A study of the pressure drop characteristics of the flow of highly viscous fluids through small diameter orifices was conducted to obtain a better understanding of hydraulic fluid flow loops in vehicles. Pressure drops were measured for each of nine orifices, including orifices of nominal diameter 0.5, 1 and 3 mm, and three thicknesses (nominally 1, 2 and 3 mm), and over a wide range of flow rates (2.86x10sup-7/sup Q 3.33x10sup-4/sup msup3/sup/s). The fluid under consideration exhibits steep dependence of the properties (changes of several orders of magnitude) as a function of temperature and pressure, and is also non-Newtonian at the lower temperatures. The data were non-dimensionalized to obtain Euler numbers and Reynolds numbers using non-Newtonian treatment. It was found that at small values of Reynolds numbers, an increase in aspect ratio (length/diameter ratio of the orifice) causes an increase in Euler number. It was also found that at extremely low Reynolds numbers, the Euler number was very strongly influenced by the Reynolds number, while the dependence becomes weaker as the Reynolds number increases toward the turbulent regime, and the Euler number tends to assume a constant value determined by the aspect ratio and the diameter ratio. A two-region (based on Reynolds number) model was developed to predict Euler number as a function of diameter ratio, aspect ratio, viscosity ratio and generalized Reynolds number. This model also includes data at higher temperatures (20 and le; T and le; 50supo/supC) obtained by Mincks (2002). It was shown that for such highly viscous fluids with non-Newtonian behavior at some conditions, accounting for the shear rate through the generalized Reynolds number resulted in a considerable improvement in the predictive capabilities of the model. Over the laminar, transition and turbulent regions, the model predicts 86% of the data within and plusmn25% for 0.32 l/d (orifice thickness/diameter ratio) 5.72, 0.023 and beta; (orifice/pipe diameter ratio) 0.137, 0.09 Resubge/sub 9677, and 0.0194 and mu;subge/sub 9.589 (kg/m-s)

Nesta dissertação são apresentadas algumas propriedades de números reais. Descrevemos de maneira breve os conjuntos numéricos N, Z, Q e R e apresentamos demonstrações detalhadas da irracionalidade dos números \'pi\' e e. Também, apresentamos um texto sobre o número e, menos técnico e mais intuitivo, na tentativa de auxiliar o professor no preparo de aulas sobre o número e para alunos do Ensino Médio, bem como, alunos de cursos de Licenciatura em Matemática / In this thesis we present some properties of real numbers. We describe briefly the numerical sets N, Z, Q and R, and we present detailed proofs of irrationality of numbers \'pi\' and e. We also present a text about the number e less technical and more intuitive in an attempt to assist the teacher in preparing lessons about number e for High School students as well as for Teaching degree in Mathematics students

Submitted by Nayara de Novaes Rezende Villani null (na_villani@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-29T19:22:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissertacaoPROFMAT_Nayara_2.pdf: 1915936 bytes, checksum: 027573c203bbb23b0c54dc6b4cfe75c5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br) on 2017-11-30T18:31:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 villani_nnr_me_sjrp.pdf: 1915936 bytes, checksum: 027573c203bbb23b0c54dc6b4cfe75c5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-30T18:31:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 villani_nnr_me_sjrp.pdf: 1915936 bytes, checksum: 027573c203bbb23b0c54dc6b4cfe75c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Neste trabalho são apresentadas propostas de atividades para abordar o número de Euler no Ensino Médio, uma vez que existem muitas situações cotidianas em que a única maneira de descrevê-las convenientemente por meio de modelos matemáticos é utilizando a função exponencial com a base sendo o número de Euler. Por exemplo, o decaimento radioativo, a lei do resfriamento de Newton, o estudo de uma certa epidemia numa população e investimento de capital. Inicialmente, são apontados fatos históricos desde o surgimento do número de Euler até o momento de sua notação. Em seguida, são apresentadas uma abordagem sobre a função exponencial e propostas de atividades envolvendo as situações cotidianas mencionadas. / In this work we present proposals of activities to approach the Euler number in High School, since there are many daily situations in which the only way to describe them conveniently by means of mathematical models is to use the exponential function with the base being the Euler number. For example, radioactive decay, Newton's law of cooling, the study of a certain epidemic in a population and capital investment. Initially, historical facts are pointed out from the appearance of the Euler number until the moment of its notation. Next, we present an approach on the exponential function and proposals of activities involving the daily situations mentioned.

Nesta dissertação são apresentadas algumas propriedades de números reais. Descrevemos de maneira breve os conjuntos numéricos N, Z, Q e R e apresentamos demonstrações detalhadas da irracionalidade dos números \'pi\' e e. Também, apresentamos um texto sobre o número e, menos técnico e mais intuitivo, na tentativa de auxiliar o professor no preparo de aulas sobre o número e para alunos do Ensino Médio, bem como, alunos de cursos de Licenciatura em Matemática / In this thesis we present some properties of real numbers. We describe briefly the numerical sets N, Z, Q and R, and we present detailed proofs of irrationality of numbers \'pi\' and e. We also present a text about the number e less technical and more intuitive in an attempt to assist the teacher in preparing lessons about number e for High School students as well as for Teaching degree in Mathematics students