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In this ethnopharmacological study to isolate, purify, identify and test crude and isolated compounds from organic and aqueous extracts from stem and leaves of Protorhus longifolia and Sclerocarya birrea, stem bark of Hibiscus cannabinus and Heteropyxis natalensis, leaves of Acokanthera venenata, Carissa marcrocarpa and Syzygium cordatum, seeds of Chiononthus foveolatus and calyces of Hibiscus sabdariffa were tested against seven pathogenic microorganisms which included six bacterial species [Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 12265), Bacillus cereus (ATCC 11778), Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC 13311), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Escherichia coli (ATCC 35219), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213)) and fungal yeast Candida albicans (ATCC 10231)]. Both organic and aqueous extracts from these medicinal plants exhibited antimicrobial properties against one or more mlcroorgamsms. The extracts of stem bark and leaves were tested for antimicrobial properties. Crude extracts that showed the highest activity were analysed through chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques to isolate, purify and characterise their active components. The highly active antimicrobial extracts were further tested for antimicrobial activity. Chromatographic (TLC and CC) spectroscopic (IR, 13C, 1HNMR) analyses of Syzygium cordatum leaf extract in ethyl acetate revealed the presence of C-30 triterpenes, ursolic (3B-hydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid) (UA) and oleanolic (3-hydroxylean-12-en-28-oic acid) (OA) acids; a mixture of methyl maslinate (2a, 3B-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid methyl ester) (MM) and methyl corosolate (MC). Analyses of Protorhus longifolia leaf extract in hexane and ethylacetate revealed the presence of the alkaloid lupeol (lup-20(29)-en-3pB-ol), lupenone [lup - 20 (29) - en - 3 - one or lup - 20 ( 30 ) - en - 3 - one], lupinine (octahydro-2H-quinolizine-lmethanol), lupulon (3 ,5-dihydroxy-2,6,6-tris(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-4-(3-methy1-1-oxobutyl)-2,4-yclohexadien-1-one) or (3,5-dihdroxy-4-isovaleryl-2,6,6-tris(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-2, 4-cyclohexadien-1-one) and luteolin [(2-(3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5, 7-dihydroxy-4H -1-benzopyran-4-one), 3',4', 5,7 -tetrahydroxyflavone or 5,7,3' 4' - tetrahydroxyflavone] and other compounds to be characterised in future studies. Sclerocarya birrea bark extract in methanol was found to contain mixtures of compounds that could not be separated due to solvent complications. Heteropyxis natalensis stem bark in ethyl acetate gave betunilic acid (3B-hydroxy-20(29)-lupaene- 28-oic acid) as a major compound. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2006.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Florida State University, 2005. / Advisor: J. Kathryn Josserand , Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Anthropology. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Feb. 6, 2006). Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 221 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.Phil.) --University of Limpopo, 2012 / An exploratory study was conducted on the ethnomedical aspects of rural communities in the Limpopo Province with emphasis on the use of cultural practices, values and belief systems to meet primary health care needs. The study explored the use of indigenous medical knowledge for remedial, preventive and protective health care. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected through interviews and questionnaire administration with 240 research respondents purposely selected from four communities of the Northern Sotho in the Limpopo Province. The research findings show that the Northern Sotho culture is composed of a wealth of indigenous knowledge, practices, values and belief systems that were developed by the people themselves with the objective of maintaining good health. The study respondents have extensive experience and knowledge about the elements responsible for much of the diseases that afflict them. For this reason, they have developed cultural belief systems and values that lessen the risks for contracting disease. Susceptibility to disease is lessened by knowledge about cosmological factors, disease etiologies, heeding of cultural taboos, moral behaviour, hygiene, healthy diet, drinking of clean water and proper sanitation and waste removal. Immunization against disease is accomplished through administration of indigenous plant medicines dispensed by traditional health practitioners. Instances of self-medication were encountered in 18% of the respondents. The respondents apply simple home remedies for prevention and remedial purposes. Treatment is meant for simple ailments such as flu, cough, diarrhea, snakebites, fever, measles and mumps. The medicines administered for self-medication are prepared in the household by the patient, his/her parent or a family member. Traditional health practitioners are consulted for preventive, protective and remedial care by 52% of the respondents and their families. Traditional health practitioners provide holistic remedial care through administration of medicines prepared from the indigenous plant materials such as bulbs, roots, leaves and bark of trees. The indigenous health care mechanisms of the Northern Sotho address basic elements of primary health care such as fostering self-care and self-reliance, community participation and the use of traditional medical practices for the maintenance of good health. It is recommended that the indigenous knowledge of preventive, protective and remedial care should be incorporated into Primary Health Care Programs to promote the WHO principle that communities should plan and implement their own health care services. Scientific validation of the health benefits derived from the consumption or utilization of medicinal plants should be encouraged.

Thesis (MTech. degree in Pharmaceutical Sciences)--Tshwane University of Technology, 2010. / Aims to assess the efficacy and adverse effects of Trichilia emetica in reducing post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation on black skin.

Orientador: Telma Gonçalves C. Spera de Andrade / Co-orientador: Regildo Márcio Gonçalves da Silva / Banca: Ivanise Guilherme Branco / Banca: Roger Luís Henschel Pobbe / Resumo: Dentre os vários sintomas indesejáveis presentes no climatério, o aumento do peso corporal, principalmente concentrado no abdômen, como também o aumento da ansiedade e da depressão incomodam e prejudicam o bem estar e a saúde da mulher nesta fase. Considerando que a terapia de reposição hormonal encontra muita resistência devido a seus potenciais efeitos adversos, principalmente relacionados à manifestação do câncer de mama, torna-se premente a busca por novas alternativas terapêuticas de reposição hormonal que minimizem os sinais e sintomas presentes no climatério, especialmente controlando o perfil lipídico, como também, se possível, regulando e mitigando a manifestação da ansiedade e da depressão, sem o comprometimento/prejuízo de outras funções orgânicas. Dentre os componentes já descritos do Solanum lycocarpum, o alcaloide esteroidal solasodina é precursor de esteroides farmacologicamente ativos, e assim, poderia se constituir em um potencial fitoterápico a ser utilizado por mulheres em períodos de baixa concentração hormonal (esteroides sexuais). Existem relatos que o Solanum lycocarpum apresenta ação hipoglicemiante, calmante e sedativa, mas ainda não se identificou estudos que envolvam uma abordagem dessa planta nesta fase de vida da mulher. Considerando a disponibilidade acessível e abundante dessa planta no cerrado regional, foi delineado um estudo experimental com o objetivo de identificar os biocompostos presentes nos frutos de Solanum lycocarpum e avaliar o efeito do uso do extrato hidroalcoólico deste, sobre o peso corporal e também sobre respostas comportamentais relacionadas à ansiedade e depressão de ratas, utilizando-se modelos animais de ansiedade e depressão: Labirinto em Cruz Elevado (LCE) e o Teste do Nado Forçado (TNF). As doses foram administradas cronicamente através de gavagem (sondagem orogástrica). Além da análise do comportamento... / Abstract: Among the many undesirable symptoms during the climacterium, body weight gain, mainly concentrated in the abdominal area, as well as increased anxiety and depression, annoy and harm the well-being and health of women at this stage. Whereas hormone replacement therapy deals with much resistance because of its potential adverse effects, mainly related to the manifestation of breast cancer, it is urgent the search for new therapeutic alternatives for hormone replacement in order to minimize the signs and symptoms during menopause, especially controlling the lipid profile, but also, if possible, regulating and mitigating the manifestation of anxiety and depression, without compromising / losing any other bodily functions. Among the components already described of Solanum lycocarpum A. St.-Hil., the alcaloide esteroidal solasodina is precursor of pharmacologically active steroids and thus it could constitute a potential herbal medicine to be used by women during periods of low hormone concentrations (sex steroids). There are reports in which Solanum lycocarpum A. St.-Hil. shows hypoglycemic, soothing and sedative action, but there is a lack of studies investigating the potencial use of this plant at this stage of woman‟s life. Considering the affordable and abundant availability of this plant in the regional cerrado, an experimental study was designed aiming to identify biocompounds in the fruits of Solanum lycocarpum A. St.-Hil. and evaluate the effect of using its hydroalcoholic extract. In addition, this study assessed the effects of administering this extract on body weight and behavioral responses related to anxiety and depression in rats, using animal models of anxiety and depression: the elevated plus maze (EPM) and the forced swimming test (FST). Doses were administered chronically by gavage (orogastric probe). Besides the analysis of behavior and body weight other variables were observed... / Mestre

Submitted by Maria Aparecida (cidazen@gmail.com) on 2017-07-31T14:17:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jéssyca Wan Lume da Silva Godinho.pdf: 1739359 bytes, checksum: 0af1aff824af11b4f673e69280e7d6ec (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-31T14:17:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jéssyca Wan Lume da Silva Godinho.pdf: 1739359 bytes, checksum: 0af1aff824af11b4f673e69280e7d6ec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-22 / CAPES / The increasing rise in the consumption of plants and / or their products as therapeutic resources has stimulated the regulation of the use of Phytotherapy. But the offer of this therapy requires the guarantee of the access of the population to quality products, through the validation studies of the species. In this sense, the ethnobiological (ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological) studies have provided important subsidies, which allow the investigation of the vegetal resources used therapeutically by the population. Also noteworthy are to develop chemical studies, which provide important parameters for quality control from the raw material to the final product for dispensing. Thus, this study aims at ethnopharmacological and chemical analysis of Attalea speciosa Mart. Ex Spreng. (Babaçu), because it represents a plant species of great occurrence in the state of Maranhão, widely used popularly for several therapeutic purposes, aiming at an effective contribution in the validation of the species. The ethnopharmacological approach through semi-structured interviews allowed us to verify that Attalea speciosa represents a plant species widely used in the study sample for therapeutic purposes, especially for women over 57 years of age, with the use of a fortifier being predominant. To carry out the chemical study, the mesocarp of babaçu, acquired in Arari and Esperantinópolis (Maranhão) and Fortaleza (Ceará), representing the Amazon, Cerrado and Caatinga biomes respectively, was submitted to standard extraction to obtain hydroalcoholic extracts of babassu), Followed by reactions of phytochemical characterization, through chromatographic methods and chemical reactions. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of phenolic compounds, saponins, condensed tannins, steroids, flavonoids and catechins. The presence of the substances rutin, myricitrin, isoquercetin, vitexin, catechin and, with emphasis, the epicatechin, were evidenced by thin layer chromatography (CCD) and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with an ultraviolet detector (CLAE-UV-Vis). The analysis of socioeconomic data evidenced a difference between the profile pertinent to the users of plants for medicinal purposes and those of those who make therapeutic use of babassu, besides therapeutic uses of the metabolic and nutritional categories. The chemical profile revealed similarity to the extracts of the babassu mesocarp from different biomes, suggesting epicatechin as an analytical marker for the species. / A crescente ascensão no consumo de plantas e/ou seus produtos derivados como recursos terapêuticos, tem estimulado a regulamentação do uso da Fitoterapia. Mas a oferta dessa terapêutica exige a garantia do acesso da população a produtos de qualidade, através dos estudos de validação das espécies. Nesse sentido, os estudos etnodirigidos (etnobotânicos e etnofarmacológicos) têm fornecido importantes subsídios, que possibilitam a investigação dos recursos vegetais empregados terapeuticamente pela população. Destacam-se, ainda, o desenvolvimento dos estudos químicos, que fornecem parâmetros importantes para o controle de qualidade desde a matéria prima até o produto final para dispensação. Assim, este estudo objetiva realizar análise etnofarmacológica e química de Attalea speciosa Mart. ex Spreng. (babaçu), por representar espécie vegetal de grande ocorrência no estado do Maranhão, largamente empregada popularmente para diversos fins terapêuticos, visando contribuição efetiva na validação da espécie. A abordagem etnofarmacológica através de entrevistas semiestruturadas permitiu constatarmos que Attalea speciosa representa espécie vegetal amplamente empregada na amostra em estudo para fins terapêuticos, especialmente por mulheres acima de 57 anos, predominando a concordância do uso como fortificante. Para realização do estudo químico, o mesocarpo de babaçu, adquirido em Arari e Esperantinópolis (Maranhão) e em Fortaleza (Ceará), representando respectivamente os biomas Amazônia, Cerrado e Caatinga, foi submetido à extração padronizada para obtenção dos extratos hidroalcoólicos de babaçu (EHB), seguido de reações de caracterização fitoquímica, através de métodos cromatográficos e de reações químicas. No screening fitoquímico foi confirmada presença de compostos fenólicos, saponinas, taninos condensados, esteroides, flavononois e catequinas. Pela cromatografia em camada delgada (CCD) e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência acoplada a detector de Ultravioleta (CLAE-UV-Vis) foi evidenciada a presença das substâncias rutina, miricitrina, isoquercetina, vitexina, catequina e, com destaque, a epicatequina. A análise dos dados socioeconômicos evidenciou diferença entre o perfil pertinente aos usuários de plantas para fins medicinais e o daqueles que fazem uso terapêutico do babaçu, além de usos terapêuticos das categorias metabólicas e nutricionais. O perfil químico revelou semelhança para os extratos do mesocarpo de babaçu oriundo de diferentes biomas, sugerindo epicatequina como marcador analítico para a espécie.

The goal of this thesis was to understand and quantify to what extent plants are used for the treatment of mental and folk illnesses such as susto and mal aire in the Neotropics and to investigate the anxiolytic and antiepileptic potential of previously unstudied Neotropical members of the genera Piper and Peperomia. Firstly, the literature was reviewed and a regression analysis method was used in order to quantitatively determine which plant families are preferred for the treatment of mental, behavioral and neurological health disorders in the Neotropics. This analysis identified Piperaceae, among others, as an important taxonomic group for the treatment of such disorders. Following that lead, a botanical survey was conducted in Peru, where 47 species of Piperaceae and 21 plants traditionally used for folk illnesses by the Yanesha of Peru, an Amazonian ethnic group, were collected. In order to target potential anxiolytic and antiepileptic plants, two high throughput bioassays were used to evaluate the extracts’ in vitro activity on the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system. Plant extracts in general demonstrated moderate to high affinity to the GABA-BZD receptor. Additionally, extracts demonstrated low to moderate activity in the inhibition of the GABA-T enzyme, with a few plants exhibiting promising activity. Plants selected by the Yanesha showed comparable activity to the other Piperaceae plants with Piper cremii being the most active plant in the GABAA assay, and Drymaria cordata in the GABA-T assay. Finally, four phytochemicals from Piper tuerckheimii, a plant regarded as one of the most effective traditional remedy for the treatment of epilepsy and susto by the Q’eqchi’ Maya of Belize presented, were isolated for the first time.