Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2000. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

The internet has increasingly become a part of our daily practices, and previous research has pointed to the numerous different ways individuals and groups use and integrate the internet into their lives. Yet, despite the pervasiveness of the internet within the home, few have investigated internet domestication. To grasp the process of internet domestication, my research uses a Social Shaping of Technology approach to investigate how internet domestication develops as a set of contextual practices within households of East York, Ontario. My research is part of the Connected Lives Project that took place in East York, Ontario between 2004 and 2005. Using a combination of survey data, semi-structured interviews and digital photos, I offer a novel combination of methods not implemented in previous research of the household internet that provides a rich and descriptive illustration of household internet practices. This dissertation research is the first case study of the household internet that offers an in-depth portrayal and interpretation of its domestication. It is an empirical demonstration of the complicated patterns through which the internet is domesticated. My research builds upon previous quantitative and qualitative internet research, and contributes to the clear epistemological gap in what we know about internet domestication as a dynamic process. How does the domestication of the internet develop as a set of contextual practices? My investigation draws attention to the kinds of things that shape the everyday - paid work, immigrant status, household structure, and gender roles. Each of these act as threads - different practices - that weave together to shape how the internet is used and integrated as a domestic technology into today's households and families. I characterize the social worlds shaping internet domestication, and discuss how households and families actively shape internet domestication through examining internet communication and information seeking patterns, and address concerns that family is in decline. My research provides new and different ways of thinking about family, family time, and our relationship with the household internet by discussing the time families spend together online, and how family's household spaces are evolving in response to the ubiquitous internet.

The internet has increasingly become a part of our daily practices, and previous research has pointed to the numerous different ways individuals and groups use and integrate the internet into their lives. Yet, despite the pervasiveness of the internet within the home, few have investigated internet domestication. To grasp the process of internet domestication, my research uses a Social Shaping of Technology approach to investigate how internet domestication develops as a set of contextual practices within households of East York, Ontario. My research is part of the Connected Lives Project that took place in East York, Ontario between 2004 and 2005. Using a combination of survey data, semi-structured interviews and digital photos, I offer a novel combination of methods not implemented in previous research of the household internet that provides a rich and descriptive illustration of household internet practices. This dissertation research is the first case study of the household internet that offers an in-depth portrayal and interpretation of its domestication. It is an empirical demonstration of the complicated patterns through which the internet is domesticated. My research builds upon previous quantitative and qualitative internet research, and contributes to the clear epistemological gap in what we know about internet domestication as a dynamic process. How does the domestication of the internet develop as a set of contextual practices? My investigation draws attention to the kinds of things that shape the everyday - paid work, immigrant status, household structure, and gender roles. Each of these act as threads - different practices - that weave together to shape how the internet is used and integrated as a domestic technology into today's households and families. I characterize the social worlds shaping internet domestication, and discuss how households and families actively shape internet domestication through examining internet communication and information seeking patterns, and address concerns that family is in decline. My research provides new and different ways of thinking about family, family time, and our relationship with the household internet by discussing the time families spend together online, and how family's household spaces are evolving in response to the ubiquitous internet.

Abstract One of the key issues in recent translation theories has been on whether translation should domesticate or foreignize the source text. Venuti (1995) defines domesticating translation as a replacement of the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text with a text that is intelligible to the target-language reader. Foreignizing translation is defined as a translation that indicates the linguistic and cultural differences of the text by disrupting the cultural codes that prevail in the target language. Other scholars, like Tymoczko (1999), criticise this dichotomy by pointing out that a translation may be radically oriented to the source text in some respects, but depart radically from the source text in other respects, thus denying the existence of the single polarity that describes the orientation of a translation. For my research I have chosen five English translations of Lev Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina, covering over a century of the history of translations into English: Dole (1886), Garnett (1901), Maude (1918), Edmonds (1954) and Pevear and Volokhonsky (2000). My main objective has been to analyse the relationship between earlier and later translations. Since modern English language readers are more familiar with Russian language, literature and culture as well as with Tolstoy’s works than the 19th century readers were, theoretically speaking, translating Tolstoy in 2000 should be easier than it was in 1886. In reality each translator still had to choose between the adequate representation of Tolstoy’s text and the acceptability of their translation for their contemporary English speaking audiences (the terms described in Toury 1995) on a sliding scale between audience and text. In a way, with the higher development of the art and scholarship of translation, the expectations of readers and critics grow, and adequate representation of a text in a different language becomes more challenging. My hypothesis is that literary translation evolves as an exploration of deeper and deeper layers of the source text. In the present thesis I try to show how the history of translation of Anna Karenina into English reflects these different stages of evolution.

The subject of this thesis is the translation of children’s literature. It probes the issue of whether domesticating texts for the child reader is always in the best interest of the child. The thesis traces the origins of both domestication and foreignisation in the history of translation studies and illustrates how translation norms for children have developed to favour target text oriented translations that move the source text close to the child reader in order to facilitate comprehension. The thesis questions this practice through close examination of issues and strategies in examples taken from children’s books in translation. Three detailed case studies explore how these issues have been handled in the translations of the Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling and two stories by Astrid Lindgren. The skopos theory in translation studies is also discussed and offered as a valuable approach when translating for children. It is suggested that the commission or the purpose for translating for children may also be to provide the child reader with a closer cultural encounter. Finally an attempt is made to produce a foreignising or non-domesticating translation that moves the target text closer to the source culture and potentially sends the child reader abroad.

Thesis (Ph.D. in zoology)--Washington State University, May 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 93-96).

La grotte GLD1 dans l’Adrar Gueldaman (Babors d’Akbou/Algérie) a bénéficié d’un programme de recherche pluridisciplinaire du CNRPAH depuis 2010. Une séquence néolithique couvrant la période VIII-Ve millénaires BP a été mise au jour et fouillée (Secteurs 2 et 3). La reconstitution du cadre chronostratigraphique climatique, économique et culturel des occupations a permis d’individualiser 4 unités archéologiques chronologiquement calées par 28 dates 14C (cal BP) : UA1 [7200-6500], UA2 [6500-530], UA3 [5000-4600], UA4 [4500-4200]. Une reconstitution paléoclimatique est proposée à travers des analyses isotopiques (d13C et d18O) réalisées sur deux stalagmites STM2 et STM4 de GLD1 dont la croissance (dates U/Th), couvre les trois dernières unités archéologiques. Une corrélation entre changements climatiques et occupations du site est mise en évidence. L’abandon de la grotte coïncide avec la crise d’aridité de 4200 BP enregistrée sur le pourtour méditerranéen. La faune domestique est représentée par des chèvres, des moutons (UA1) et des bovins (UA2). Les systèmes d'élevage des chèvres et moutons correspondent aux modèles de gestion des troupeaux des ovicaprinés de sites néolithiques méditerranéens du Sud de la France et de l’Italie ainsi que du Proche-Orient. Les résultats préliminaires paléobotaniques (étude sur 10% du corpus) indique l’a présence de blé et de l'orge en UA4. La céramique à fond conique est décorée par incision (UA1) et impression sans recours au cardium. Les résidus organiques identifiés concernent les matières grasses carnées et laitières ainsi que la cire d’abeille (miel). Le mobilier lithique est typique constitué d’outils du fonds commun épipaléolithique et de nouveaux apports (armatures de flèches, racloirs et scies). L’industrie osseuse est exceptionnellement riche, diversifiée et bien conservée. Les documents symboliques sont en ivoire d’éléphant, derme ossifié de tortue, test d’œuf d’autruche, coquillage marin et ocre. / A multidisciplinary project at GLD1 cave in the Adrar Gueldaman ridge (Babors near Akbou/North Algeria) was initiated by CNRPAH in 2010. A Neolithic sequence covering the VIII-V millennia BP has been revealed (Sectors S2 and S3). The chronostratigraphic, climatic, economic and cultural contexts have been studied, leading to the definition of four archaeological units chronologically delimited using 28 14C dates on charcoal (cal BP): UA1 [7200-6500], UA2 [6500-530], UA3 [5000-4600], UA4 [4500-4200]. The paleoclimate for periods UA2 to UA4 was reconstructed using isotopic analysis (d13C and d18O) of two stalagmites (STM2 and STM4), demonstrating a correlation between climatic changes and the occupation of the cave. A prolonged drought at ca. 4400–3800 cal BP is supposed to be the responsible of cave abandonment shortly after ca. 4403 cal BP. The domestic fauna is composed of sheep and goat (UA1) and cattle (UA2). The slaughter profiles for the ovis/capra assemblages suggest a mixed meat/milk economy. Molecular and isotopic analysis of absorbed food residues from 140 pottery vessels confirms the exploitation of domesticated animals, for their carcass fats and their secondary products, e.g. dairy fats. Preliminary palaeobotanical results (10% of the remains studied) show that both wheat and barley were cultivated during the last unit (UA4). Vessels with conical bottoms were decorated by incision (UA1) or impression techniques without using cardium shell. Lithic tools have epipalaeolithic characteristics, but typical Neolithic ones such as arrowheads, scrapers, and saws are also present. The worked bone industry is exceptionally rich, diversified and well preserved. A large variety of well-preserved ornaments were crafted from elephant ivory, marine gastropod shells, bird bones, tortoise shells, and ostrich eggshell.

Parmi tous les animaux domestiques, le cheval est sans aucun doute celui ayant le plus influencé l’histoire des peuplements humains. Le cheval domestique a d’abord fourni à de nombreuses civilisations des ressources primaires essentielles telles que la viande et le lait. Utilisé pour sa force physique et comme moyen de transport, il a eu de profondes conséquences sur les mouvements de personnes et de biens ainsi que sur la diffusion de cultures et d’idées à travers l’Eurasie. Le cheval a ainsi fortement contribué à l’expansion de sociétés et d’empires pendant des millénaires, et ce jusqu’au vingtième siècle. Les différentes étapes de la domestication du cheval restent cependant mal comprises d’un point de vue archéologique et sont complexes à retracer à partir des données génétiques recueillies sur les races chevalines actuelles. L’émergence de la génomique ancienne au début des années 2010 a révolutionné la biologie de l'évolution, en donnant un accès direct à l’histoire des populations anciennes et actuelles. Elle est donc particulièrement adaptée pour étudier la transition historique induite par la domestication du cheval. En s'appuyant sur les dernières avancées en matière d’extraction d'ADN ancien et des technologies de séquençage d’ADN à haut débit, ce travail de doctorat vise à décrypter les modifications génétiques sous-jacentes au processus de domestication du cheval. Pour se faire, nous avons généré le plus grand jeu de données génomiques anciennes jamais rassemblées sur un organisme non humain. Celles-ci ont révélé que les chevaux domestiqués pour la première fois à Botai, dans le nord du Kazakhstan, il y a environ 5 500 ans, ne sont pas les ancêtres des chevaux domestiques ayant vécu pendant ces dernières ~4 100 années. Ce sont les ancêtres des chevaux de Przewalski, que l’on pensait jusqu’alors totalement sauvages. Cette découverte inattendue suggère qu'un remplacement majeur de la population de chevaux domestiques a eu lieu au cours du troisième millénaire avant notre ère, contribuant probablement à faire entrer l'humanité dans l'âge du Bronze. En outre, ces trois années de recherche ont permis d'identifier les signatures génétiques associées à différentes stratégies d’élevage du cheval et ont révélé les dynamiques évolutives en jeu lors des étapes clés de la domestication. En particulier, il ressort des analyses de génomes anciens que les chevaux ibériques n’ont contribué que marginalement à la création du cheval domestique tel qu’on le connaît aujourd'hui. Ce travail de thèse a par ailleurs permis de détecter une influence croissante des chevaux perses dès le début du Moyen Age. / Among all domesticates, the horse can confidently be considered as the animal that most impacted the history of human dynamics. Once they domesticated the horse, human civilizations got hold of essential domestication products including meat and milk, but also invaluable secondary products, such as fast transportation and powerful workforce. The horse thus deeply enhanced the circulation of people, goods, culture and ideas, promoting the spread of vast military and political units across Eurasia up until the 1900s. The various steps underpinning horse domestication are however difficult to track in the archaeological record and still poorly understood based on patterns of DNA variation among modern breeds. In the last decade, the advent of ancient genomics has revolutionized evolutionary biology by providing a direct window into the past history of populations. Ancient genomics therefore provides the necessary time travel machine to investigate the key historical transition in the history of humankind that was induced by the horse domestication. Leveraging the latest advances in ancient DNA recovery and High-Throughput sequencing technologies, this PhD project aimed at deciphering the genetic changes underlying the horse domestication process by generating the largest ancient genome dataset for a non-human organism, spanning the whole temporal and geographic range of horse domestication. This dataset revealed that horses first herded at Botai in Northern Kazakhstan ~5,500 years ago are not the ancestors of modern domestic horses but instead of modern Przewalski’s horses, previously thought to represent last true wild population on Earth. This major discovery also suggests that a swift genomic replacement in the domestic stock took place in the third millennium BCE, probably contributing to precipitating humankind into a new metal era, the Bronze Age. Additionally, this PhD work identified the genetic signatures associated with different management strategies and the evolutionary dynamics at play within distinct domestication stages. In particular, we were able to rule out Iberia as a major contributor to the modern domestic stock and moving towards more recent times, we characterized the growing influence of Persian-like horses starting in the early Middle Ages.

White Leghorn (WL) breed is homozygous for an allele on the α2C-AR gene while the Red Junglefowl (RJF) is mostly heterozygous for that. The gene is also hypermethylated in WL. The gene codes for the α2C -adrenergic receptor, which plays various roles including regulation of neurotransmitter release from adrenergic neurons in the central nervous system and sympathetic nerves The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the variation of α2C-AR gene on the chickens’ behaviour. Various behavioural tests mostly associated with fear and stress was conducted in progeny of an F9 generation of the advanced intercross line (AIL) between RJF and WL, selected for homozygosity of the alternative alleles on the α2C-AR gene. In the emergence test, the stress effect on both poking and total exit latency was significantly higher in WL genotype females in comparison to RJF genotype females (effect on head poking time: WL -70.62 ± 18.603 versus RJF 15.63 ± 29.069; effect on total exit time WL -72.14 ± 20.582 RJF 5.64 ± 30.140). In the aerial predator test RJF genotype birds showed significantly more agitated behaviours after the predator exposure in comparison to WL genotype birds (RJF 27.65 ± 0.700 versus WL 25.09 ± 0.915) Although we found differences in behaviour of individuals with WL genotype, more research is needed to find out how the variation on the ADRA2C gene has played a role in domestication of layer chicken.

Rapid advances in the aquaculture industry pose an environmental challenge that is generated by outbreeding between escaped domesticated and wild individuals. Given that escapees genetically differ from wild individuals because of domestication and possibly by ancestry, periodic domesticated-wild outbreeding has the potential to influence fitness-related traits in wild populations. In Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), the understanding of mechanisms and direction of domesticated influences are especially important because of the conservation concerns associated with many wild populations, notably in the southern parts of their North Atlantic range. My thesis investigates domestication-induced, genetically based changes during the parr stage by assessing growth, parr maturity and survival under predation for three salmon strains differing in their history of domestication, as examined in two semi-natural environments (predator present, absent). Growth and size-at-age increased with increasing generations of domestication, yet male parr maturation probability declined. Survival under gape-limited predation increased with domestication-conveyed increases in size and growth rate. Domesticated but not wild individuals exhibited stress-resistant growth in the presence of a predator. To assess mechanism and magnitudes of trait changes resulting from domesticated-wild outbreeding, a domesticated strain was crossed with a wild population (up to third-generation hybrids) and outbreeding effects were studied for different life stages, several controlled environmental laboratory conditions, and traits. Life stages included the developmental periods between egg and fry, and between immature and adult post smolts. Traits assessed included survival, yolk conversion efficiency, size-at-age, maturation probability, growth rate, mRNA transcript levels and their environmental plasticity. For many traits, both additive and non-additive genetic components in the between-population genetic architecture were revealed by cross means analyses. Furthermore, maternal outbreeding effects on early life stages were present. Altogether the results indicate that constant outbreeding effects of escapees on wild populations will increase present growth rates during all life stages and decrease early maturation probabilities for male parr and post-smolts, but by unpredictable magnitudes across hybrid generations. Maternally controlled co-adapted traits might be disrupted in hybrid mothers. Further, mixed-origin individuals might be temporarily at an advantage relative to wild individuals because of size and growth advantages and these might accelerate a wild genotypes displacement.