Organisms are frequently faced with uncertainty regarding how best to exploit vital resources, and may benefit from collecting information about their distribution through space and time. However, the ways in which competition over resources might systematically facilitate or constrain an individual's ability to use information has been largely overlooked. In this thesis, I develop a conceptual framework for considering how the distribution of limited resources might underpin interdependencies between competition and information use. I focus on the evolutionary ecology of relationships between social dominance and social information use. I begin with an observational study of wild chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) suggesting that, when resources can be monopolised, individuals with low competitive ability are limited in their ability to use social information. Building on these findings, I then develop a general model exploring selection on social information use in a competitive context across three axes of 'resource ecology' (scarcity, depletion rate, monopolisability). This study makes predictions regarding the resource conditions under which competitive ability might constrain social information use, and the potential importance of social information use in the evolution of social dominance. I go on to test these predictions in chacma baboons using a field experiment. This experiment also explores whether the predictability of resource distribution might facilitate the decoupling of social information use from the competitive context in which it was collected. Taken together, these findings provide general insights into the combinations of ecological conditions and behavioural mechanisms that should underpin the benefits of social dominance. I end by building a simple population matrix model to study social dominance using an eco-evolutionary approach, in which feedback loops between ecological and evolutionary processes are considered. By modelling relationships between dominance rank and survival, reproduction, inheritance, and development, I am able to derive estimates of long-term fitness associated with dominance. Using these estimates, I generate predictions regarding how dominance hierarchies should impact the dynamics of group stability, viability, and fission.

A tribo Hydropsini compreende três gêneros de serpentes. Dados alimentares são escassos, mas indicam que as espécies consomem principalmente peixes e secundariamente anfíbios anuros. Os Hydropsini são ovíparos ou vivíparos e o polimorfismo é sugerido para algumas espécies. Entretanto, outros aspectos reprodutivos são desconhecidos para a maioria dessas serpentes. Por outro lado, as relações filogenéticas entre os Hydropsini estão estabelecidas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar a reprodução e alimentação de doze espécies dos três gêneros, mapear a evolução e analisar possíveis relações entre a evolução de caracteres morfológicos, reprodutivos e alimentares, utilizando a filogenia disponível. Dados foram obtidos de indivíduos preservados (N = 2.871) de espécies amazônicas (Hydrops spp., Pseudoeryx spp., Helicops hagmanni, H trivittatus, H angulatus, H polylepis), do sudoeste (H leopardinus) e sudeste do Brasil (H carinicaudus, H modestus, H infrataeniatus, H gomesi). Os Hydropsini são especialistas em peixes, porém algumas Helicops (exceto H hagmanni) podem consumir anfíbios e lagartos. Hydrops triangularis e P. plicatilis são especialistas em peixes alongados (Synbranchiformes), Peixes Gymnotiformes, Siluriformes e Perciformes foram dominantes nas dietas de Hy. martii, H polylepis e H hagmanni, respectivamente. Nenhum tipo de presa teve dominância importante nas dietas das demais espécies, porém Perciformes foram consumidos com maior freqüência pela maioria. Esses dados indicam que as espécies diferem quanto ao local de forrageio. Aparentemente, o ancestral da tribo possuía cabeça pequena e dieta composta por Synbranchiformes. A dieta se toma mais ampla e o tamanho da cabeça parece ter aumento no ancestral de Helicops. As presas consumidas por muitas Helicops possuem corpos relativamente mais altos e são mais robustas o que pode explicar alterações no crânio de determinadas espécies. Fêmeas atingem a maturidade com tamanho, relativo ao tamanho médio dos adultos, similar em comparação aos machos. Fêmeas são maiores, possuem maior cabeça, circunferência e cauda mais curta que machos. O menor tamanho dos machos indica que o ritual de combate não deve ocorrer na tribo. Os Hydropsini são ovíparos ou vivíparos e o polimorfismo foi confirmado para H angulatus. A reprodução da maioria das espécies deve ser bienal, já que menos de 50% das fêmeas estavam reprodutivas. Os ciclos das fêmeas são sazonais, exceto para H angulatus. A reprodução das espécies amazônicas ocorre ao longo da estação seca e parte da chuvosa. Ciclos reprodutivos restritos às chuvas ocorrem para as espécies do sudeste e sudoeste. Diferenças nos ciclos das fêmeas podem estar associadas à variação no clima dessas regiões. A espermatogênese pode ser contínua ou sazonal. Os duetos deferentes de muitas espécies estão maiores na seca, sugerindo a ocorrência de cópula nesta estação. A fecundidade e o tamanho dos filhotes, relativos ao tamanho das fêmeas, não diferiu entre serpentes ovíparas e vivíparas. A oviparidade é característica plesiomórfica e a viviparidade pode ter surgido três vezes entre as Helicops. A fecundidade parece aumentar no ancestral do clado (Pseudoeryx, Helicops), o qual é composto por serpentes mais robustas em comparação a Hydrops e a muitos Xenodontinae. Porém, o tamanho dos filhotes tende a diminuir nessas serpentes. / The tribe Hydropsini comprises three genera of snakes. Information on food habits is scarce. However previous data indicate that species feed mainly upon fishes but also eat anurans. The Hydropsini are oviparous or viviparous and the polymorphism is suggested for some species. Other reproductive traits are unknown for most species. On the other hand, the phylogenetic relationships of Hydropsini are established. This study aimed to characterize the reproduction and the feeding habits of twelve species of three genera, hypothesise the evolution of morphological, reproductive and diet characters, as well as probable relationships among these traits. Data were obtained from preserved individuals (N = 2.871) of species from northern (Hydrops sp., Pseudoeryx sp., Helicops hagmanni, H. trivittatus, H. angulatus, H. polylepis), southwestern (H. leopardinus) and southeastern Brazil (H. carinicaudus, H. modestus, H. infrataeniatus, H. gomesi). The Hydropsini feed on fishes, but most Helicops eat also frogs and eventually lizards. Hydrops triangularis and P. plicatilis are specialized on Synbranchiformes fishes. Siluriformes, Perciformes and Gymnotiformes were the dominant item in of H. polylepis, H. hagmanni and Hy. martii, respectively. Other species eat several fishes, but Perciformes were consumed more frequently by most. These data here obtained suggest that the species differ in foraging microhabitat. The ancestor of the tribe probably had small head and diet composed predominantly by Synbranchiformes. The diet became widespread and the size of the head increase in the ancestor of Helicops. The preys consumed by most Helicops are stouter and have higher bodies, which may explain changes in the skull of some species. Females and males attain sexual maturity at similar body size, but adult females are larger. Moreover females have larger head and body circumference, and shorter tail than males. The smaller size of males indicates that the combat behavior should not occur in the tribe. The Hydropsini are oviparous or viviparous and the polymorphism was confirmed to H. angulatus. The reproduction of most species may be biennial, since less than 50% of females were reproductive. The cycles of females are seasonal. At the least H. angulatus, has continuous cycle. The reproduction of the Amazonian species occurs throughout the dry season and part of the rainy season. Cycles restricted mainly to the rainy season occur for species in southeastern and southwestern. Differences in the females cycles may be related to distinct climate in the occurrence areas of the species. The spermatogenesis are continuous or seasonal (restricted to the dry or rainy season). The diameter of deferent ducts of most species are larger in the dry season, suggesting that mating is restricted to this season. The fecundity and size of newborns, relative to the body size of female, was similar among species and did not differ between oviparous and viviparous snakes. The oviparity is plesiomorphic and the viviparity may have arisen at the least three times among Helicops. The fecundity increases in the ancestor of the clade (Pseudoeryx, Helicops), which is stouter than Hydrops and many Xenodontinae. However, the size of newborns tends to decrease in these snakes.

7 Abstract The genus Geosmithia Pitt (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) belongs to fungi living in symbioses with bark beetles. Its original strategy is association with phloeophagous bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytinae). The Geosmithia shows strong affiliation to vector (bark beetles) worldwide and the spectrum of host plants is delimitated by niche of vector. The genus includes the specialists to family Pinaceae, but also the generalists with wide range of host plants mainly belonging to broad-leaved trees. G. morbida changed its ecology from saprotrophic to pathogenic way of life and causes decline of Junglans nigra in the USA. Characteristics which allow its pathogenesis are not known. Another derived strategy, which occurred at least twice independently, is association with the ambrosia beetles. The ambrosia beetles create galleries in xylem with low nutritive value, and thus they cultivate ambrosia fungus, on which they are entirely nutritively dependent. The ambrosia fungi share convergent phenotype which leads to large terminal conidia and to ability of yeast growth. This master thesis is focusing on study of the features, which are important for individual ecological groups: the specialists to family Pinaceae, the pathogene, the ambrosia fungi and the generalists. It is becoming apparent that the most...

No description available.

<p><br></p> <p>Thrips, Thysanoptera, represent an ancient (~407 m.y.a.) order of ~6000 tiny insects from 9 families. Despite the small size of the order, thrips have a diversity of life histories, diets, and survival strategies. Thrips represent a challenge to fieldworkers and axonomists alike due to the morphological similarity between species and the lack of homologies between families. Recent </p> <p>molecular evidence has reopened debate over the phylogenetic relationships of the families of Thysanoptera.</p> <p>In this thesis we use genomic approaches to elucidate and clarify the early nodes in order to answer evolutionary questions about the Thysanoptera, their mitochondrion symbiotes, and their </p> <p>coevolutionary interactions with a group of economically important viruses; tospoviruses. Our results support previous ordinal hypotheses and show families in both sub-orders radiating </p> <p>around the emergence of the angiosperms ~120 m.y.a. We show that all thrips lineages likely have highly rearranged mitochondrial genomes, even on an intraspecies level, and that this rearrangement phenomena occurs very quickly in evolutionary time. We provide comment on the caution that must be taken with mitochondrial loci in any phylogenetic analysis with this new </p> <p>evidence and argue for the impact of among-site-rate-heterogeneity to be further investigated within thrips hylogenetics. We show that much more data is needed before thrips and tospovirus relationships can be fully elucidated but that two dueling hypotheses are emergent from our studies: either 5 very new separate vector/virus relationships, or one very old relationship that has been lost by the vast amount of thrips. We call for targeted taxa selection and show how new genomic methods can target certain taxa based upon the identification of </p> <p>assembled proteins from illumine shotgun read data.</p>

<p dir="ltr">The lichen-feeding tiger moth tribe Lithosiini (Erebidae: Arctiinae) represent the largest radiation of invertebrate lichenivory. Caterpillars feed on lichen and as they feed, also sequester lichen polyphenolics, a behavior unique to these insects. The role of these compounds is believed to defend lithosiines against predators as larvae have been found to be protected against predators such as ants and moths to predators such as birds and bats. Experimental testing with controlled diets is necessary to fully make this connection, however little is known about host specifics for lithosiines. Furthermore, although lithosiines are monophyletic, the lack of a fully resolved phylogeny hampers investigation into many of the shallower level relationships, e.g. those among genera and species, within the group.</p><p dir="ltr">I addressed these knowledge gaps using the subtribe Cisthenina. Members of this group have been used to investigate predator-prey interactions and been included in morphological and molecular studies. Thus, while the group still needs attention, there is an ample amount of legacy loci data available for its members. I used these data to investigate the evolutionary relationships at the genus level, but to increase resolution in my analyses I additionally sampled taxa throughout the group with a recently developed anchored hybrid enrichment (AHE) probe set. I combined it with the legacy loci to both increase taxon sampling and resolution. I confirmed that trees made strictly from the legacy loci were unsuccessful and resulted in poorly supported relationships that made little sense. The addition of the AHE data greatly helped resolve relationships, however, there remained areas that were poorly supported and they appear to be genera with only a few loci. Thus, there is still room for improvement, but this offers a way for moving forward in lithosiine research, particularly to involve others who may have limited funding, equipment, and/or personnel and may only be able to afford legacy loci in diverse collaborations.</p><p dir="ltr">As the AHE probe set worked well with genus-level relationships I further attempted to use it in species delimitation of the notorious <i>Hypoprepia fucosa</i>-<i>miniata </i>species complex. Members of this group are varying shades of yellows, oranges and reds and have a convoluted taxonomic history. I gathered and organized over 4,000 specimens and using the AHE probe set found support for five distinct species. Interestingly, I used other morphological characters such as genitalia, but found no differences between species and a large amount of intraspecific variation. This suggests other courtship behaviors may be present and external morphology, i.e., color patterns, remain the best way to identify species. As part of this I am describing a new species and raising one from subspecies and as species are now readily distinguishable, they can be used for further investigations into lithosiines.</p><p dir="ltr">I used a member of this complex, <i>H</i>. <i>fucosa</i> to then evaluate the use of species distribution models (SDMs) to better understand their niche and how it relates to plausible lichen hosts. I evaluated 17 lichen species from two lichen genera, <i>Physcia </i>(13 species) and <i>Myelochro</i><i>a </i>(4 species)<i>. </i>These genera were selected based on previous feeding assays and the metabolites found in them have also been found in <i>H</i>. <i>fucosa </i>further suggesting caterpillars may feed on them. SDMs typically only use environmental factors to define and predict species niches. I compared the niches described by traditional SDMs to assess how similar they were, but I also investigated the use of lichens as biotic factors in the models. I assessed the influence each lichen had on the moth’s distribution found the niche of every lichen to be significantly different than that of the moth and their inclusion in SDMs of <i>H</i>. <i>fucosa </i>to improve model performance. This suggests <i>H</i>. <i>fucosa </i>caterpillars to be polyphagous, but to have some connection with these lichens. Further investigation with live specimens is needed, but these results support this as an effective way to describe lithosiine niches to better understand lichen feeding.</p>

<p dir="ltr">In a rapidly changing world, human actions and natural events are reshaping ecosystems and presenting new challenges for conservation efforts. Within this context, unraveling the recent ecosystem transformations and their implications on a fine scale is required. The impacts of such changes are not always sudden but often gradual and sometimes as a result of historical events. With the recent advancement in technologies, the resolution of information by genome sequences spans from millions of years ago (hindcasting) to future generations (forecasting). Aquatic ecosystems pose their own challenges when it comes to ecosystem changes and the types of data required to assess impact and help inform conservation efforts. My dissertation comprises three chapters focused on using genomic techniques to generate data valuable for the conservation and management of aquatic ecosystems. Each of the three chapters is a distinct manuscript in terms of scientific publications, where Chapter 1 has already been published, Chapter 2 has been submitted to a journal, revised, and is now awaiting publication, and Chapter 3 is in preparation for submission to a peer-reviewed journal. In Chapter 1, dietary DNA from harvested North American river otter (<i>Lontra canadensis</i>)<i> </i>was used to determine whether metabarcoding of stomach content could be used to identify fish prey species consumed. In Chapter 2, DNA sequencing of endangered pupfish species in the Tularosa Basin of New Mexico was studied; before my work, it was nominally comprised of a single species, the White Sands pupfish (<i>Cyprinodon tularosa</i>). The results indicate a rapid speciation event occurred within about the last ~5000 years, driven primarily by genetic drift. Chapter 3 extends Chapter 2 by assessing the dynamics of genomic diversity over space and time while evaluating the short-term evolutionary dynamics (~18 generations) of the two native pupfish populations. This temporal study aimed to determine if the extraordinarily rapid evolution over the last ~5000 years (observed in Chapter 2) could be detected over timescales more relevant to conservation and management efforts. Overall, this dissertation used genomic sequence data from metabarcoding of the COI gene region in the otter stomach content as well as pool sequencing and whole genome resequencing of pupfish to provide key biological insights into the conservation of these aquatic species. This dissertation also provides insights into avenues for further study and highlights the significant role that conservation genomics can play in the future. The findings presented in the three chapters are discussed within the context of species’ conservation and management.</p>

The drivers of fidelity and divorce of pair-bonded individuals, along with their fitness consequences, are of great interest as they influence mating systems, population structure and productivity, and gene flow. Socially monogamous birds offer an ideal opportunity to study divorce since they show great variability in the extent to which pair bonds are maintained. However, there has been little consensus as to whether divorce is a behavioural adaptation to improve a mating situation, or a consequence of other processes. Moreover, the biological and ecological correlates of fidelity are difficult to address because previous work has been based on indirect and potentially biased methods. Finally, in terms of process, the link between the process of mate choice and subsequent mating decisions has been largely inaccessible to study. My doctoral thesis addressed these significant gaps in our understanding of cause, process and consequence in the formation and dissolution of pair bonds in socially monogamous birds. I accomplished this in three principal ways. First, I conducted a robust phylogenetic meta-analysis on 84 studies across 64 species to assess the existing empirical evidence that divorce in socially monogamous birds is adaptive (in terms of breeding success). This analysis revealed that divorce is, in general, adaptive as it is both triggered by relatively low breeding success and leads to improvement in success. Next, I developed a novel probabilistic multievent capture–mark–recapture framework that provides joint estimates of survival and fidelity while explicitly accounting for imperfect detection, capture heterogeneity, and uncertainty in pair status. By applying this model to breeding data on a wild great tit population I showed that birds that remain faithful to their partner exhibit higher survival rates and are more likely to remain faithful in the next breeding season than do birds that change partners. Subsequently, I confirmed the generality of a survival benefit by applying the model to breeding data on other tit populations. Then, by applying the model to data from a population of mute swans, I showed that fidelity decreases the likelihood of skipping breeding and mortality in this long-lived species, and that these effects depended on age, individual quality, and immigration status. Finally, I investigated how the timing of pair formation influences breeding success and divorce probability using five years of data on the over-winter social behaviour of great tits. I showed that early pair formation had a positive effect on fitness components, influencing the likelihood of divorce only indirectly, through breeding success. Further, my work revealed that males, but not females, with higher numbers of the female associates in winter, and males whose future breeding partners were ranked low amongst these, divorced more often. My research makes a significant contribution to our understanding of divorce and fidelity, and generates a number of important implications for future studies. First, my work establishes that divorce is adaptive for breeding success. Second, my results highlight that survival is an important (and likely, widespread) fitness consequence of pairing decisions. Third, I provide a novel statistically rigorous modelling framework for estimating fidelity-rates and testing hypothesis about fidelity that overcomes many of the inherent biases in traditional estimates. Fourth, it provides the first evidence for a selective advantage of early pair formation in wild, thus highlighting that there are benefits to pair familiarity that manifest via social associations of individuals prior to breeding. Finally, my work reveals the selective pressures operating via the social environment can ultimately influence the mating strategies individuals adopt.

Adaptive radiation – the proliferation of species from a single ancestor and diversification into many ecologically different forms – has long been heralded as an important process in the generation of phenotypic diversity. However, the early stages of adaptive radiation are notoriously elusive to observe and study. In this dissertation, I capitalize on communities of introduced non-native Anolis lizards as analogues of early stage adaptive radiations. In Chapter II, I begin by reviewing the concept of “ecological opportunity” – a classic hypothesis put forward as a potential key to understanding when and how adaptive radiation occurs. In Chapter III, I investigate the mechanisms which allow for coexistence and community assembly among ecologically-similar species. To do this I investigate range dynamics and assembly patterns of introduced anoles on the oceanic island of Bermuda. I discover that interspecific partitioning of the structural environment facilitates species coexistence, however the order of species assembly was an important predictor of final community composition. In Chapter IV, I then investigate how interspecific interactions between coexisting species may drive phenotypic divergence. This is the process of character displacement, which has been widely hypothesized to be an important mechanism driving phenotypic divergence in adaptive radiations. To do this I investigate sympatric and allopatric populations of introduced Cuban brown anoles (Anolis sagrei) and Puerto Rican crested anoles (A. cristatellus) in Miami FL, USA. I identify morphological shifts in sympatry, driven by divergence in habitat use and decreases in abundance. This study provides evidence of how selection on both ecologically and sexually-important traits can both drive phenotypic divergence during character displacement. Finally, in Chapter V, after taking advantage of non-native species as model eco-evolutionary systems in previous chapters, I investigate the potentially harmful effects that their presence may have on vulnerable native biodiversity. To do this I investigate the conservation risk posed by newly-discovered populations of A. sagrei on Bermuda to Critically Endangered endemic Bermuda skinks (Plestiodon longirostris). Through a detailed analysis of habitat use, diet, population size, and morphology of A. sagrei on Bermuda, we conclude it likely poses a high conservation threat to P. longirostris through interspecific competition.

L'étude des interactions hôtes/parasites est actuellement un thème de recherche incontournable des sciences de l'évolution. Une des questions majeures soulevée par ces études est de comprendre pourquoi certains parasites provoquent des maladies mortelles, alors que d'autres restent relativement bénins pour leurs hôtes. Dans ce défi que tentent de relever les biologistes de l’évolution mais également les sciences médicales, nous avons choisi de nous intéresser à la malaria aviaire, et plus précisément à son représentant le plus commun dans les populations naturelles d’oiseaux : Plasmodium relictum. En procédant à des infections expérimentales de canaris domestiques (Serinus canaria), nous avons voulu comprendre quels facteurs liés aux caractéristiques du parasite et de l’oiseau (au niveau de l’individu ou de la population) pouvaient influencer la virulence de Plasmodium relictum. Nous avons ainsi pu mettre en évidence que des facteurs, tels que le passé infectieux de l’hôte, la dose de parasites reçue, la prévalence de ces derniers dans la population d’oiseaux ou bien encore les interactions sociales entre individus, pouvaient moduler les coûts d’une telle infection. La virulence est un trait composite qui dépend, certes, de l’exploitation de l’hôte par les parasites mais également de la réponse immunitaire de ce dernier contre l’infection. Nous avons pu le vérifier dans notre système expérimental en utilisant une approche immuno-écologique. Nous nous sommes enfin intéressée aux conditions favorisant l’évolution de la virulence : ce qui est essentiel pour comprendre l’émergence ou la réémergence de maladies infectieuses et pour développer des stratégies de contrôle de ces maladies. / Host-parasite interaction became one of the main topics of evolutionary sciences researches. One of the major issues raised by these studies is to understand why some parasites cause fatal diseases while others remain relatively mild to their hosts. In this challenge attempting to take up the evolutionary biologist and the medical sciences, we focused on avian malaria, and more specifically on its most common parasite: Plasmodium relictum. In performing experimental infections in domestic canaries (Serinus canaria), we wanted to understand what factors related to parasite and birds characteristics, could influence Plasmodium relictum virulence. We highlighted that factors such as infectious past, parasites dose, prevalence in bird’s population and social interactions between individuals could modulate costs of such infection. Virulence is a composite trait that depends on the host’s exploitation by parasites but also the host’s immune response against the infection. We were able to show that in our experimental system using an approach of immunological ecology. Finally we focused on the conditions favouring the virulence evolution: an essential point to understand emergence or re-emergence of infectious diseases and to develop strategies to control these diseases.