O Brasil é um dos maiores produtores de polpa de eucalipto e suas plantações são dependentes do enraizamento adventício de genótipos selecionados. Neste trabalho foram analisados os efeitos de diferentes fontes de carboidratos e de qualidade de luz no enraizamento adventício in vitro de duas espécies de eucalipto economicamente importantes, Eucalyptus grandis, de fácil enraizamento e Eucalyptus globulus, recalcitrante ao enraizamento. As fontes de carboidratos testadas em meio de cultura líquido foram sacarose, glicose e frutose. Microestacas de ambas as espécies e plantas-matrizes de Eucalyptus globulus foram expostas a comprimentos de onda enriquecidos para luz branca, azul, vermelha e vermelho-extrema e seus efeitos foram testados em relação ao enraizamento. O enraizamento adventício aumentou em ambas as espécies quando foi fornecida sacarose durante a fase de indução e frutose na fase de formação. Fazendo uma analogia entre o enraizamento adventício e a tuberização de batata, este resultado pode ser atribuído a atividade de invertases na fase de indução e fructoquinase na fase de formação, porém mais estudos devem ser conduzidos para confirmar esta hipótese. Não houve efeito de qualidade de luz no enraizamento adventício quando os tratamentos de luz foram aplicados nas microestacas. A exposição de plantas-matrizes crescidas em meio de cultura sem sacarose à ambiente enriquecido com comprimento de onda vermelho-extremo proporcionou um aumento de 255% na porcentagem de enraizamento de suas microestacas, mesmo na ausência de auxina exógena no meio de enraizamento, quando comparado com plantas-matrizes expostas à luz branca nas mesmas condições de cultura. Este resultado está aparentemente relacionado com o balanço 8 endógeno de açúcares solúveis e amido na parte aérea e raízes em desenvolvimento, com maior conteúdo de ambos na região das raízes. / Brazil is one of the largest producers of eucalypt pulp and its plantations are dependent of adventitious rooting of selected genotypes. In this work we analyzed the effects of different carbohydrate sources and light qualities on in vitro adventitious rooting of two economically important eucalypt species, the easy-to-root Eucalyptus grandis and the recalcitrant Eucalyptus globulus. The carbohydrate sources tested in static liquid medium were sucrose, glucose and fructose. The effect of white, blue, red and far-red light exposure on microcuttings of both species and on donor-plants of E. globulus was evaluated in relation to rooting. Rooting was improved in both species by supplying sucrose in the induction phase and fructose in the formation phase. By a putative analogy of adventitious rooting with tuberization in potato stems, this result was attributed to activities of invertases in the induction phase and fructokinase in the formation phase, but more studies will be needed to confirm this hypothesis. There was no effect of light quality on adventitious rooting when light treatments were applied on microcuttings. Compared to the white light-treated control donor-plants grown on medium without sucrose, donor-plants grown under a far-red light enriched environment on medium devoid of sucrose yielded 255% in the rooting percentage of microcuttings derived therefrom, even in the absence of exogenous auxin in rooting medium. This result was apparently related to the balance between endogenous hexoses and starch content in shoots and developing roots, with a higher content of both in the rooting zone.

No presente trabalho está descrita a análise de experimentos de microarranjos de DNA realizados pelos pesquisadores do Projeto GENOLYPTUS em conjunto com a empresa NimbleGen Systems Inc. (Reykjavik, Iceland), assim como a validação dos resultados gerados por essa análise, com a finalidade de encontrar genes diferencialmente expressos entre folhas e xilema de E. grandis para futuro estudo. O processo de análise dos microarranjos de DNA envolveu a busca por um software com programas estatísticos adequados ao estudo de grande quantidade de dados com mínima probabilidade de erro. A comprovação dos resultados gerados pelo software escolhido foi realizada com o uso da técnica da reação em cadeia da DNA-polimerase quantitativa (em tempo real) precedida de transcrição reversa (qRT-PCR). Alguns dos genes mais diferencialmente expressos foram selecionados para esta etapa, juntamente com alguns genes com expressão não tão alta. Os genes mais expressos nas folhas que foram escolhidos codificam para; (i) uma proteína semelhante à metalotioneína do tipo 3 (MT-3); (ii) uma glicolato-oxidase; (iii) uma catalase; (iv) uma fosforribulocinase precursora de cloroplasto (PRK); (v) um fator de transcrição MYB do tipo MYB142 e, (vi) uma proteína tipo “dedo-de-zinco”. Os genes mais expressos no xilema escolhidos foram os que codificam (i e ii) duas proteínas expressas em Arabidopsis thaliana; (iii) uma proteína hipotética expressa em Nicotiana benthamiana; (iv) uma descarboxilase de UDPglicuronato do tipo 2, (v) uma quitinase do tipo ELP; (vi) uma celulosesintase tipo 3; (vii) um fator de transcrição MYB; (viii) uma cafeoil-CoA-3- O-metiltransferase (CCoAOMT) e; (ix) uma proteína rica em prolina híbrida do tipo 2 (HyPRP2). Os resultados das qRT-PCRs demonstraram que o experimento de microarranjo e seus resultados foram consistentes e válidos, embora os primeiros tenham demonstrado valores de expressão freqüentemente mais altos. Acreditamos que tanto a análise dos microarranjos de DNA quanto a equivalência das amostras (duplicatas) biológicas estudadas foram totalmente sustentadas pelos resultados da qRT-PCR, pois foram robustas o suficiente para estimar um grande número de genes simultaneamente e indicar aqueles mais importantes como candidatos para futuras análises. / In the present work it is described the analysis of DNA microarray experiments developed by GENOLYPTUS researchers together with Nimblegen Systems Inc. (Reykjavik, Iceland), as well as the validation of the generated results with the aim to find differentially expressed genes between leaves and xylem tissue of E. grandis for further study. The DNA microarray analysis process comprised the search for software containing statistical programs satisfactory for studying an enormous amount of data with a very low false discovery rate. The confirmation of the generated data by the chosen software was made with the use of quantitative (real-time) reverse-transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Some of the most differentially expressed genes were selected for this step, along with some genes with average expression. Leaf chosen genes were those that codify (i) a metallothionein-like protein type 3 (MT-3), (ii) a glycolate oxidase, (iii) a catalase, (iv) a precursor phosphoribulokinase (PRK) from chloroplast, (v) a MYB transcription factor (MYB142), and (vi) a CONSTANS-LIKE 16 zincfinger protein. Xylem chosen genes were those codifying (i and ii) two expressed proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana, (iii) a hypothetic protein expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana, (iv) a putative UDP-glucuronate decarboxylase type 2, (v) a chitinase type ELP (ectopic deposition of lignin in pith), (vi) a cellulose synthase type 3, (vii) a MYB transcription factor, (viii) a caffeoyl-CoA 3-O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT), and (ix) a hybrid proline-rich protein type 2 (HyPRP2). Our qRT-PCR results proved the full consistency and validation of the microarray experiments, although the relative expression ratios of the first were often higher. We believe that our microarray analysis as well as the equivalence of biological samples (duplicates) were fully supported by the qRT-PCR findings since they were robust enough to evaluate a massive number of genes and able to point out important candidate genes.

Genetic variances and heritabilities in a cloned Eucalyptus grandis breeding population of families derived from open pollinated selections were estimated and the results are presented. The genetic variance was partitioned into additive and non-additive genetic variance components that allowed the estimation of broad and narrow sense heritabilities. Predicted gains for breeding and production population options are discussed. The magnitude of the coefficient of relationship between sibs was shown to have a considerable impact on the estimate of variance components and the importance of understanding the level of relatedness in the population is highlighted. Growth traits (volume, diameter at breast height/DBH, height), stem from and disease tolerance were assessed at 38 and 66 months in each of the three separate trials established as sub-populations of the breeding population. The additive genetic variance was the largest proportion of genetic variance for the growth traits (84% for volume, 94% for height and 74% for DBH), whereas the proportion of non-additive genetic variance was notably higher for stem form and disease tolerance (37% and 46% respectively). The growth traits and stem from are, economically, the most important traits and a breeding strategy that exploits the additive genetic variation by selection to increase the frequency of the alleles causing the desirable genotypes is appropriate. The higher proportion of non-additive genetic variance for disease does, however, suggest higher gains (compared with the afore-mentioned strategy of selection for general combining ability) will be achieved by exploiting the non-additive variance by for example, selection for specific combining ability, using inbred lines, clones. The composition of the genetic variance was investigated separately in the F1 and F2 families to obtain an indication of whether or not there was a change in proportion of non-additive and additive genetic variance over the two generations. A notably larger proportion of non-additive variance was found for the growth traits and stem form among the F2 families. This is probably due to the reduction in additive variance through selection for these traits in the previous generations. No selection for disease took place in earlier generations and the proportion of non-additive genetic variance for this trait remains approximately the same over both generations. These results may indicate that with advanced generations of breeding in this population, that gains achieved through selection for additive variance will decline compared with that achieved in previous generations. A strategy for future generations that exploits non-additive variance may be appropriate. A high proportion of error variance was estimated and in situations such as these, cloning is particularly beneficial as is shown by the high clone mean heritabilities estimated in these trials. High mortality, resulting in fewer ramets per clone, erodes the benefit of cloning in these trials. The predicted gains showed the benefit of the cloned breeding population both in terms of breeding population gains and production population gains. Reducing the breeding cycle by bulking up clones faster will also increase gains per year. High gains in the production population were predicted, particularly for the selection of tested clones for deployment, which can be done at the same time as selections are made for the next generation. The benefit of the cloned population was therefore shown to be twofold, namely increasing the accuracy of within family selection and increasing the gains in the rapid deployment of tested clones and therefore facilitating the faster realization of predicted gain in the plantation. / Dissertation (MSc (Genetics))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Genetics / unrestricted

Phytopathogenic fungi parasitise plants for survival. Knowledge of the interactions between plants and these fungi is of importance in designing control strategies. In this thesis the interactions of Eucalyptus polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) and fungal polygalacturonases (PGs) were characterised. About thirty years of research on the interaction between PGIPs and PGs was reviewed in Chapter 1. The gene sequences of the mature PGIP peptides from selected Eucalyptus species were determined in Chapter 2. The PGIP genes have very high similarities among themselves, signifying conservation of the function of PGIPs in this genus. Molecular characterisation of the endoPG gene of C. cubensis was presented in Chapter 3. This endoPG gene occurs more than two times in the genome of C. cubensis. The gene sequences of the other endoPGs remain to be determined. EndoPG production by C. cubensis, a Eucalyptus canker pathogen, was presented in Chapter 4. It was found that polygalactw:onases probably have a minor role in determining the levels of pathogenicity in different C. cubensis isolates. However, the hypovirus CHVl-173 has a role in reducing polygalacturonase production in infected hypovirulent C. cubensis isolates. Chapter 5 dealt with the interaction between Eucalyptus PGIPs and endoPGs from different fungal pathogens. Coniothyrium zuluense and Botryosphaeria dothidea produced more PGs than C. cubensis and Phytophthora cinnamomi in liquid culture. Disease tolerant Eucalyptus TAG5 clones produced PGIPs that are more effective in inhibiting endoPGs from C. zuluense than the susceptible Eucalyptus ZG14 clones. In Chapter 6 the gene sequence of the endoPG of Fusarium circinatum was detennined. This :fungus causes the . pitch canker disease in pine trees. This endoPG gene occurs as a single copy and is related to those of other Fusarium spp. The results presented in this thesis add to the current scientific knowledge pertaining to the role of PGIPs and PGs in pathogenic interactions, especially, between Eucalyptus PGIPs and fungal endoPGs. Interaction of Eucalyptus PGIPs and fungal endoPGs was demonstrated; therefore it is possible to genetically engineer Eucalyptus for more disease tolerant Eucalyptus plants using PGIP genes, especially, against Coniothyrium zuluense. This means that more research is needed to identity genes that will give a more global protection against many fungal pathogens. / Thesis (PhD (Plant Biotechnology))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Genetics / unrestricted

Extensive areas of Eucalyptus plantations are being established in the "cerrado" region of Brazil for both pulp and charcoal production. These plantations are being managed intensively using short rotations and high stand density. Because the soils of the area are very infertile, there is concern over the sustainability of yields in the absence of repeated fertilization. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of intensive management of these plantations on the P and N status of the "cerrado" soils and the implications thereof for future productivity. Biomass and P and N content of each tree component (including the root system) were determined over age sequences of E. grandis plantations growing on good and poor "cerrado" sites in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The dynamics of P and N were studied by analysing litterfall, forest floor accumulation, decomposition of branches and leaves, and internal cycling due to heartwood formation and the shedding of branches and foliage. The data that were collected permitted both a traditional static inventory assessment and a dynamic assessment of the effects of management on the site nutrient capital. However, because these two approaches are inadequate for the development of long-term sustained yield strategies for the management of these plantations, the thesis work included the development of conceptual models of two important aspects of eucalypt management in the "cerrado": coppice regeneration and phosphorus dynamics in the mineral soil. Studies of coppice sprouting were conducted to provide guidance for the development of the coppice model. By using information on both accumulation and dynamics of biomass and nutrients over age sequences of E. grandis growing on two different "cerrado" sites, the following predictions were obtained. Based on the static approach, the maximum yield over an initial 18 year period was obtained for a 54 month rotation, on both sites. However the use of this method to assess the effects of intensive management on site nutrient status would give misleading results because there is no feedback between changes in nutrient availability and yield. Therefore, a dynamic approach to the assessment was also used. This showed that over an 18 year period harvesting only stems on the good site is likely to cause a reduction in productivity of 48% while whole tree harvesting is likely to result in a reduction of 61%. On the poor site, there is likely to be only a 12% decrease due to whole tree harvesting, while harvesting stems only is unlikely to result in any decrease in yield. If whole tree harvesting is adopted on the good site, fertilizer quantities required to maintain the same level of productivity in the second rotation would be approximately 24 kg/ha of P while the amount required using stem harvesting only would be approximately 15 kg/ha. The amount of P required to produce one unit of biomass on the poor site was less than that required on the good site. In addition, the tree root systems on the poor site contain a greater proportion of total tree P as compared to those on the good site. This reduces the proportion of the total tree P that is removed at harvesting and gives an advantage to sprout growth on the poor site in subsequent rotations. Thus, intensive biomass harvesting on the poor site is expected to have relatively less impact on future site productivity compared to that on the good site. However, the good site can be expected to yield a greater biomass than the poor site. The data on accumulation and dynamics of biomass and P and N proved to be helpful in understanding the effects of intensive forest management on site nutrient status. However, the evaluation of long-term effects is rather complex because of the interaction of several factors when different management conditions are considered. Therefore, computer simulation models are required to evaluate the long-term effects of tree harvesting on site nutrient status. Because the growth strategies of a tree growing from seed are different from that of a tree developing from a stump, and the dynamics of P in mineral soil (the most limiting nutrient for eucalypt growth in the "cerrado" region) differ from that of N, coppice and phosphorus models were developed that could be implemented in the future in ecosystems models used to evaluate long-term effects of intensive management. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

O eucalipto é a arbórea mais cultivada no mundo para a exploração comercial de madeira. No Brasil, a principal espécie do gênero Eucalyptus utilizada é E. grandis, cujo cultivo, principalmente de híbridos com outras espécies, é voltado para a produção de celulose e papel. A relevância econômica do eucalipto para o Brasil e para vários países do mundo tem estimulado avanços científicos e tecnológicos, desde a área de biologia molecular até a silvicultura e a indústria de processamento da madeira. Entre os tópicos de interesse em biologia molecular estão genes e proteínas responsáveis pelo crescimento, pela qualidade da madeira e pela resposta vegetal a estresses ambientais. A família de proteínas Dof (DNA binding with one finger) compreende fatores de transcrição exclusivos de plantas, caracterizados pela presença do domínio Dof de ligação ao DNA, que contém uma estrutura semelhante ao domínio “dedo-de-zinco”. Esses fatores estão relacionados à ativação e à inibição de promotores de genes envolvidos nos mais variados fenômenos metabólicos das plantas tais como desenvolvimento do endosperma, metabolismo de carboidratos, germinação de sementes, desenvolvimento vascular e resposta a fitormônios. Pelo presente trabalho, visou-se caracterizar os fatores de transcrição Dof de E. grandis realizando-se análises filogenéticas com ferramentas de bioinformática, além de ensaios de RT-qPCR para se determinar perfis de expressão relativa dos genes Dof de E. grandis em folhas, caules e raízes de plantas sob diferentes tratamentos bióticos e abióticos que incluíram ABA, NAA, KIN, NaCl e seca. As análises filogenéticas permitiram a identificação de dez pares de genes parálogos no genoma de E. grandis, além de 13 grandes clados e nove pequenos grupos de genes ortólogos entre E. grandis, Arabidopsis thaliana e Populus trichocarpa. Os resultados permitiram-nos sugerir funções aos fatores de transcrição Dof de E. grandis. Os perfis de expressão relativa exibidos levaram-nos a concluir que os genes Dof são expressos em diversos órgãos e apresentam diferentes graus de acúmulo de mRNAs sob diferentes tratamentos. / Eucalypt is the most widely cultivated tree in the world for commercial logging. In Brazil, the main species of the Eucalyptus genus used is E. grandis, whose cultivation, mainly done with hybrids, is geared primarily for the production of pulp and paper. The economic relevance of eucalypts in Brazil and many countries worldwide has stimulated scientific and technological advances, from molecular biology to forestry and wood processing industry. Among the topics of interest in molecular biology are genes and proteins responsible for growth, the quality of wood and the plant response to environmental stress. The Dof (DNA binding with one finger) family of proteins comprehends plant exclusive transcription factors characterized by the presence of the DNA binding Dof domain, which is similar to the zinc finger domain. Dof transcription factors are related to the activation and inhibition of the promoters of genes involved in various plant metabolisms such as endosperm development, carbohydrate metabolism, seed germination, vascular development and response to phytohormones. In this study, we aimed to characterize the Dof transcription factors of E. grandis through phylogenetic analyzes using bioinformatic tools, in addition to RT-qPCR assays to determine the relative expression profiles of E. grandis Dof genes in leaves, stalks and roots of plants under different biotic and abiotic treatments that included ABA, NAA, KIN, NaCl and drought. Phylogenetic analysis allowed the identification of 10 pairs of paralogous genes in the genome of E. grandis, in addition to 13 major clusters and 9 small groups of orthologous genes between E. grandis, Arabidopsis thaliana and Populus trichocarpa, which allowed us to suggest functions for the E. grandis Dof transcription factors. The relative expression profiles showed that the Dof genes are expressed in various organs and display different degrees of mRNA accumulation under different treatments.

Orientador: Celso Luiz Marino / Banca: Esteban Roberto Gonzales / Banca: Mario Luiz Teixeira de Moraes / Banca: Magali Robeiro da Silva / Banca: Iraê Amaral Guerrini / Resumo: O Eucalyptus passou a ser um dos gêneros florestais mais plantados no mundo, devido a sua utilização na geração de diversos produtos comerciais. Com o intuito de aumentar a produtividade e introduzir características desejáveis o melhoramento genético florestal tem sido utilizado. Porém, alterações fisiológicas indesejáveis podem ocorrer, resultando em perdas e atrasos nos programas de melhoramento. A identificação e caracterização de genes relacionados a elas são importantes para os programas de melhoramento florestal. Melhoristas da empresa Suzano Papel e Celulose ao realizar um cruzamento controlado de Eucalyptus grandis, detectaram uma anomalia numa segregação mendeliana 3:1 (normais:anômalas), na progênie. As plantas anômalas apresentavam alterações em sua morfologia externa, como: altura das plantas, formato do limbo foliar, número de ramificações do caule, além da morte precoce dos indivíduos. Em estudos posteriores, com uso de marcadores moleculares, foi possível identificar uma marca molecular ligada à anomalia, mas nenhum estudo morfoanatômico foi realizado a fim de comparar as plantas anômalas. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi o estudo morfoanatômico, comparando-se os genótipos normal e anômalo na fase inicial de desenvolvimento das plantas, em busca de padrões diferenciais nas plantas mutantes. Para isso, amostras foram obtidas e processadas, segundo técnicas convencionais em anatomia vegetal e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. As plantas jovens de Eucalyptus, normais e anômalas, apresentaram diferenças morfológicas entre si. As plantas anômalas foram 3 vezes menores em altura que as normais e apresentaram caule bastante ramificado. Nas plantas normais, o caule apresentou maior área cortical e sistema vascular mais desenvolvido e organizado. Nas plantas anômalas, os tecidos vasculares são menos desenvolvidos e com aspecto colapsado. O limbo foliar das plantas normais... / Abstract: Eucalyptus has become one of the most planted forestry genus in the world, because of the use of many commercial products generation. Aiming to increase productivity and introduce desirable traits, forest genetic improvement techniques have been used. However, physiological changes may occur, resulting in loss and delay in improvement programs. The identification and characterization of genes related to diseases and anomalies are important for the forest improvement programs. In a controlled cross of Eucalyptus grandis individuals, the Suzano Papel and Celulose SA company has detected an anomaly with Mendelian segregation ratio of 3:1 (normal:abnormal) in the progeny. The abnormal plants showed notable changes in its external morphology, and early death of individuals. Previous studies have identified a molecular mark related to the anomaly, but no morphological and anatomical study was performed to compare the abnormal plants with the functions of the identified genes. In this way, the aim of this study was morphoanatomical analysis of normal and abnormal materials in the initial stage of development and evaluate phenotypic morphological characteristics in search of differential patterns in mutant plants. For this, samples were evaluated using conventional techniques in plant anatomy and scanning electron microscopy. The young plants of Eucalyptus, normal and anomalous showed morphological differences. The anomalous plants were 3 times smaller in height than the normal plants and presented a very branched stems. In normal plants, the stem showed higher cortical area and vascular system more developed and organized. In anomalous plants, the vascular tissues are less developed and with collapsed aspect. The leaf blades from normal plants showed elliptical shape and slightly sinuous contour; already in the anomalous plants, the leaf blade showed very irregular contour. More developed stipules were observed associated with the leaves of the ... / Doutor

O tratamento de esgoto gera um resíduo, o lodo de esgoto, que tem potencial para promover o crescimento de plantas e aumentar a produtividade de cultivos. O objetivo geral do trabalho desenvolvido foi avaliar como esse resíduo aplicado em plantações de eucalipto altera os estoques de C e N, aspectos do processo fotossintético, da área e nutrientes foliares. O estudo foi conduzido na estação experimental de Itatinga - ESALQ/USP, com aplicação de doses até 40 t/ha de biossólido para cultivo de Eucalyptus grandis. Considerando a biomassa total acima do solo, os eucaliptos que receberam 10 t/ha de biossólido + K e P mineral (10+KP) e adubação mineral completa (AD) produziram, em média, 107,5 t/ha, 63% a mais do que a testemunha; além de maiores valores de conteúdo de C e N na biomassa. Não houve diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos para os conteúdos totais de C (F = 1,3450; p = 0,3096), N (F = 1,2183; p = 0,3536) e conteúdo de N mineral (F = 0,5192; p = 0,7218) no solo. Apenas o C do solo determinado por oxidação úmida foi alterado. A dose de 10 t/ha propiciou aumentos no C Walkley e Black em relação às maiores doses, mostrando que o desenvolvimento das árvores é mais importante para propiciar entradas de material orgânico no sistema do que a própria aplicação do biossólido. A utilização de biossólido alcalino, em superfície, propiciou baixas taxas de decomposição aos 5 anos após aplicação e não contribuiu para aumentar os estoques totais de C e N no solo. Os eucaliptos que receberam nutrientes, seja pela adubação mineral, seja pela aplicação de biossólido apresentaram maior área foliar. A diferença entre o maior IAF (4,3), do tratamento 40+K, e o controle superou uma unidade. As doses de biossólido polimerizado foram correlacionadas positivamente com os teores foliares de N, P, S, e Zn e com a clorofila do eucalipto com 3 meses de idade. Esse biossólido pode aumentar a fotossíntese líquida, quando as medições são realizadas no período da manhã, sendo também capaz de promover aumentos na eficiência do uso da água e no desenvolvimento de eucaliptos jovens. / The wastewater treatment generates a residue, the sewage sludge, that has potential to promote plants growth and to increase its productivity. The general aim of this research was to evaluate how the applied residue in eucalypt plantations modify C and N stocks, aspects of the photosynthetic process, leaf area and leaf nutrients. The study was developed at the experimental station of Itatinga - ESALQ/USP. The experiment was installed with application of rates up to 40 t/ha of biosolids in Eucalyptus grandis plantation. Considering the total biomass above the soil, the eucalypts that received 10 t/ha of biosolids + K and P mineral (10+KP) and complete mineral fertilization (AD) produced, on average, 107.5 t/ha, which represents 63% more than control treatment and larger values of C and N contents in the biomass. There were not significant differences among the treatments for total contents of C (F = 1.3450; p = 0.3096), N (F = 1.2183; p = 0.3536) and mineral N (F = 0.5192; p = 0.7218) in the soil. Just the soil carbon content, determined by wet oxidation, was altered. The 10 t/ha biosolids rate increased the Walkley and Black C in relation to the largest doses, showing that trees development is more important to input organic material in the system than the biosolids application. The alkaline biosolids application to the soil surface resulted in low decomposition rates, 5 years after application, and did not contribute to increase C and N total stocks in the soil. The eucalypts that received nutrients even by mineral fertilization or by biosolids application, presented larger leaf area. The difference between the higher LAI (4.3) observed (treatment 40+K) and the control treatment was one unit. The polymeric biosolids rates were positively correlated with N, P, S, and Zn concentrations and with chlorophyll in eucalypts leaves at 3 months of age. The studied biosolid can increase net photosynthesis, being also capable to promote the water use efficiency and young eucalypts development.

Resumo: O sequestro de carbono nos ambientes terrestres, sendo feito de forma natural pelos vegetais através da fotossíntese, cujo processo permite fixar o carbono nos solos e, em forma de matéria lenhosa nas plantas, vem sendo apontado como uma alternativa mitigadora das mudanças climáticas, segundo acordos internacionais como o Protocolo de Kyoto. A retirada da floresta nativa provoca a diminuição significativa da biomassa microbiana e da fertilidade do solo. A reserva de carbono na matéria orgânica do solo é uma importante estratégia para atenuar a concentração de CO2 na atmosfera. Com o reflorestamento dessas áreas ocorre uma recuperação lenta e contínua da quantidade e qualidade da matéria orgânica. O eucalipto é a essência florestal mais plantada no Brasil e essas plantações florestais com eucalipto poderão cumprir o papel de aumentar as concentrações de carbono orgânico no solo, recuperando estruturas perdidas quando da exportação da madeira através da colheita, bem como, provocando mudanças ambientais associadas. Este trabalho objetivou quantificar a fixação de carbono no compartimento do solo de 0 a 60 cm de uma floresta nativa em comparação com plantios de eucalipto com 3 diferentes idades: 0 a 1 ano (área recém implantada); 3 a 4 anos (metade do ciclo) e 6 a 7 anos (época de corte). Foram escolhidos quatro diferentes sítios de amostragem com uma área amostral de 1 ha cada. Foram coletadas amostras de solo no inverno e no verão a diferentes profundidades para que se pudesse conhecer a quantidade de carbono orgânico fixado ao longo do perfil do solo considerando o fator da sazonalidade. Os resultados indicam que o manejo nas áreas interferiu no acúmulo de carbono no solo dos quatro sítios estudados, mostrando também que o fragmento de Cerrado estoca menos carbono que os plantios de eucalipto. Quanto à sazonalidade, houve diferença significativa... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The carbon sequestration in terrestrial environments, by plants through photosynthesis, allows carbon fixing as a woody matter in plants. This process has been identified as an alternative to mitigate climate change, according to Kyoto Protocol, an international environmental agreement. The removal of the native forest causes a significant decrease of microbial biomass and soil fertility. The storage of carbon in soil organic matter is an important strategy to reduce the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. With the reforestation of these areas, occurs a slow and continuous recovery of the quantity and quality of organic matter. The eucalyptus is the most planted species in Brazil for industrial supply. These eucalyptus reforestations may fulfill the role of increasing soil organic carbon concentration, recovering some structures lost by wood harvesting and causing associated environmental changes. This study aimed to quantify the carbon fixation within the soil compartment from 0 to 60 cm depth of a native forest formation in comparison with eucalyptus plantations with 3 different ages: 0 to 1 year (newly planted area); 3 to 4 years (half the harvesting cycle) and 6 to 7 years (harvesting time). Four different sites were chosen for sampling, with a sampling area of 1 ha each. Soil samples were collected in winter and summer time, at different depths, to quantify the organic carbon fixed throughout the soil profile, considering the seasonality factor. The results indicate that management in each area interfered in the accumulation of carbon in the soil in the four sites studied. The savanna fragment stored less carbon than the eucalyptus plantations. Regarding seasonality, a significant difference was found between the accumulation of carbon in winter and summer... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Iraê Amaral Guerrini / Coorientador: Vera Lex Engel / Banca: Dirceu Maximino Fernandes / Banca: Jacob Siva Souto / Mestre

O tratamento de esgoto gera um resíduo, o lodo de esgoto, que tem potencial para promover o crescimento de plantas e aumentar a produtividade de cultivos. O objetivo geral do trabalho desenvolvido foi avaliar como esse resíduo aplicado em plantações de eucalipto altera os estoques de C e N, aspectos do processo fotossintético, da área e nutrientes foliares. O estudo foi conduzido na estação experimental de Itatinga - ESALQ/USP, com aplicação de doses até 40 t/ha de biossólido para cultivo de Eucalyptus grandis. Considerando a biomassa total acima do solo, os eucaliptos que receberam 10 t/ha de biossólido + K e P mineral (10+KP) e adubação mineral completa (AD) produziram, em média, 107,5 t/ha, 63% a mais do que a testemunha; além de maiores valores de conteúdo de C e N na biomassa. Não houve diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos para os conteúdos totais de C (F = 1,3450; p = 0,3096), N (F = 1,2183; p = 0,3536) e conteúdo de N mineral (F = 0,5192; p = 0,7218) no solo. Apenas o C do solo determinado por oxidação úmida foi alterado. A dose de 10 t/ha propiciou aumentos no C Walkley e Black em relação às maiores doses, mostrando que o desenvolvimento das árvores é mais importante para propiciar entradas de material orgânico no sistema do que a própria aplicação do biossólido. A utilização de biossólido alcalino, em superfície, propiciou baixas taxas de decomposição aos 5 anos após aplicação e não contribuiu para aumentar os estoques totais de C e N no solo. Os eucaliptos que receberam nutrientes, seja pela adubação mineral, seja pela aplicação de biossólido apresentaram maior área foliar. A diferença entre o maior IAF (4,3), do tratamento 40+K, e o controle superou uma unidade. As doses de biossólido polimerizado foram correlacionadas positivamente com os teores foliares de N, P, S, e Zn e com a clorofila do eucalipto com 3 meses de idade. Esse biossólido pode aumentar a fotossíntese líquida, quando as medições são realizadas no período da manhã, sendo também capaz de promover aumentos na eficiência do uso da água e no desenvolvimento de eucaliptos jovens. / The wastewater treatment generates a residue, the sewage sludge, that has potential to promote plants growth and to increase its productivity. The general aim of this research was to evaluate how the applied residue in eucalypt plantations modify C and N stocks, aspects of the photosynthetic process, leaf area and leaf nutrients. The study was developed at the experimental station of Itatinga - ESALQ/USP. The experiment was installed with application of rates up to 40 t/ha of biosolids in Eucalyptus grandis plantation. Considering the total biomass above the soil, the eucalypts that received 10 t/ha of biosolids + K and P mineral (10+KP) and complete mineral fertilization (AD) produced, on average, 107.5 t/ha, which represents 63% more than control treatment and larger values of C and N contents in the biomass. There were not significant differences among the treatments for total contents of C (F = 1.3450; p = 0.3096), N (F = 1.2183; p = 0.3536) and mineral N (F = 0.5192; p = 0.7218) in the soil. Just the soil carbon content, determined by wet oxidation, was altered. The 10 t/ha biosolids rate increased the Walkley and Black C in relation to the largest doses, showing that trees development is more important to input organic material in the system than the biosolids application. The alkaline biosolids application to the soil surface resulted in low decomposition rates, 5 years after application, and did not contribute to increase C and N total stocks in the soil. The eucalypts that received nutrients even by mineral fertilization or by biosolids application, presented larger leaf area. The difference between the higher LAI (4.3) observed (treatment 40+K) and the control treatment was one unit. The polymeric biosolids rates were positively correlated with N, P, S, and Zn concentrations and with chlorophyll in eucalypts leaves at 3 months of age. The studied biosolid can increase net photosynthesis, being also capable to promote the water use efficiency and young eucalypts development.