maquinaria fotossintética, pois a eficiência fotoquímica do PSII permaneceu quase que inalterada. Resultados interessantes foram observados sob estresse combinado, pois a aplicação da temperatura elevada parece ter intensificado os efeitos nocivos do estresse salino, porém, com maior magnitude nas plantas CSF20. Nesse grupo de plantas, as reduções drásticas nas taxas de assimilação de CO2 foram decorrentes de fatores estomáticos e não estomáticos, envolvendo: (i.) degradação dos pigmentos fotossintéticos e, consequentemente, do PSI e PSII, evidenciada pelo aumento massivo na expressão de genes estruturais dos fotossistemas e metabolismo da clorofila; (ii.) aumento do transporte de Na+ via fluxo transpiratório e acúmulo excessivo dele nas folhas; e (iii.) ativação de um grande número de genes de vias de biossíntese e outros processos metabólicos (metabolismo do carbono, amido, sacarose e aminoácidos) que, provavelmente, exauriram as reservas de NADPH e ATP. Contudo, a ativação massiva de rotas de sinalização e de biossíntese não resultou em respostas efetivas para mitigar os efeitos deletérios do estresse combinado de salinidade e temperatura elevada. Assim, plantas CSF20 sinalizaram para a transição da fase vegetativa para a reprodutiva (aumentaram a expressão de genes TPR, ABH1, Vps51/Vps67, AGL2 e REV1) e ativaram genes de senescência (SAG20, dentre outros). De modo contrário, a melhor aclimatação das plantas CSF18 ao estresse combinado, em relação às plantas CSF20, foi correlacionada com a maior eficiência do aparato fotossintético (↑A, ↑ΔF/Fm’ e ↑ETR) e com a ativação de mecanismos eficientes para reduzir a produção de EROs e danos oxidativos, principalmente pela dissipação não fotoquímica de elétrons fotossintéticos (↑NPQ e ↓ETR/A) e enzimas antioxidantes (↑APX e ↑CAT). Esse fenômeno foi acompanhado pelo aumento na expressão de genes que codificam moléculas envolvidas na dissipação de energia (genes NPQ1 e ZEP) e no sistema de defesa antioxidante (APX4, CAT1, CAT2, C4H, CAD, CRT1 e peroxidases). Todas essas respostas foram resultado de modulações específicas em vias de sinalização (RBOHD, MKK6 e MPK20), FTs (genes WRKYs) e em processos determinantes para aclimatação ao estresse combinado, tais como no ajustamento osmótico (genes P5CS2 e TPS6) e outros (gene E3 SUMO-protein ligase). Os dados evidenciam claramente que a tolerância/susceptibilidade de plantas de sorgo à salinidade e temperatura elevada varia amplamente, dependendo do genótipo e da interação entre os estresses. Em todos os casos, as respostas aos estresses estudados são multifatoriais e a eficiência da maquinaria fotossintética constitui um fator determinante para a aclimatação das plantas a condições adversas. Por fim, são indicados genes candidatos para utilização em programas de melhoramento genético de plantas visando à tolerância aos estresses abióticos isolados e combinados.

PAIVA, Ana Luiza Sobral. Respostas bioquímicas do feijão-de-corda [Vigna unguiculata L. (Walp.)] ao estresse salino e infecção pelo vírus do mosaico severo do caupi (CPSMV) reveladas pela proteômica quantitativa livre de marcação. 2015. 200 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Bioquímica) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2015. / Submitted by Eric Santiago (erichhcl@gmail.com) on 2016-07-08T12:56:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_alspaiva.pdf: 4225070 bytes, checksum: 0559261a4c594b2649cdb60e4563c1fc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-08-02T20:16:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_alspaiva.pdf: 4225070 bytes, checksum: 0559261a4c594b2649cdb60e4563c1fc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-02T20:16:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_alspaiva.pdf: 4225070 bytes, checksum: 0559261a4c594b2649cdb60e4563c1fc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / As sessile organisms, plants are exposed to a plethora of environmental stresses to which they must respond to maintain efficient growth and survival. Therefore, in order to improve our understanding on the complex mechanisms involved in the cowpea response to salt stress and to a compatible interaction with the cowpea severe mosaic virus (CPSMV), we used a label-free quantitative proteomic approach to identify the salt and virus responsive proteins in the leaves of the Pitiuba (CE-31) cultivar. The proteins extracted from the leaves (control and treated) 2 and 6 days post-treatment only with salt (DPS), only infected with CPSMV (DPV) or both of them (DPSV) were analyzed using mass spectrometry. At 2 DPS, 350 proteins with at least two-fold differences in abundance, in comparison with controls, were differentially accumulated in the leaves of the salt-treated (80% up and 20% down-accumulated), 281 at 2DPV (25% up and 75% down-accumulated) and 321 at 2 DPSV (45% up and 55% down-accumulated) plants. At 6 DPS, 350 proteins were differentially accumulated in the leaves of the salt-treated (90% up and 10% down-accumulated), 225 at 6 DPV (80% up and 20% down-accumulated) and 315 at 6 DPSV (94% up and 6% down-accumulated) plants. The qualitative analysis showed biochemical differences when the cowpea plants were challenged concurrently with both stresses. To cope with salinity, cowpea increased the abundance of proteins directly involved with the salt tolerance mechanisms. The results indicated that the CPSMV induce the down-accumulating of several proteins to invade and spread in host at early infection period (2 DPV), but at 6 DPV plant can induce accumulation of diverse proteins related with defense, although these strategies can’t avoid the negatives effects of disease. When exposed simultaneously to salt/CPSMV stresses, a balance in protein accumulation involved in many biological process. This is the first work employing this approach in cowpea and providing evidences of the plant biochemical mechanisms involved in the responses of cowpea to these stresses. / Como organismos sésseis, as plantas são expostas a uma variedade de estresses ambientais aos quais devem responder para sobreviverem e se desenvolverem. A fim de melhorar a nossa compreensão sobre os mecanismos complexos envolvidos na resposta do feijão-de-corda ao estresse salino e na interação compatível com o vírus do mosaico severo do caupi (CPSMV), foi utilizada uma abordagem proteômica quantitativa, livre de marcação, para identificar proteínas, responsivas a essess estresses em folhas de feijão-de-corda, cv. CE-31. As proteínas extraídas a partir de folhas primárias, 2 e 6 dias após o tratamento só com o sal (DPS), somente infectadas (DPV), ou sob ação combinada dos dois (DPSV) foram analisadas, usando espectrometria de massas e comparadas com grupo controle. No 2° DPS, foram identificadas 350 proteínas diferencialmente acumuladas (80% aumentaram em abundância e 20% diminuíram), no 2° DPV 281 (25% aumentaram em abundância e 75% diminuíram) e no 2° DPSV 321 (45% aumentaram em abundância e 55% diminuíram). Já no 6° DPS, foram identificadas 350 proteínas diferencialmente acumuladas (90% mostraram aumento em abundância e 10% diminuição), no 6° DPV 225 (80% aumentaram em abundância e 20% diminuíram) e no 6° DPSV 315 proteínas(94% aumentaram em abundância e 6% diminuíram). Para lidar com a salinidade, o cv. CE-31 aumentou a abundância de proteínas envolvidas diretamente com os mecanismos de tolerância ao sal. Em relação à infecção da planta pelo CPSMV, os resultados obtidos indicaram que o vírus induz redução na abundância de várias proteínas nos tempos iniciais de infecção, provavelmente favorecendo a invasão e propagação na planta, mas, no 6° DPSV, a planta recupera sua capacidade de acionar mecanismos de defesa, embora esses já não sejam mais efetivos para evitar o estabelecimento da doença viral. Durante exposição simultânea da planta ao sal e ao vírus, ocorreu um equilíbrio entre o aumento e diminuição em abundância de proteínas envolvidas em diversos processos metabólicos. Esse trabalho é pioneiro nessa abordagem em feijão-de-corda e fornece evidências dos mecanismos bioquímicos envolvidos nas resposta da planta a esses estresses.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / As sessile organisms, plants are exposed to a plethora of environmental stresses to which they must respond to maintain efficient growth and survival. Therefore, in order to improve our understanding on the complex mechanisms involved in the cowpea response to salt stress and to a compatible interaction with the cowpea severe mosaic virus (CPSMV), we used a label-free quantitative proteomic approach to identify the salt and virus responsive proteins in the leaves of the Pitiuba (CE-31) cultivar. The proteins extracted from the leaves (control and treated) 2 and 6 days post-treatment only with salt (DPS), only infected with CPSMV (DPV) or both of them (DPSV) were analyzed using mass spectrometry. At 2 DPS, 350 proteins with at least two-fold differences in abundance, in comparison with controls, were differentially accumulated in the leaves of the salt-treated (80% up and 20% down-accumulated), 281 at 2DPV (25% up and 75% down-accumulated) and 321 at 2 DPSV (45% up and 55% down-accumulated) plants. At 6 DPS, 350 proteins were differentially accumulated in the leaves of the salt-treated (90% up and 10% down-accumulated), 225 at 6 DPV (80% up and 20% down-accumulated) and 315 at 6 DPSV (94% up and 6% down-accumulated) plants. The qualitative analysis showed biochemical differences when the cowpea plants were challenged concurrently with both stresses. To cope with salinity, cowpea increased the abundance of proteins directly involved with the salt tolerance mechanisms. The results indicated that the CPSMV induce the down-accumulating of several proteins to invade and spread in host at early infection period (2 DPV), but at 6 DPV plant can induce accumulation of diverse proteins related with defense, although these strategies canât avoid the negatives effects of disease. When exposed simultaneously to salt/CPSMV stresses, a balance in protein accumulation involved in many biological process. This is the first work employing this approach in cowpea and providing evidences of the plant biochemical mechanisms involved in the responses of cowpea to these stresses. / Como organismos sÃsseis, as plantas sÃo expostas a uma variedade de estresses ambientais aos quais devem responder para sobreviverem e se desenvolverem. A fim de melhorar a nossa compreensÃo sobre os mecanismos complexos envolvidos na resposta do feijÃo-de-corda ao estresse salino e na interaÃÃo compatÃvel com o vÃrus do mosaico severo do caupi (CPSMV), foi utilizada uma abordagem proteÃmica quantitativa, livre de marcaÃÃo, para identificar proteÃnas, responsivas a essess estresses em folhas de feijÃo-de-corda, cv. CE-31. As proteÃnas extraÃdas a partir de folhas primÃrias, 2 e 6 dias apÃs o tratamento sà com o sal (DPS), somente infectadas (DPV), ou sob aÃÃo combinada dos dois (DPSV) foram analisadas, usando espectrometria de massas e comparadas com grupo controle. No 2 DPS, foram identificadas 350 proteÃnas diferencialmente acumuladas (80% aumentaram em abundÃncia e 20% diminuÃram), no 2 DPV 281 (25% aumentaram em abundÃncia e 75% diminuÃram) e no 2 DPSV 321 (45% aumentaram em abundÃncia e 55% diminuÃram). Jà no 6 DPS, foram identificadas 350 proteÃnas diferencialmente acumuladas (90% mostraram aumento em abundÃncia e 10% diminuiÃÃo), no 6 DPV 225 (80% aumentaram em abundÃncia e 20% diminuÃram) e no 6 DPSV 315 proteÃnas(94% aumentaram em abundÃncia e 6% diminuÃram). Para lidar com a salinidade, o cv. CE-31 aumentou a abundÃncia de proteÃnas envolvidas diretamente com os mecanismos de tolerÃncia ao sal. Em relaÃÃo à infecÃÃo da planta pelo CPSMV, os resultados obtidos indicaram que o vÃrus induz reduÃÃo na abundÃncia de vÃrias proteÃnas nos tempos iniciais de infecÃÃo, provavelmente favorecendo a invasÃo e propagaÃÃo na planta, mas, no 6 DPSV, a planta recupera sua capacidade de acionar mecanismos de defesa, embora esses jà nÃo sejam mais efetivos para evitar o estabelecimento da doenÃa viral. Durante exposiÃÃo simultÃnea da planta ao sal e ao vÃrus, ocorreu um equilÃbrio entre o aumento e diminuiÃÃo em abundÃncia de proteÃnas envolvidas em diversos processos metabÃlicos. Esse trabalho à pioneiro nessa abordagem em feijÃo-de-corda e fornece evidÃncias dos mecanismos bioquÃmicos envolvidos nas resposta da planta a esses estresses.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / In this work were studied diverse physiological mechanisms, as the osmotic adjustment, photosynthesis, including gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, as well the oxidative responses in physic nuts submitted to different abiotic stresses as: salinity, drought and high temperature. The first experiment aimed to study the effects of increase of the NaCl concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mM) in the ions accumulate (Na+, Cl- and K+) and some growth variables, as well evaluate the water state and the principals solutes (organic and inorganic) involved on the osmotic adjustment of physic nuts plants under this stressful condition. Physic nuts plants showed sensibility to salt stress, presenting a reduction by 50% in dry matter from by 47 mM of NaCl concentration during 15-d. This sensibility should be due the leaf Na+ and Cl- high accumulation, associated a strong reduction in the K+ concentration, induced by high Na+ content. On the other hand, physic nuts plants were able osmotic adjust to salinity due a severe decrease on the osmotic potential and increase of leaf water state, principally in the higher NaCl levels. Of the solutes studied, was observed that salt ions (Na+ and Cl-) contributed with the most of the osmotic adjustment, while that the K+ contribution was decreased strongly by NaCl. The glycinebetaine compared to proline was more important to the osmotic adjustment of physic nuts leaves, as in the absence as in presence of different NaCl levels in the nutrient solution. The second experiment evaluated the resistance of photosynthetic apparatus of physic nuts plants submitted to different time of exposure (7-d and 14-d of treatment and 3-d of recovery) to salt stress (100 mM of NaCl).The changes caused on photochemistry activity and leaf gas exchange were evaluate by Na+ and Cl- accumulation and decrease of K+/Na+ ratio in the leaves. After 7-d of treatment was observed a major action of osmotic effects. However, after 14-d of treatment, the ionic effects caused by Na+ and Cl- excessive accumulation and by K+/Na+ ratio strong reduction in the leaves, caused permanent damages on the photosynthesis of physic nuts plants due as the stomatal limitations as non-stomatal ones. The third experiment aimed to study the comparative effects between the salt stress (50 mM of NaCl) and water stress (induced for PEG 6000), both with osmotic potential of â0.22 MPa on the photosynthesis, water relations and growth of physic nuts plants. The water stress effects induced for PEG in the leaf growth, electrolyte leakage and leaf gas exchange were more deleterious than by NaCl ones. In the both stresses was observed decrease in the leaf CO2 assimilation due the stomatal and non-stomatal limitations. However, the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters did not affect. The fourth experiment aimed to evaluate the relative contribution of organic and inorganic solutes on the osmotic adjustment of leaves and roots physic nuts plants in different water restriction levels. Of the solutes studied, the K+ and soluble sugar were the most involved in the osmotic adjustment as in the leaves as in roots. Others solutes as, Na+, Cl-, total amino acids and glycibetaine, also presented a effective role in the reduction of osmotic potential in both organs. On the other hand, the leaf proline content, although has increased significantly, was not sufficient to promote an effective participation of this amino acid in the osmotic adjustment of physic nuts plants. The same experiment aimed to observe the isolated and combined effects of water stress and high temperature on the photosynthesis and evaluate the oxidative defenses system in physic nuts plants. The photosynthetic apparatus was more sensitive to water stress than heat ones, been that the combination of them caused deleterious effects yet large in this complex. Additionally, the oxidative damages also were more marked in the combined stress. In general, the data shown that physic nuts plants, although present ability to adjust osmotically to salinity and drought, have their photosynthetic apparatus very affected in this stressful conditions. Even as, the defense system against oxidative damages appears has not been efficient in plants exposure at the drought and heat isolated and combined stresses / In this work were studied diverse physiological mechanisms, as the osmotic adjustment, photosynthesis, including gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, as well the oxidative responses in physic nuts submitted to different abiotic stresses as: salinity, drought and high temperature. The first experiment aimed to study the effects of increase of the NaCl concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mM) in the ions accumulate (Na+, Cl- and K+) and some growth variables, as well evaluate the water state and the principals solutes (organic and inorganic) involved on the osmotic adjustment of physic nuts plants under this stressful condition. Physic nuts plants showed sensibility to salt stress, presenting a reduction by 50% in dry matter from by 47 mM of NaCl concentration during 15-d. This sensibility should be due the leaf Na+ and Cl- high accumulation, associated a strong reduction in the K+concentration, induced by high Na+ content. On the other hand, physic nuts plants were able osmotic adjust to salinity due a severe decrease on the osmotic potential and increase of leaf water state, principally in the higher NaCl levels. Of the solutes studied, was observed that salt ions (Na+ and Cl-) contributed with the most of the osmotic adjustment, while that the K+contribution was decreased strongly by NaCl. The glycinebetaine compared to proline was more important to the osmotic adjustment of physic nuts leaves, as in the absence as in presence of different NaCl levels in the nutrient solution. The second experiment evaluated the resistance of photosynthetic apparatus of physic nuts plants submitted to different time of exposure (7-d and 14-d of treatment and 3-d of recovery) to salt stress (100 mM of NaCl).The changes caused on photochemistry activity and leaf gas exchange were evaluate by Na+ and Cl- accumulation and decrease of K+/Na+ ratio in the leaves. After 7-d of treatment was observed a major action of osmotic effects. However, after 14-d of treatment, the ionic effects caused by Na+ and Cl- excessive accumulation and by K+/Na+ ratio strong reduction in the leaves, caused permanent damages on the photosynthesis of physic nuts plants due as the stomatal limitations as non-stomatal ones. The third experiment aimed to study the comparative effects between the salt stress (50 mM of NaCl) and water stress (induced for xv PEG 6000), both with osmotic potential of â0.22 MPa on the photosynthesis, water relations and growth of physic nuts plants. T e water stress effects induced for PEG in the leaf growth, electrolyte leakage and leaf gas exchange were more deleterious than by NaCl ones. In the both stresses was observed decrease in the leaf CO2 assimilation due the stomatal and nonstomatal limitations. However, the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters did not affect. The fourth experiment aimed to evaluate the relative contribution of organic and inorganic solutes on the osmotic adjustment of leaves and roots physic nuts plants in different water restriction levels. Of the solutes studied, the K+ and soluble sugar were the most involved in the osmotic adjustment as in the leaves as in roots. Others solutes as, Na+, Cl-, total amino acids and glycibetaine, also presented a effective role in the reduction of osmotic potential in both organs. On the other hand, the leaf proline content, although has increased significantly, was not sufficient to promote an effective participation of this amino acid in the osmotic adjustment of physic nuts plants. The same experiment aimed to observe the isolated and combined effects of water stress and high temperature on the photosynthesis and evaluate the oxidative defenses system in physic nuts plants. The photosynthetic apparatus was more sensitive to water stress than heat ones, been that the combination of them caused deleterious effects yet large in this complex. Additionally, the oxidative damages also were more marked in the combined stress. In general, the data shown that physic nuts plants, although present ability to adjust osmotically to salinity and drought, have their photosynthetic apparatus very affected in this stressful conditions. Even as, the defense system against oxidative damages appears has not been efficient in plants exposure at the drought and heat isolated and combined stresses