Hypotheses on the efficiency of evidence-based printed materials can be directed by health communication concepts. These concepts can provide a general framework that goes beyond the traditional vulgarization point of view: instead, it points towards a strategy to obtain health outcomes and provoke behavior change, from a disease prevention, management and health promotion perspective. The present study proposes a comprehensive framework based on concepts from health risk communication, Tarde's theory of social values, usability, readability and plain language. Using the mapping approach, an evaluation grid was applied to printed evidence-based materials with proven effectiveness, in order to reveal the underlying strategy and isolate the characteristics of effective materials. The results allowed us to define two types of printed evidence-based materials, according to the robustness of the evidence they contain and the target audience. It was also possible to identify indicators of notions that are translated into operationalized items, frequent in those materials that might be responsible for their efficiency: clear purpose of the documents, limited scope, learning motivation and correspondence to the logic, experience and language of readers. Effectiveness of printed evidence-based materials could also be correlated to numeracy, objectiveness, standard definitions, constant timeframes and denominators, risks enumerated in order of importance, effective response, and high degree of threat, urgency, novelty and visibility of the disease. It was also possible to identify some missing communication concepts: cultural diversity, narrative, increased easiness of procedures and aesthetic advantage for the patient. In the process of work, the theory of social values emerged as a dynamic component that can bring together and explain many concepts, as well as physician’s acceptance of the guidelines. Value in terms of usefulness and truth plays a major role in cognitive appreciation of the documents. This concept gives a strategic meaning to the whole work and allows us to better understand attitude and behavior change.

A field covering generation and evaluation of the medical information is a broad one. During my doctoral studies I focused on medical information mainly using the evidence-based medicine (EBM) principles. This approach leads to the use of currently best available medical data in the treatment of patients. The EBM methodology might be classified into two basic groups: afferent and efferent one. The afferent part is focused on development of information resources whereas the efferent one promotes optimal use of these resources and a critical application of the retrieved facts. Due to practical reasons (to limit extent of the text) I concentrated in the thesis on only one field of my activity. The text deals mainly with afferent part of EBM, namely with formation of a qualitative and quantitative synthesis of knowledge through compilation of a systematic review and meta-analysis. Compilation of systematic reviews of prognostic markers is discussed in a detail. It is a field not appropriately covered in the Czech literature. The practical outcome documented in the thesis is a description of the systematic review of immunohistochemical prognostic markers in intracranial ependymomas that was created and published by our research team. Compilation of this systematic review and meta-analysis was one of the...

Das Potential von Telemedizin-Anwendungen, die eine medizinische Konsultation von Patient:innen über eine geographische Distanz hinweg ermöglichen, reicht von der Schaffung eines gerechten Zugangs zu Versorgungsangeboten für alle Patient:innen über eine Optimierung medizinischer Versorgungsprozesse bis hin zu einer Verbesserung krankheitsbezogener Outcomes. Um dieses Potential erfüllen zu können, ist es zwingend notwendig, dass für diese Anwendungen der Nachweis sowohl der klinischen Wirksamkeit als auch der Passfähigkeit in das jeweilige Versorgungssetting, in dem sie genutzt werden sollen, erbracht wird. Eine Dimension der Passfähigkeit ist die Akzeptanz der Leistungserbringenden und Patient:innen, die beide per defintionem Endnutzer:innen einer Telemedizinanwendung sind. Die Zielstellung der vorliegenden Arbeit war es daher, Akzeptanz und Wirksamkeit von Telemedizin-Anwendungen wissenschaftlich zu untersuchen. Um die Erkenntnisse der Promotionsschrift in den wissenschaftlichen Kontext der Beforschung von Telemedizin-Anwendungen einzuordnen, wurden zudem zukünftige Forschungsbedarfe auf dem Gebiet der Telemedizin systematisch erhoben und priorisiert. Um diese Ziele zu erreichen, kam ein breites Methodenspektrum zum Einsatz. Zur Erhebung von theoriebasierten Prädiktoren für die Akzeptanz von Telemedizin-Anwendungen durch Patient:innen und Leistungserbringende wurde ein Systematic Review durchgeführt. Zudem wurden die Erwartungen und Wünsche ruandischer Patient:innen mit Diabetes an eine Selbstmanagement-App in qualitativen Interviews erhoben, um den ersten Prototypen einer entsprechenden App auf diese Zielgruppe zuschneiden zu können. Ebenfalls in qualitativen Interviews wurde anschließend untersucht, inwieweit dieser Prototyp den Nutzer:innenerwartungen entsprach. Die Wirksamkeit von Telemedizin-Anwendungen wurde in einem Umbrella Review bestehender Systematic Reviews und Metaanalysen anhand der drei chronischen Krankheitsbilder Diabetes mellitus, Hypertonie und Dyslipidämie exemplarisch untersucht, wobei die verfügbare Evidenz außerdem einer ausführlichen Qualitätsprüfung (GRADE Assessment) unterzogen wurde. Zu guter Letzt wurden von Autor:innen publizierter Systematic Reviews und Metaanalysen genannte zukünftige Forschungsbedarfe auf dem Gebiet der Telemedizin im Rahmen einer qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse kategorisiert und in einen quantitativen Online-Fragebogen überführt. Dieser wurde in den Social Media-Kanälen, auf Webseiten und in Rundschreiben verschiedener Fachgesellschaften auf dem Gebiet der Diabetes-Versorgung, Evidenzbasierten Medizin und Ergotherapie sowie unter Akteuer:innen der Gesundheitsversorgungsplanung verteilt, um zukünftige Forschungsbedarfe auf Sicht von Wissenschaftler:innen, Leistungserbringenden und Entscheidungsträger:innen des Gesundheitssystems zu priorisieren. Diese Kombination qualitativer und quantitativer Forschungsmethoden entspricht einem Mixed Methods-Design. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass Telemedizin-Anwendungen von Patient:innen und Leistungserbringenden dann akzeptiert wurden, wenn sie diese für nützlich für das Krankheitsmanagement bzw. die Patient:innenversorgung hielten und sie leicht zu bedienen sind. Für Patient:innen spielte zudem die Akzeptanz durch das soziale Umfeld eine wichtige Rolle. Die entsprechenden theoriebasierten Prädiktoren waren in den betrachteten Studien am häufigsten signifikant und erzielten hohe Effektstärken. Modelle der Technikakzeptanz, insbesondere das Technology Assessment Model und seine Erweiterung, die Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology, sind klassischen Verhaltenstheorien, aus denen heraus sie entwickelt wurden, in ihrer Erklärungskraft hinsichtlich der Akzeptanz von Telemedizin-Anwendungen, gemessen anhand der Varianzaufklärung, überlegen. Die an den Interviews teilnehmenden ruandischen Patient:innen mit Diabetes wünschten sich von einer App für das Diabetes-Selbstmanagement vor allem, dass diese ihnen Informationen zu Krankheitsverlauf, Symptomen, Warnsignalen für Komplikationen sowie gesundheitsförderlichen Verhaltensweisen (Ernährung und Bewegung) in übersichtlicher, leicht verständlicher Form darböte. Zudem sollte die App eine Reminder-Funktion mit Bezug auf Selbsttestung des Blutzuckerwerts, Medikamenteneinnahme und sportlicher Aktivität beinhalten. Der erste Prototyp der App wurde insbesondere aufgrund des Erkenntnisgewinns zu den oben genannten Themen und der umgesetzten niedrigschwelligen Erinnerungen für das Diabetes-Selbstmanagement im Alltag durch die Nutzer:innen positiv bewertet. Allerdings bemängelten sie die fehlende Option zum sozialen Austausch mit anderen Patient:innen und die rein text- und bildbasierte anstelle einer interaktiven Informationsvermittlung. Für Patienten mit Diabetes konnten signifikante, klinisch relevante Reduktionen des HbA1c durch Telemedizinanwendungen festgestellt werden, wobei Patient:innen mit einer kürzlich erfolgten Diagnose und jene mit einem erhöhten Baseline-HbA1c (> 8 % mmol/l) mehr von der Nutzung profitierten. Interventionen, die Feedback zu den von Patient:innen selbst gemessenen Werten durch Leistungserbringende ermöglichtem, führten zu größeren klinischen Effekten, wobei für die Art des Feedbacks (Telefon, SMS, automatisiert oder manuell) kein Unterschied zu beobachten war. Signifikante – jedoch klinisch nicht relevante – Reduktionen des Blutdrucks bei Patient:innen mit Hypertonie konnten festgestellt werden. Der Einsatz von Telemedizin-Anwendungen hatte keinen signifikanten klinischen Effekt auf die LDL- , HDL-c-, Triglycerid- und Total Cholesterol-Werte bei Patient:innen mit Diabetes. Anwendungen, die ausschließlich auf Dyslipidämien ohne Komorbiditäten abstellten, wurden in den eingeschlossenen Reviews und Meta-Analysen nicht untersucht. Die Qualitätsprüfung der eingeschlossenen Übersichtsarbeiten zeigte teils gravierende Mängel insbesondere der Metaanalysen auf. So waren vor allem das Risiko für Verzerrungspotential in den jeweils gepoolten Effektschätzern, vor allem aufgrund fehlender Verblindung sowohl der Studienteilnehmenden als auch der –assessor:innen, und die Heterogenität der verglichenen Interventionen, Studienpopulationen und Interventionsdauern hoch. Forschende auf dem Gebiet der Telemedizin sowie Leistungserbringende und Entscheidungsträger:innen des Gesundheitswesens priorisierten insbesondere die systematische Entwicklung und Evaluation von Implementierungsstrategien, den Zuschnitt von Telemedizin-Anwendungen auf klar definierte Zielgruppen und den Datenschutz als zukünftige Forschungsbedarfe auf dem Gebiet der Telemedizin. Gemeinsam belegen die Ergebnisse die Relevanz theoriegeleitet entwickelter Implementierungsstrategien, die die Nutzer:innenakzeptanz berücksichtigen und die potentiellen Nutzer:innengruppen in den Entwicklungsprozess von Telemedizin-Anwendungen mit einbeziehen. Die klinische Wirksamkeit von Telemedizin-Anwendungen ist zwar für einzelne Krankheitsbilder, insbesondere den Diabetes, nachweisbar, sollte aber anhand methodisch robuster Studiendesigns bestätigt werden, die dem multimodalen Charakter digitaler Interventionen Rechnung tragen. Subgruppenanalysen zur Identifikation von Patient:innengruppen, die besonders vom Einsatz von Telemedizin profitieren sowie die Identifikation von wirksamen Anwendungskomponenten sollten in Evaluationsstudien umgesetzt werden. Das erwartete Potential von Telemedizin-Anwendungen war ursächlich für die Beschleunigung der Zulassung Digitaler Gesundheitsanwendungen (DiGA) im deutschen Gesundheitssystem, die im Jahr 2020 gesetzlich beschlossen wurde und seitdem durch das BfArM in einem Fast Track-Verfahren umgesetzt wird. DiGA entsprechen aufgrund ihrer Zweckbestimmung, einen patient:innenrelevanten Nutzen durch den Einsatz digitaler Anwendungen zu generieren, in weiten Teilen der Telemedizin-Definition und sollen nach einer Testphase von nur einem Jahr in die Regelversorgung übernommen werden. Die Ergebnisse der Promotionsschrift sind somit von Relevanz für die zukünftige Ausgestaltung des BfArM-Fast Tracks zur Zulassung von DiGA.

Purpose of Review: Fractional flow reserve (FFR) and instantaneous wave-free ratio (iFR) have emerged as the invasive diagnostic tools of choice for hemodynamic assessment of the severity of CAD (coronary artery disease). We sought to comprehensively review the evidence on the utility of hemodynamic assessment of the coronary stenoses after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) using FFR/iFR, mechanisms of positive post-PCI iFR/FFR, and the clinical impact of significant residual ischemia. Recent Findings: The evidence on the utility of the post-PCI hemodynamic assessment has accumulated over the last few years. The post hoc analysis from the FAME 1 and FAME 2 data shows that higher post-PCI FFR is associated with better symptomatic improvement and lower event rate with larger increase in delta FFR (∆ FFR: post-PCI FFR – pre-PCI FFR). Unlike pre-PCI FFR, a consensus has not been established on the optimal value of post-PCI FFR, though multiple studies point toward better clinical outcomes with higher post-PCI FFR and larger ∆ FFR. Summary: Visual assessment of adequate stent apposition by coronary angiography is insufficient in evaluating for residual ischemia. The hemodynamic evaluation of residual ischemia by post-PCI FFR/iFR yields clinically relevant data and allows for appropriate post PCI optimization.

Information is a powerful tool for enabling physicians to provide quality healthcare for their patients. Information use in the clinic is a skill that must be learned. If medical residency programs fail to impart this skill, then patients will suffer. The residents of the ETSU Quillen College of Medicine were surveyed as to their use of clinical information. Of the 217 residents of the 2005-2006 class who were surveyed, 105 returned the survey for a return rate of 48%. The clinical faculty was also surveyed in order to measure the responses of the residents against that of their instructors. ETSU residents frequently had a new information need in the clinic. The majority of the time they did not seek an answer, but when they did they were often successful in finding an answer. Therapy information was the most frequently sought after type of information. Most residents used the Quillen College of Medicine Library, but not at a desirable rate. Residents stated that information obtained from the library was helpful in caring for their patients. The most frequent source of information used by residents was electronic resources and the greatest barrier to the use of information was time. The majority of residents were PDA users, with Palm devices being the primary platform. The residents rated their PDA skills and evidence-based medicine skills as above average. Few were LoansomeDoc users. The majority of residents received information training from clinical faculty and from librarians and rated it highly. Residents indicated a desire for more training and the majority indicated that they would like a clinical medical librarian for their program. They rated the library service of the Quillen College of Medicine and the area teaching hospitals highly. Residents used Google and the Web frequently. PubMed was rated as a valuable resource. Online journals and the UpToDate database were important electronic resources for the residents. ETSU residents have many excellent resources and training opportunities in place. However, for ETSU residents to go out into community practice as true "Infomasters" an upgrading of their information training should be undertaken.

Background: There is limited research on how web-based, point-of-care, evidence-based medicine (EBM) tools, such as evidence summaries, are being implemented and used in developing countries. Objectives: To investigate accessibility, use, and impact of an online EBM knowledge dissemination portal in orthopaedic surgery. To explore whether receiving daily targeted evidence summaries results in more frequent use of an EBM tool compared with receiving general weekly reports. To identify and explain the barriers and benefits of a point-of-care resource in the Indian context. Methods: Forty-four orthopaedic surgeons in Pune, India, were provided free access to OrthoEvidence (OE), a for-profit, online EBM knowledge dissemination portal. Participants were subsequently randomized to an Intervention group receiving daily targeted evidence summaries or a Control group receiving general weekly summaries. This study employed an explanatory sequential mixed methods design that incorporated two questionnaires, OE usage data, and semi-structured interviews to gain insight into the surgeons’ usage, perceptions and impact of OE. Results: There were no observable differences in OE usage between the Intervention and Control groups. OE was deemed to be comprehensive, practical, useful, and applicable to clinical practice by the majority of surgeons. The exit survey data revealed no differences between groups’ perceptions of the OE tool. Semi-structured interviews revealed barriers to keeping up with evidence that included limited access to relevant medical literature (limited internet connection, lack of time, minimal access to medical journals) and limited incentive to keep up with it (limited decision-making powers for residents, textbook-based residency curriculum, lack of research methods knowledge, limited context-specific research). Changing trauma practices at the hospital were noted following the intervention. Recommendations: The practice of EBM and the use of point-of-care tools in India can be promoted by investing in adequate electronic infrastructure (improvements to internet access) and by integrating EBM into training programs and surgical cultures. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

No description available.

Precision medicine (PM) is “the treatment and prevention of disease that takes into account individual variability in genes, environment, and lifestyle for each person” (NIH, 2015). PM was poised to transform clinical practice in 2003 when the Human Genome Project reached completion but resistance to implementation at virtually all health care providers provides the basis for novel study on the diffusion of innovation as well as operational strategy. Existing studies on resistance to PM explore the role of reimbursement, economics, regulatory affairs, and public policies. Investigation into the antecedent conditions for implementation at the physician and organizational levels has been overlooked, a gap this study fills. The research captures the reasons for resistance at the physician and organizational levels and identifies operational strategies for successful implementation at three health care institutions with fully integrated PM programs. The research produced 42 findings with managerial implications and six testable propositions for future research. The dynamics of resistance to PM has revealed key implications for theories of organizational change. These include the observation that the formulation processes of clinical standards of practice in PM are not predicted by prevailing organizational theory; that conventional theories of resistance to change do not fully anticipate the effects of Kuhnian level historic paradigm shifts; and, that communities of practice play a critical role in transformational clinical change. Further, the research demonstrated that PM implementation is characterizable through reproducible organizational and cultural actions; that positive clinical outcomes are measurable and persuasive; and that the needs of stakeholders can be reconciled by aligning physician standards of practice with patient expectations and organizational needs. / Business Administration/Strategic Management

Despite substantial healthcare costs, patient outcomes are sub-optimal in the United States and Canada compared to other countries that spend proportionally less on healthcare. This has led to recognition of the need to improve healthcare value, utilization of tools including clinical practice guidelines and development of initiatives such as the Choosing Wisely Campaign to achieve this goal. In spite of the intuitive appeal of these interventions designed to increase physician awareness of evidence and empower patients to engage in shared decision-making, they have had limited success in changing practice and physician prescribing behaviours. Using a mixed-methods approach, this thesis represents a purposeful attempt to understand the failure of existing approaches through an examination of the factors that influence clinical decision making. Specifically, the thesis integrates quantitative and qualitative methodologies to develop a deeper understanding of clinical decision-making. Consisting of a clinical vignette based survey, the quantitative study explores decision-making in four specific commonly encountered case contexts. After choosing the preferred management option, participants rated the influence of different factors on their decisions. Follow-up questions explored knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding incorporating cost considerations into decision-making. The results of the study were explored further in the qualitative component of the mixed study. The results indicate that clinical decision-making is influenced by an interrelated set of socioecological factors with evidence and clinical practice guidelines playing a secondary role. Because lack of knowledge is not a major factor in guideline discordant care, strategies to improve knowledge will have minimal effect in improving care. The qualitative study included an inquiry into the need for teaching and learning on the topic of cost and cost-effectiveness and sought input from physicians working in diverse settings on methods and topics that need to be included in medical education. The contributions of this thesis include a deeper understanding of the factors that influence clinical decision-making and suggestions for enhancing medical education. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Despite the highest health-care expenditure in the world, patient health outcomes are suboptimal in the United States (US). Additionally, out-of-pocket patient costs are increasingly a cause of financial distress to American patients. Although Canada spends comparatively less than the US on healthcare, it is one of the top ten countries for healthcare spending as a proportion of the gross domestic product. In spite of this level of spending, patient outcomes in the US and Canada are worse when compared to many other economically developed countries that spend relatively less on healthcare. A substantial portion of healthcare spending is for services that do not improve patient outcomes while services proven to improve patient outcomes are underused. Utilizing sequential quantitative and qualitative studies this thesis is a purposeful attempt to identify and examine the factors that influence clinical decision making by physicians. The knowledge gained in this study may help inform the development and evaluation of strategies targeted at increasing adoption of evidence-based practices leading to improved health-outcomes at affordable costs.

Background: Since the 60s and with increasing intensity a discussion have continued about balance between useful and useless/harmful treatment. Different attempts have been done to create sustainable criteria and recommendations to manage the situations of futile treatment near the end of life. Obviously, to be able to withhold (WH) or withdraw (WD) treatment which is no longer appropriate or even harmful and burdensome for the patient, other processes than strict medical (or physiological) assessments are necessary. Aim. To shed light on the arguments regarding to WH or WD futile treatment we performed two studies of physicians’ and the general populations’ choice and prioritized arguments in the treatment of a 72-year-old woman suffering from a large intra-cerebral bleeding with bad prognosis (Papers I and II) and a new born boy with postpartum anoxic brain damage (Papers III and IV). Methods. Postal questionnaires based on two cases presented above involving severely ill patients were used. Arguments for and against to WH or WD treatment, and providing treatment that might hasten death were presented. The respondents evaluated and prioritized arguments for and against withholding neurosurgery, withdrawing life-sustaining treatment and providing drugs to alleviate pain and distress. We also asked what would happen to physicians’ own trust if they took the action described, and what the physician estimated would happen to the general publics’ trust in health services (Paper IV). Results. Approximately 70% of the physicians and 46% of the general public responded in both surveys. The 72-year-old woman: A majority of doctors (82.3%) stated that they would withhold treatment, whereas a minority of the general public (40.2%) would do so; the arguments forwarded and considerations regarding quality of life differed significantly between the two groups. Quality-of-life aspects were stressed as an important argument by the majority of both neurosurgeons and ICU-physicians (76.8% vs. 54.0%); however, significantly more neurosurgeons regarded this argument as the most important. A minority in both groups, although more ICU-physicians, supported a patient’s previously expressed wish of not ending in a persistent vegetative state as the most important argument. As the case clinically progressed, a consensus evolved regarding the arguments for decision making. The new born child: A majority of both physicians [56 % (CI 50–62)] and the general population [53 % (CI 49–58)] supported arguments for withdrawing ventilator treatment. A large majority in both groups supported arguments for alleviating the patient’s symptoms even if the treatment hastened death, but the two groups display significantly different views on whether or not to provide drugs with the additional intention of hastening death, although the difference disappeared when we compared subgroups of those who were for or against euthanasia-like actions. Conclusions. There are indeed considerable differences in how physicians and the general public assess and reason in critical care situations, but the more hopelessly ill the patient became the more the groups' assessments tended to converge, although they prioritized different arguments. In order to avoid unnecessary dispute and miscommunication, it is important that health care providers are aware of the public's views, expectations, and preferences. Our hypothesis—physicians’ estimations of others’ opinions are influenced by their own opinions—was corroborated. This might have implications in research as well as in clinical decision-making.