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The equity side of the court of exchequer "is by far the most obscure of all the English jurisdictions," declared Plucknett. The purpose of this essay is to shed some light upon this court and to explore its jurisdiction, to introduce its staff, to discover its procedures, to explain its equity records, and perhaps to render Plucknett's statement obsolete. Institutional history has an unfortunate tendency to dryness and remoteness, which coupled with the author's literary short-comings portends a tedious undertaking for the reader of this work. However, a reminder of the immense importance- of institutional history for both the lawyer and the historian will, hopefully, overcome this initial discouragement. Substantive law is inextricably intermingled with the procedures of the court; the practicalities of the prosecution of a lawsuit can never be neglected. Of initial and fundamental importance is that for which the petitioner prays. In practical terms this was a remedy for a grievance or a complaint; in larger terms and in the context of this study, this was the prayer for equitable relief. This study demonstrates that equity was bigger than the chancery and that others besides the lord high chancellor had a hand in its development . It is true that the court of chancery was the most important court of equity, but the existence of an alternative high court of equity in the exchequer had a significant effect upon the development of equity and upon the chancery itself.

O presente trabalho visa ao estudo da Emenda Constitucional 62/2009, sob a visão do princípio da razoável duração do processo, assim como os seus efeitos, diretos ou indiretos, nos direitos dos credores de precatórios. O processo como meio de interferência do Estado na vida privada das pessoas, na tentativa de alcançar a paz social abalada pelo formação de uma lide. Na preocupação de atender aos princípios da legalidade e da segurança jurídica, o processo é em si, burocrático e moroso, sem prazo estabelecido para o seu término. O Direito Processual tem evoluído no sentido de tornar os procedimentos mais céleres, proporcionando um atendimento mais eficaz e efetivo a quem procura o Judiciário. A EC-62/2009 trata da implantação de um novo sistema de precatórios, no qual a Fazenda Pública inadimplente tem duas formas opcionais de pagamento: anual ou mensal. Na forma em que foi concebida, com o alongamento dos prazos de pagamento dos precatórios por quinze anos, podendo-se eternizar, constitui uma ameaça ao atendimento dos objetivos gerais das reformas do Código de Processo Civil, e uma afronta aos princípios da efetividade da Justiça, e, principalmente, ao da RAZOÁVEL DURAÇÃO DO PROCESSO. A análise da supracitada Emenda é necessária ao entendimento das alterações por ela provocadas, bem como das sua conseqüências administrativas e procedimentais e ainda, no recebimento do crédito do precatório / The present work aims to study the Constitutional Amendment 62/2009, under the vision of the principle of reasonable duration of process, as well as their effects, direct or indirect, in the rights of creditors of writ. The process as a means of state interference in private life of people in an attempt to achieve social peace shattered by the formation of a dispute. In the concern to meet the principles of legality and legal certainty, the process is in itself, bureaucratic and time consuming, no deadline for its completion. The procedural law has evolved to make procedures quicker, providing a more efficient and effective for those looking for the judiciary. The EC-62/2009 comes to deploying a new system of writ, in which the Treasury would have defaulted two optional forms of payment: annual or monthly. In the form in which it was conceived with the lengthening of payment of the writ for fifteen years, and can perpetuate itself, constitutes a threat to meeting the overall objectives of the reforms of the Code of Civil Procedure, and an affront to the principles of effectiveness Justice , and especially the principle of reasonable duration of the PROCESS. The analysis of the aforementioned amendment is necessary to understand the changes it caused, as well as consequences of their administrative and procedural and, upon receipt of credit debt security

Constitué par saint Louis en faveur de son fils Pierre, mort en 1284, l’apanage d’Alençon renaît en 1290 lorsque le roi Philippe le Bel l’octroie à son frère Charles de Valois. Sept comtes, puis ducs à partir de 1415, lui succéderont jusqu’en 1525. Cousins des rois et pairs de France, les Valois-Alençon ont fait de cet apanage normanno-percheron le cœur d’une principauté étendue du pays de Caux aux rivages de la Loire, des marches de Bretagne au pays chartrain.Les principats de Pierre II (1367-1404) et de son fils Jean Ier, mort à Azincourt en 1415, marquent l’apogée de cette œuvre politique soutenue par le roi. Désormais enracinés sur l’apanage, les Alençon réforment l’administration des territoires, s’entourent d’officiers polyvalents et dotent leur principauté des institutions traditionnellement dévolues au gouvernement des états : une chancellerie active, une trésorerie générale, une Chambre des comptes et même un Échiquier réputé souverain. Au palais neuf d’Argentan, l’Hôtel comtal accueille quelque deux cent trente officiers et serviteurs et brille d’un éclat jusqu’alors insoupçonné. La démarche prosopographique, qui étudie les caractéristiques sociologiques et les réseaux d’influence façonnant les carrières des agents du pouvoir, guide ici la découverte des administrations princières.Hommes liges du parti d’Orléans, les Alençon paient toutefois au prix fort leur engagement politique. L’occupation lancastrienne (1417-1450) et l’exil, les rançons et l’obstruction durable du duc Jean II à la politique du roi minent leur autorité. La faillite menace et contraint les princes aux pires expédients. Leur incurie aggrave l’isolement qui les frappe jusqu’à ce qu’en 1515 l’avènement au trône de France de François d’Angoulême, « frère » par alliance du dernier duc Charles IV, offre à cette principauté un ultime et éphémère rayonnement. / Formed by Saint Louis in favour of his son Pierre, who died in 1284, the Alençon appanage revived in 1290 when King Philippe le Bel bestowed it upon his brother Charles de Valois. Seven princes, who became dukes as of 1415, succeeded him till 1525. Cousins to Kings and Peers of France, the Valois-Alençons turned the Norman-Percheron appanage into the heart of a principality stretching from the Pays de Caux to the banks of the Loire river, from the « Marches de Bretagne » to the Chartres area.The principates of Pierre II (1367-1404) and his son Jean I, who died in Azincourt in 1415, marked the heyday of this political piece of work supported by the King. Henceforth, rooted in this appannage, the Alençons reformed the administration of territories, surrounded themselves with versatile officers and endowed their principality with institutions traditionally devoted to the governance of states: an active chancellery, a general treasury, an exchequer and even a deemed sovereign court of justice. At the new castle of Argentan, the prince court hosted some two hundred and thirty officers and servants, and sparkled with a so far unsuspected lustre. The prosopographic approach, which studies the sociological features and the influence networks shaping the careers of the agents of authority, herein guides the discovery of the princely administration.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:18:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_benevolo.pdf: 3763838 bytes, checksum: 952a456c93a81e0dbfaffb8eaa7d3e0e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-16 / The present work aims to study the Constitutional Amendment 62/2009, under the vision of the principle of reasonable duration of process, as well as their effects, direct or indirect, in the rights of creditors of writ. The process as a means of state interference in private life of people in an attempt to achieve social peace shattered by the formation of a dispute. In the concern to meet the principles of legality and legal certainty, the process is in itself, bureaucratic and time consuming, no deadline for its completion. The procedural law has evolved to make procedures quicker, providing a more efficient and effective for those looking for the judiciary. The EC-62/2009 comes to deploying a new system of writ, in which the Treasury would have defaulted two optional forms of payment: annual or monthly. In the form in which it was conceived with the lengthening of payment of the writ for fifteen years, and can perpetuate itself, constitutes a threat to meeting the overall objectives of the reforms of the Code of Civil Procedure, and an affront to the principles of effectiveness Justice , and especially the principle of reasonable duration of the PROCESS. The analysis of the aforementioned amendment is necessary to understand the changes it caused, as well as consequences of their administrative and procedural and, upon receipt of credit debt security / O presente trabalho visa ao estudo da Emenda Constitucional 62/2009, sob a visão do princípio da razoável duração do processo, assim como os seus efeitos, diretos ou indiretos, nos direitos dos credores de precatórios. O processo como meio de interferência do Estado na vida privada das pessoas, na tentativa de alcançar a paz social abalada pelo formação de uma lide. Na preocupação de atender aos princípios da legalidade e da segurança jurídica, o processo é em si, burocrático e moroso, sem prazo estabelecido para o seu término. O Direito Processual tem evoluído no sentido de tornar os procedimentos mais céleres, proporcionando um atendimento mais eficaz e efetivo a quem procura o Judiciário. A EC-62/2009 trata da implantação de um novo sistema de precatórios, no qual a Fazenda Pública inadimplente tem duas formas opcionais de pagamento: anual ou mensal. Na forma em que foi concebida, com o alongamento dos prazos de pagamento dos precatórios por quinze anos, podendo-se eternizar, constitui uma ameaça ao atendimento dos objetivos gerais das reformas do Código de Processo Civil, e uma afronta aos princípios da efetividade da Justiça, e, principalmente, ao da RAZOÁVEL DURAÇÃO DO PROCESSO. A análise da supracitada Emenda é necessária ao entendimento das alterações por ela provocadas, bem como das sua conseqüências administrativas e procedimentais e ainda, no recebimento do crédito do precatório

Dans la Normandie médiévale, à partir de la fin du XIIIe siècle, le terme de métier peut désigner une catégorie d’institutions professionnelles reconnue par les contemporains. À partir de cette époque, les modalités d’application de la réglementation économique propre à ces métiers émergent dans la documentation. Elles se caractérisent notamment par le rôle de gardes désignés avec la participation du groupe professionnel régulé. Cette évolution accompagne la deuxième révolution de l’écrit, qui accentue la mise par écrit des normes. Les statuts de métiers, qui fixent le fonctionnement d’organisations professionnelles, s’intègrent dans le développement d’une réglementation plus détaillée, dont la diffusion géographique est corrélée à la hiérarchie urbaine. Le recoupement des sources normatives avec les archives judiciaires et comptables a permis de compléter le panorama des institutions de métiers normandes, qui inclut des bourgs comme Elbeuf ou Neufchâtel-en-Bray, voire des activités rurales comme la poterie ou la métallurgie. L’analyse quantitative d’un corpus couvrant 60 ressorts juridictionnels atteste sa représentativité et suggère une diversification des institutions de métiers, au-delà des biais documentaires qui ont parfois trompé l’historiographie, notamment à propos de la conflictualité. L’amélioration des sources disponibles autorise des études de cas sur Rouen, mais aussi sur la seigneurie de Louviers, sur les baronnies d’Elbeuf et de Roncheville et sur la minière de Beaumont à Saint-Rémy-sur-Orne. Les comparaisons révèlent les limites de l’autonomie des organisations de métiers dans la sanction des règles professionnelles, malgré quelques exceptions comme les juridictions corporatives du maître des férons de Normandie ou du prévôt des tanneurs de Rouen. Cependant, l’expertise sur la qualité et sur la qualification, tout comme les procédures d’entrée en apprentissage et de maîtrise, paraissent souvent échapper aux autorités jusqu’à la fin du XIVe siècle, et le recours aux juridictions supérieures reste fluctuant au XVe siècle. L’identité des organisations de métiers se polarise autour de leurs gardes, assermentés devant les autorités, plutôt que de se cristalliser dans des communautés dont les contours restent mouvants. De ce fait, l’action collective des groupes professionnels ne se formalise que très progressivement et sort souvent du cadre des institutions de métiers, même si la consultation des communautés est une étape importante dans la genèse de la réglementation professionnelle. La formalisation des institutions de métiers relève d’un développement du droit écrit, dont les usages par des associations professionnelles ou par les autorités varient en fonction des circonstances. / In medieval Normandy, from the end of the XIIIth century, the word métier (craft) could refer to a category of profession-based institutions that were clearly identified by the contemporary society. Dating from that period, the documentation also sheds a new light on the modes of enforcement of the economic rules which are particular to these craft institutions. Among their main characteristics was the role of craft officers (gardes du métier) who were appointed in agreement with the craft group. This evolution goes with the second "writing revolution" which developed the use of written norms. In this study, craft rules are therefore defined as a type of source which sets the structures of craft organisations. The development of this type of source was only part of the expansion of more detailed professional rules, whose geographic diffusion reflects the urban hierarchy. Judicial sources and accounts completed those normative sources and broadened the spectrum of craft institutions by including small towns like Elbeuf or Neufchâtel-en-Bray, as well as rural activities like pottery or metallurgy. The quantitative analysis of sources covering over 60 jurisdictions shows their representativity and a growth that does not entirely come from documentary biases. The diversity of places and activities ruled by craft institutions grew at the end of the Middle Ages. Better sources make case studies possible not only in Rouen but also in the jurisdictions of Louviers, of Elbeuf, of Roncheville and of the mine of Beaumont at Saint-Rémy-sur-Orne. The comparisons reveal how limited the autonomy of craft organisations concerning the enforcement of rules could be, despite a few exceptions like the master of the ironworkers of Normandy or the provost of the tanners of Rouen who had jurisdiction over their peers. However, until the end of the 14th century, the authorities seemed to lack control over the expertise on the quality of goods and on qualification, as well as over the formalities required for becoming an apprentice or a master. Even in the 15th century, the superior courts did not always intervene in such cases. The identity of craft organisations revolved more around their officers, who were sworn before higher authorities, than it depended on the shifting boundaries of the working communities. As a consequence, the collective action of workers very slowly took a formal aspect and often took place outside the craft institutions. Nevertheless, craft communities were consulted as a group about their rules. The development of formal craft institutions at the end of the Middle Ages can be linked to the growing use of written laws that were claimed by professional associations or by the authorities according to the context.

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