No / Palliative care for minority ethnic groups remains a poorly accessed and limited area in district nursing. This article outlines a hospice apprentice programme that aims to promote and expand the use of specialist palliative and end of life care services for a South Asian community through increasing access and referrals, improving services by making them more culturally appropriate for black and minority ethnic (BME) people, involving BME people in the delivery of services, and creating better relationships between BME communities and providers

Master of Landscape Architecture / Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning / Howard Hahn / Public parks provide essential green space for people to congregate, exercise, and respite from the city. Urban public parks in the United States began with Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux’s Central Park in the mid-1800s (Cranz & Boland, 2004). Since then, planners and designers continue to design urban parks to best serve residents. Therefore, understanding user recreation patterns and preferences is critical for urban park design. Several factors influence leisure styles, including ethnicity, that need to be considered by planners and designers. This study examines parks in South Omaha, Nebraska. Residents living in this area make up over ten different ethnic groups. Notably, Omaha’s largest Hispanic community concentration resides in South Omaha. Through quantitative and qualitative research including site analysis, a literature search, precedent studies, and community interviews, important design considerations emerged. This project presents design considerations and a conceptual redesign for two urban parks in South Omaha: Lynch Park and Spring Lake Park. The designs incorporated the leisure preferences and recreation patterns as revealed through interviews of the majority Hispanic community as well as European, Asian, and African minority ethnic groups. Precedent studies and literature research further informed redesign decisions by providing background knowledge on leisure research, design form, and demographic trends. Nevertheless, urban parks should ultimately respond to the users, regardless of cultural backgrounds, to meet the needs and requirements of all South Omaha residents.

This thesis examines the desire for inclusion in association football amongst minority ethnic communities in England. The thesis is based on two case studies informed by semi-structured qualitative interviews. These case studies focus on two minority ethnic groups, the Asian community in Bury and the black community in the City of Liverpool, and the relationship of these respective communities with local professional football clubs (specifically Bury FC and Everton FC). The thesis notes that despite, by most objective measures, football grounds being less dangerous places to visit nowadays, members of minority ethnic groups continue to reject live spectatorship. Such rejection exists despite evidence of engagement in football amongst the male members of these minority ethnic groups. Asian respondents expressed little civic pride in Bury or interest in Bury FC, and thus their rejection of spectatorship opportunities was unconscious. Data from black respondents identified widespread sense of belonging and identification with the City of Liverpool, but conscious rejection of spectatorship at Everton FC. Despite recognition of the clubs anti-racist work black respondents argued that the idea persists that Everton are institutionally racist with racist fans. While such a perception had also previously been ascribed to Liverpool FC (Everton s near neighbours), such perceptions had changed quicker at Liverpool FC, who appear more effective at attracting minority ethnic spectators. A number of factors emerged that contribute to the continued rejection of spectatorship amongst British minority ethnic groups at professional football clubs. One of these is the perception that football clubs are unwelcoming places and white spaces . Fear of racism and fear of violence were also often cited although these were found not to be absolute in nature for either minority ethnic group. Indeed, evidence from both groups found that they are developing their own we image rather than internalising their own group disgrace , though it is also argued that Elias and Scotson s notion of two groups, the established (white s) and the outsiders (blacks), is too simplistic and a more fluid conceptualisation is called for. Overall, the data illustrated that the identities of members of minority ethnic groups are complex, multifunctional, context specific and fragmented and thus so are their relationships with football.

Pakistan's tribal areas have become a refugee for Al-Qa'ida terrorists and other criminals. Criminal elements have been able to take advantage of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) because these lands enjoy a unique legal status dating back to the British Empire. The influx of Afghan refugees following the Soviet invasion has likewise provided fertile soil for religious extremism. Extremists continue to be educated, trained, and sheltered in madrassas operating in tribal areas. Extreme poverty in the FATA lands contributes to their 'wild west' atmosphere, including the proliferation of smuggling and other illegal trade. Fully integrating FATA lands into Pakistan is necessary for both Pakistan and the international community. Pakistan simply cannot afford to have areas operating outside the control of central government and the rule of law. Extending the rule of law to FATA is a necessary step in the prosecution of the war on terror. However, thus far Government efforts to bring the tribal areas into the fold of the normal law of the land have achieved minimal results. Resistance to full integration runs high among certain social forces in FATA. The prevailing environment is thus detrimental to national integration and the security of the country. This study provides an analysis of how tribal areas can be gradually absorbed into Pakistan while offering a strategy to solve administrative, political, and economic problems so that the areas can play a major role in the mainstream life of the nation, while helping the government to establish its writ.

The war in Iraq is neither won, nor lost. To achieve US objectives in Iraq it is critical to understand not only the Iraqi Sunni components of the ongoing conflict, but also the Salafi-Jihadist elements as well. This thesis uses a social mobilization approach to study of the Salafi-Jihadi insurgent group, Al Qaeda in Iraq (AQI) describing the group's political opportunities, mobilizing structures, frames and repertoires of action. The result of this analysis shows an internationally-supported ideologically-motivated, militant group with few Iraqi-specific political or social strengths. This thesis applies this knowledge to established counterinsurgency methods to highlight organizational strengths and weaknesses in comparison to a normative counterinsurgency effort. This relational analysis views the conflict through a six dimensional framework to examine where the insurgents have significant strength and where they are vulnerable to counterinsurgency actions. We then examine the current status of the counterinsurgency operations and stabilization effort in Iraq. Trend-analysis tracks changes in key indicators through time underscoring areas for concern and areas of positive movement. Based on the nature of AQI and the current trends, this thesis will draw general conclusions and provide recommendations based on the AQI threat designed to undercut its strengths and exploit its weaknesses.

The purpose of this study was to examine the social perceptions of young children with disabilities and young children of color. Further, an attempt was made to determine whether differential rates of acceptance were experienced by either group, or by the group of children who were of color and also had a disability within integrated classrooms. Young children (age 5.0 through 6.11) were studied in intact groups (N=120) from child care centers in the Texas counties of Denton and Dallas. Three measures of social perceptions were implemented: (a) a forced choice (multiple alternative) technique using dolls of a variety of ethnicities and ability statuses in which children must select dolls they feel represent a list of positive and negative attributes; (b) social distance theory as measured by children's artwork; (c) a sociometric rating. The results of this study showed significant areas (p< 05) of stereotype and bias in the perceptions of young children toward ethnicity, disability and gender. Implications for further research into the efficacy of multicultural and anti-bias education programs is recommended.

Em virtude da miscigenação populacional que ocorre no Brasil, os diferentes grupos étnicos podem apresentar características faciais próprias e específicas que devem ser consideradas durante o tratamento ortodôntico. Nesse sentido, estudos devem ser estabelecidos para suportar o diagnóstico e facilitar o plano de tratamento entre as diferentes raças e seus diferentes padrões de miscigenação. Objetivou-se, assim, obter e comparar os valores médios de normalidade para as grandezas cefalométricas esqueléticas das alturas e proporções faciais anterior e posterior em leucodermas, feodermas e melanodermas brasileiros com oclusão normal, além de avaliar o dimorfismo entre os gêneros. A amostra constituiu-se de 146 telerradiografias em norma lateral de indivíduos jovens brasileiros não tratados, apresentando oclusão normal, divididos em três grupos: Grupo 1- 50 indivíduos leucodermas (25 de cada gênero) com média de idade de 13,30 anos; Grupo 2- 40 indivíduos feodermas (20 de cada gênero) com média de idade de 13,12 anos; e Grupo 3- 56 indivíduos melanodermas (28 de cada gênero) com média de idade de 13,28 anos. Foram realizados os testes estatísticos: análise de variância a um critério (ANOVA) e teste t. Observou-se que no gênero masculino, os leucodermas apresentaram a altura e a proporção facial anterossuperior maior em relação aos melanodermas e aos feodermas e uma menor proporção facial anteroinferior. No gênero feminino os leucodermas apresentaram uma altura facial anterior total maior em relação aos melanodermas e uma proporção facial anteroinferior menor em relação aos outros dois grupos étnicos. Ainda no gênero feminino a altura e a proporção anterossuperior foram menores nos melanodermas em relação aos leucodermas e aos feodermas. Notou-se também a presença de dimorfismo entre os gêneros para algumas grandezas cefalométricas nos três grupos étnicos. Dessa maneira, afirma-se que é evidente a importância de se estabelecer padrões cefalométricos específicos para o desenvolvimento vertical da face em raças miscigenadas, uma vez que os mesmos auxiliam no diagnóstico e na escolha da melhor terapia ortodôntica. / Due to the diverse population in Brazil, the different ethnic groups can present unique and specific facial characteristics that would be considered during orthodontic treatment. In this, regard, studies should be established to support and facilitate the diagnosis and the treatment plan between the different races and standards of miscegenation. This study objected obtain and compare the mean normal values for skeletal Cephalometric variables for anterior and posterior facial heights in Caucasian, black and afro Caucasian young Brazilian descents with normal occlusion, in addition to verifying sexual dimorphism. The sample consisted of 146 lateral cephalograms of untreated young Brazilian subjects, with normal occlusion, that were divided into three groups: Group 1 - 50 Caucasian subjects (25 of each gender) with an average age of 13.30 years; Group 2 - 40 Afro Caucasian subjects (20 of each gender) with an average age of 13.12 years and Group 3 - 56 Black subjects (28 of each gender) with an average age of 13.28 years. Statistical tests were performed: an analysis of variance test (ANOVA) and t tests. In males, Caucasian presented greater height and proportion of upper anterior third of the face than black individuals and afro Caucasian, the proportion in the lower third was smaller in this group. In females, Caucasian presented a greater anterior facial height than black individuals and a smaller proportion of lower anterior third of the face than two other ethnic groups. Still in females, the minimum height and proportions of upper anterior were smaller in black individuals compared to white and afro Caucasian. It was also observed the presence of sexual dimorphism for some cephalometric measurements in the three ethnic groups. It becomes evident the importance of establishing specific Cephalometric standards for the vertical development of the face in mixed races, since they help to diagnose and choose the best orthodontic therapy.

INTRODUÇÃO: A cefalometria constitui um dos elementos auxiliares de grande importância no diagnóstico e planejamento ortodôntico. Diversos estudos já demonstraram que diferentes etnias apresentam algumas variáveis cefalométricas distintas. Realizar o tratamento ortodôntico tendo como guia outra raça ou etnia requer cuidado. As características próprias do indivíduo e seu padrão de miscigenação devem ser respeitados para suportar o diagnóstico e facilitar o plano de tratamento. OBJETIVO: Determinar os valores médios de normalidade das grandezas cefalométricas relacionadas à análise de Ricketts para jovens brasileiros leucodermas, xantodermas e nipo-brasileiros, com oclusão normal e com bom perfil facial, e compará-los entre si. MATERIAL e MÉTODOS: Foram utilizadas 40 telerradiografias laterais de jovens leucodermas (com idade média de 13,64 anos), 31 de xantodermas (com idade média de 15,63 anos) e 32 de nipo-brasileiros (com idade média de 13,96 anos), provenientes do arquivo da Disciplina de Ortodontia da Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru Universidade de São Paulo. Os dados obtidos foram avaliados estatisticamente pela análise de variância a 2 critérios (ANOVA a 2 critérios) e análise de covariância (ANCOVA) seguidos do teste Tukey. RESULTADOS: encontrou-se diferença estatística significante (p< 0,05) entre as etnias em 6 das variáveis estudadas: Is-APog, Is.APog, Ii-APog, 6-Ptv, profundidade facial e protrusão labial inferior. Não foi observado dimorfismo entre os gêneros. CONCLUSÕES: A amostra de xantodermas apresentou características bem demarcadas de maior protrusão dos incisivos e protrusão labial, e um mento mais retruído, quando comparada com leucodermas e nipo-brasileiros. / INTRODUCTION: Cephalometry is one of the auxiliary elements with great importance in diagnosis and orthodontic planning. Several studies have shown that different ethnic groups have some distinct cephalometric variables. Do an orthodontic treatment having other race or ethnicity as a guide needs some care. The individual characteristics and miscegenation must be respected to support the diagnosis and facilitate treatment plan. OBJECTIVE: Determine the mean normal values and compare Ricketts cephalometric analysis in whites, xanthoderms and japanesebrazilians with normal occlusion and well-balanced faces. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The sample is composed by 103 lateral cephalograms of young brazilians from Orthodontics Department of Bauru Dental Scholl - University of São Paulo, divided into three groups of both genders: group I: 40 whites; group II: 31 xanthoderms; group III: 32 japanese-brazilians. The data were statistically evaluated by analysis of variance 2 criteria and analysis of covariance, followed by Tukey test. RESULTS: we found statistically significant difference (p <0.05) between ethnic groups in 6 variables: Ui-APOG, Ui.APog, Li-APOG, 6-PTV, facial depth and lower lip protrusion. There wasnt sexual dimorphism. CONCLUSIONS: xanthoderms presented a more retruded chin, incisive more protruded combining with a larger biprotrusion lip, compared with whites and japanese-brazilians.

Objetivos: o objetivo deste estudo foi obter os valores médios de normalidade das alturas faciais anterior e posterior de 30 jovens mestiços nipo-brasileiros, descendentes de xantodermas e leucodermas, com oclusão normal, com idade média de 14 anos, e verificar a presença ou ausência de dimorfismo entre os gêneros. Metodologia: estudo cefalométrico com as mensurações advindas das análises de Wylie e Johnson (1952), Siriwat e Jarabak (1985), Gebeck (1989), Merrifield (1989) e Horn (1992). Resultados: os resultados revelaram a presença de dimorfismo entre os gêneros para as variáveis AFAT, AFAI, AFA, AFPT e AFPS. Conclusões: um padrão cefalométrico específico, das alturas faciais anterior e posterior, para os jovens mestiços nipo-brasileiros com oclusão normal, descendentes de xantodermas e leucodermas, foi apresentado e um dimorfismo entre os gêneros para cinco das treze variáveis avaliadas foi verificado nesta faixa etária média. / Aim: The objective of this study was to determine the standards for facial heights in 30 (14-year-old) adolescent Japanese-Brazilian descents with normal occlusion and also to evaluate whether there is sexual dimorphism. Methods: The cephalometric measurements used followed the analyses of Wylie; Johnson (1952), Siriwat; Jarabak (1985), Gebeck (1989), Merrifield (1989) and Horn (1992). Results: The results showed dimorphism for the TAFH, LAFH, AFH, TPFH and UPFH measurements. Conclusions: the standards for facial heights in adolescent Japanese-Brazilian descents with normal occlusion were presented and a sexual dimorphism in five of the thirteen evaluated variables at this age range were verified.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the continuous instability of policy decisions relating to the effectiveness of Civilian Conservation Centers and Contract Centers was a result of measurable differences in performance between the two models. Six hypotheses tested differences between types of centers on six quantitative variables which were: average length of stay, job placement, hourly starting wages, educational gains in reading, math, and General Educational Development (GED). To investigate the problem, 30 Civilian Conservation Centers and 17 comparably sized Contract Centers were selected. Reports from the Department of Labor's Automated Management System provided data for comparison between the two models. Results of the t test for independent samples indicated that CCCs demonstrated higher corpsmen placement rates, hourly starting wages, and GED completions. There were no significant differences between the models in average length of stay and educational gains for reading and math. Further research into the costs and benefits of CCCs should be pursued to establish whether CCC slots should be increased, to determine whether rural location is an impediment to program financial efficiency, and to determine if union involvement in vocational training programs is needed.