Orientador: Ademar Ribeiro Romeiro / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T09:01:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ansanelli_StelaLuizadeMattos_D.pdf: 1598579 bytes, checksum: 6087fd04d98f2581fb30d12e417b9729 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar as influências das exigências ambientais européias para equipamentos eletroeletrônicos sobre o Brasil. Essas exigências, que tratam da eliminação de substâncias perigosas (RoHS) e da gestão dos produtos pós-consumo (WEEE), têm afetado as empresas do setor eletrônico e da indústria de bens e serviços ambientais em países desenvolvidos (dentro e fora da Europa) e em países de industrialização recente. O complexo eletrônico no Brasil também tem sido afetado, pois a maior parte das empresas no Brasil está se adequando à RoHS; isso tem gerado inovações tecnológicas incrementais de processo. Contudo, as empresas estrangeiras estão mais avançadas do que as nacionais pelo apoio que recebem da matriz. A indústria de bens e serviços ambientais possui um potencial de mercado, caso seja implementada uma diretiva do tipo WEEE. Diante desses novos desafios competitivos, da falta de legislação pertinente e de infra-estrutura de gestão de resíduos, os caminhos políticos devem pautar-se pela discussão entre os agentes e fortalecimento da capacitação técnica e institucional e de gestão de resíduos do país / Abstract: The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of european environmental requirements for electrical and electronic equipment on Brasil. These requirements, that deal with hazardous substances phasing out (RoHS) and post-consume management (WEEE), have afected the firms of electronic sector and environmental goods and services industry in developed countries (in and out Europe) and in developing countries. The brasilian electronical sector has also been afected because most firms are complying with RoHS; it has caused process incremental tecnological innovation. However, foreign firms are more advanced than national ones due to the headquarter support. The environmental goods and services industry has market potential in case a WEEE-like directive be established in Brasil. Due to these new competitive challenges and to the lack of concerning legislation and waste management infrastructure, political paths should be driven by issues between agents and technical and institutional capacity and waste management strenghtening in Brasil / Doutorado / Desenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio Ambiente / Doutor em Economia Aplicada

The study examines the European coverage in four leading Nordic newspapers during two periods in 1993 and in 1996. During the first period, three countries were negotiating for membership in the European Union. During the second period, work on a new European Constitution was ongoing, to be negotiated by the Intergovernmental Conference at the end of the period. Two of the applicant countries, Finland and Sweden, were then members of the union since Jan 1, 1995. Voters in the third country, Norway, opted to stay outside the union. Norway is, however closely linked to the union by the previous EEA agreement. Finally, the fourth country, Denmark, had limited its longstanding membership in four important areas. Results of the main study in 1993 indicate a great difference in the degree of Europeanness of the coverage of European affairs, as indicated by the share of European issues, sources, players, institutions etc. The Danish paper, the Politiken, was on all counts genuinely European in its coverage. This could, to begin with, be understood in terms of a relational context - Denmark was a member of the European Community, the other countries were not. In 1996, as could be expected, the Norwegian paper, the Aftenposten, reduced its coverage of European affairs to about half the previous volume, the Finnish and Swedish papers, the Hufvudstadsbladet and the Dagens Nyheter, increased their volumes to new highs. The Danish paper maintained its previously comparatively high volume of European coverage, and was still distinctly more European in its outlook on transnational politics. This could be understood in terms of a new Maturity proposition - it may take a long time for the national media to come to terms with a new political environment. The study also puts forward the proposition that Danish political culture requires a different coverage of European affairs, and also requires an opportunity to discuss and evaluate European politics. On a theoretical level, the study supports the idea that national experience, historical and relational contexts influence media content. National agendas powerfully determine the orientation of transnational political communication . Three in-depth studies by and large confirm results from the content analysis. A separate exercise inspired by Grounded Theory gives rise to three theoretical concepts that seem to be fundamental dimensions of European political communication: Legitimacy (media coverage contributes to status conferral and encourages deliberation of cooperation as an idea), Participation (media coverage as expressions of intrinsical and instrumental motives for joining and taking responsibility towards European cooperation), and Mondialization/Universalism (media coverage of Europe's efforts in the global arena) / digitalisering@umu

The issue of environmental risks from the pharmaceutical endocrine disrupter 17 alpha-ethinyl oestradiol (EE2), which is an active ingredient in the contraceptive pill, confronts government responsibilities for citizens' health with potential environmental risks from its presence in aquatic ecosystems. Further to a risk appraisal process conducted under the Water Framework Directive (WFD) between 2006 and 2012, the European Commission recommended the imposition of an environmental quality standard for EE2. In 2013, this recommendation was rejected by politicians. The outcome was both contested and commended. The UK Government was particularly vehement in its opposition and claimed that the risk assessment process for EE2 was not robust. The UK Government also insisted that it had swayed opinion of other EU Member States to convince them that action for EE2 was not proportionate given the extremely elevated costs of risk control options. At the present time, environmental policy for EE2 and other endocrine disrupters remains resolutely ineffective. Despite three distinct policy interventions recommending precautionary action for EE2 during the past twenty years, emissions of this potent, oestrogenic endocrine disrupter continue unabated. This thesis explains why European politicians rejected the European Commission’s risk governance recommendations for EE2 in 2013 under the Water Framework Directive. This comprises its principal empirical contribution. A novel analytical framework which draws on insights from the policy sciences, risk governance and wicked problems literature is developed. This framework is employed to determine whether the policy outcome for EE2, and the decision-making processes that preceded it, were legitimate. The research findings in this respect advance understanding of the implications of specific properties of wicked problems, of which it is argued, EE2 is an example, for the legitimacy of decision-making processes during the risk appraisal and political phases of policy development in Europe. This comprises the principle theoretical contribution of the thesis. Recommendations to promote more effective and legitimate policy development for wicked problems in similar multi-level governance contexts are also made.