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The rhetoric of expertiseHartelius, E. Johanna, 1979- 29 August 2008 (has links)
In American culture, reliance on expertise has become so commonplace that it is virtually impossible to avoid. It is the way we delegate the contents of our busy lives and defer authority in the interest of being efficient. Conventional wisdom defines an expert as someone who knows more about a subject or can perform better than the average person. However, expertise is not simply about one person's skills being different from another's. It is also fundamentally contingent on a struggle for ownership and legitimacy. Thus, it is subject to rhetoric. S/he who succeeds in persuading the public that s/he is an expert and that s/he is a better expert than any alternative, earns credibility, acknowledgement and power. Experts argue for the legitimacy of what they do. They articulate their experiences persuasively and always in the context of a rhetorical contest. The public ultimately validates one form of expertise over the other. To be an expert is to gain sanctioned rights to a specific area of knowledge or experience. My dissertation posits expertise as a rhetorical construct. It investigates how expertise is negotiated as a function of the rhetorical situation, its participants and constraints. Specifically, I ask: What rhetorical strategies do experts employ to compete for authority and legitimacy when they conflict with one another? Each chapter examines the rhetorical construction of expertise in a particular context--politics, history, medicine, and information. By drawing parallels between different experts from different chapters I ultimately identify a series of "unlikely allies." These are experts whose rhetorical strategies for constructing expertise trump differences of context and content. My rhetorical analysis demonstrates that, despite their apparent differences, experts have a great deal in common rhetorically. Indeed, the recurring use of the same rhetorical strategies through vastly different fields of specialization suggests that experts constitute a unique rhetorical genre. / text
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Planning as a function of expertise and task difficulty in a technical domainSaíz, María Dolores. January 1991 (has links)
The main purpose of this study was the investigation of the planning processes among individuals of different levels of expertise (i.e., novices and experts) in the machining domain, performing on two different tasks of increasing complexity (i.e., Drawing 1 and Drawing 2). / Twenty-four subjects were assigned randomly to four experimental groups. Subjects were trained to think aloud and verbal protocols were collected as they performed the task. The protocols were analyzed according to a well-defined and reliable coding scheme to identify planning and other operations. / No significant results were found for the planning variable. Significant results were found for the amount of evaluation and writing. Experts appeared to do better than novices in both task conditions. Furthermore, the best performers in all the experimental groups seemed to plan the least. The absence of significant effects of expertise or complexity on planning contradicts the hypothesis derived from the literature. Possible explanations for these results are offered.
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The rhetoric of expertiseHartelius, Elin Johanna, January 1900 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2008. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Planning as a function of expertise and task difficulty in a technical domainSaíz, María Dolores. January 1991 (has links)
No description available.
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La Bioéthique, Science d’État : la fabrique du gouvernement de la morale des corps humains biomédicaux. / Bioethics, State’s Science. The making of the government of biomedical human bodies’ morality.Néron, Adeline 01 December 2017 (has links)
Cette thèse se situe à la rencontre des Études sur les sciences et des théories biopolitiques. Elle porte sur les relations de savoir et de pouvoir qui animent la bioéthique. Ce champ est saisi comme étant des espaces et temps de négociation de risques d’ordre juridique, social et moral de développements techno-scientifiques. Alors, cette recherche s’intéresse à cette évaluation de possibilités et pratiques biomédicales relevant de donner ou prendre la vie, des organes, des embryons humains, des informations génétiques, du sang ou des cellules. Le Comité de bioéthique du Conseil de l’Europe, le Comité consultatif national d’éthique pour les sciences de la vie et de la santé et les Espaces de réflexion éthique régionaux sont les trois nœuds étudiés. L’institutionnalisation des jugements de valeurs qu’ils permettent de constater est faite d’une circulation multi-scalaire d’experts qui concentre productions et normatisations. Cette circulation forme une communauté épistémique bioéthique, universitaire et administrative. Dans ce mode de gouvernement, les validations professionnelles se confrontent à leurs propres narrations et tentatives de participation élargie à la fabrique bioéthique. En effet, Consultations, États Généraux, Conférences de citoyens et Débats publics essentiellement confirment les accréditations et configurations académiques et régulatrices. De propositions successives de compréhension, l’analyse invite à penser la bioéthique comme étant un domaine scientifique d’Études morales des sciences et techniques. C’est, en outre, cette identification même qui contraste la bureaucratisation de la vertu. C’est disciplinariser des savoirs sur la morale des corps humains biomédicaux qui s’oppose à l’intervention de discipliner individus et populations. / This thesis sits at an intersection of Sciences Studies and Bio-political theories. It concerns the knowledge and power relations that shape Bioethics. This field is considered as spaces and times of negotiation of legal, social and moral risks associated with techno-scientific developments. Hence, the research interest is this evaluation of the biomedical possibilities and practices of giving or taking life, bodies, organs, human embryos, genetic information, blood or cells. The Council of Europe’s Bioethics Committee, the National Consultative Ethics Committee on Life and Health Sciences and the Espaces de réflexion éthique (Regional Offices for Ethics) are the three knots studied. The institutionnalisation of value judgments these reveal lies on a multi-scalar circulation of experts that concentrates productions and normatisations. This circulation shapes a university- and administration-based bioethical epistemic community. In this mode of government, professional validations are confronted with their own narratives and initiatives of broader participation in Bioethics making. Indeed, consultations, États Généraux, citizens’ conferences and public debates essentially confirm academic and regulatory accreditations and configurations. From successive propositions of comprehension, the analysis invites consideration of Bioethics as a scientific field of Moral Studies of Sciences and Technology. Moreover, it is this identification that contrasts the bureaucratization of virtue. It is disciplinarizing knowledge on biomedical human bodies’ morality that is an opposition to the intervention of disciplining individuals and populations.
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Les différentes natures de l'anticipation en tennis : de la quantification aux apprentissages perceptifs / The different natures of tennis anticipation : from quantification to perceptive learningTriolet, Celine 20 September 2012 (has links)
L’objectif de ce travail était de questionner l’anticipation dans les sports de balle en prenant support de l’activité tennis. Pour anticiper, les informations utilisées peuvent provenir de deux sources principales : d’une part, la gestuelle de l’adversaire et d’autre part, des connaissances tactiques sur le jeu, les probabilités ou le contexte.Pour réaliser ce travail, nous nous sommes appuyés sur « l’approche de la performance experte » d’Ericsson et Smith (1991). Dans une première étude, nous avons réalisé une analyse in situ de l’anticipation chez des joueurs de tennis de haut niveau Les résultats de cette première étude ont montré que les joueurs anticipent essentiellement quand ils sont en situation défavorable et que le risque de perdre le point est grand. De plus, deux fenêtres temporelles distinctes d’anticipation sont apparues : une fenêtre précoce dans laquelle le taux de réussite est important et les informations utilisées peuvent être en lien avec les aspects tactiques ; une fenêtre plus tardive dans laquelle le taux de réussite est plus faible et les informations utilisées peuvent être en lien avec la gestuelle adverse.Dans une deuxième étape, nous avons mis en place des protocoles expérimentaux permettant d’étudier ces deux fenêtres temporelles et ces différentes sources d’informations. Dans l’étude N°2, nous avons fait varier la disponibilité de l’information gestuelle en fonction de la pertinence de l’information tactique. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que seuls les experts étaient capables d’utiliser de l’information sur la posture et la gestuelle de l’adversaire afin d’anticiper. Dans l’étude N°3, nous avons manipulé la quantité d’information tactique présente dans le point en contrôlant la durée de présentation précédant la réponse. Les résultats n’ont pas montré de différences dans la justesse des anticipations entre les différents temps de présentation. Cependant, le temps de réponse était plus court dans la condition où le temps de présentation était le plus long indiquant donc des prises de décision plus rapide pour anticiper dans cette condition.Enfin, dans une troisième étape, nous avons réalisé un protocole d’entraînement afin d’essayer d’améliorer l’anticipation basée sur les connaissances tactiques et probabilistiques en lien avec un adversaire particulier. Celui-ci a permis une amélioration de la performance d’anticipation et une diminution du temps de réponse pour le groupe apprentissage spécifique.Les résultats obtenus à travers ce travail fournissent des données quantitatives sur l’anticipation experte en tennis permettant la mise en place de tâches représentatives. De plus, ils suggèrent l’existence de moments clés d’utilisation des différentes sources d’informations disponibles afin d’anticiper. Pour finir, il semble possible d’améliorer les habiletés d’anticipation, même chez des joueurs experts, en mettant en place des protocoles d’entraînement. Ce travail ouvre des perspectives de recherche nombreuses qui pourront permettre par exemple de formaliser de manière plus précise la nature des informations utilisées pour anticiper. / The aim of this work was to analyse anticipation in fast ball sport by using the support of tennis. For anticipation, two different sources of information can be used: on one hand, the opponents’ postural cues and on the other hand, tactical and contextual information.To achieve this work, we used the « expert performance approach » proposed by Ericsson and Smith (1991). To begin, we carried out an in situ analysis of expert tennis player anticipation (study 1). The results showed that experts anticipate when they are in an unfavorable situation and when the risk to lose the point is high. Moreover, two different temporal windows appeared: a very early temporal window in which the level of response accuracy is high and information used can be related to tactics; a later temporal window in which response accuracy is weaker and information can be related to the opponents’ postural cues.Secondly, we ran two experiments in order to analyse these two windows, using different types of information. In study 2, we worked on the availability of postural cues according to tactical information. We showed that experts contrary to novices could use postural cues information to improve anticipation accuracy. In the third study, we varied the amount of tactical information inside the point with different conditions presenting 1, 3 or 5 strokes before the occlusion. Results didn’t show any differences in prediction accuracy between different occlusion conditions. However, response time was shorter in the five strokes condition than in other conditions, revealing that the decision for anticipation was taken sooner in this condition.Finally, in a third step, we ran a learning protocol. The aim was to improve anticipation based on tactical and probabilistical knowledge of one particular opponent. The results showed an improved anticipation performance and a shorter response time for the specific learning group.The results, we obtained during this phD work, give quantitative data on expert anticipation in tennis. These results provide a basis to design representative tasks to explore with more details anticipation. Moreover, they suggest the possibility of using the different sources of information to anticipate. To conclude, it seems possible to improve anticipation skills, even for some expert players, by running training protocols. This work opens a lot of perspectives of research which can allow, for example, to formalize with more accuracy the nature of information used to anticipate.
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Interculturalité et expertise dans les services : Cas d’une PME internationale prestataire de services linguistiques / Interculturality and expertise : Case study on an international SME language services providerJerinic, Zorana 23 November 2018 (has links)
Devant faire face aux exigences imposées par l’internationalisation de plus en plus prononcée, les entreprises de services misent sur l’enrichissement du capital humain dont elles disposent. Cette recherche ambitionne de proposer une compréhension du processus d’apprentissage qui favorise cet enrichissement. Plus particulièrement, nous souhaitons comprendre l’impact de la culture de l’individu sur les compétences constitutives de son capital humain, et l’évolution de la compétence interculturelle qui est la composante essentielle de ce dernier dans un contexte international. Basée sur l’étude d’une PME internationale et, plus précisément, d’une de ses business units en France qui fait preuve d’une expertise en termes de prestation de service, notre thèse ambitionne de mettre en évidence les éléments constitutifs d’une relation de service de haut niveau. Pour cela, nous avons mobilisé une revue de la littérature reposant sur le management international, le management interculturel et la gestion des ressources humaines. Elle a été alimentée par une étude de cas unique dans le cadre de laquelle nous avons réalisé 25 entretiens semi directifs et environ 83 heures d’observation (non participante et participante). Les résultats obtenus révèlent que l’expertise de l’unité étudiée repose sur la compétence transculturelle du directeur-manager, qui est créatrice d’une culture managériale et de relations pérennes avec les clients, et qui est porteuse de résultats pour l’entreprise. / Faced with the demands imposed by increasingly marked internationalization, service companies are banking on the enrichment of human capital they have. This research aims to provide an understanding of the learning process that promotes this enrichment. More specifically, we want to understand the impact of the culture of the individual on the skills that make up his human capital, and the evolution of intercultural competence which is the essential component of the latter in an international context. Based on the study of an international SME and, more precisely, of one of its business units in France which demonstrates an expertise in terms of service delivery, our thesis aims to highlight the constituent elements of a high level service relationship. For this, we have mobilized a review of the literature based on international management, intercultural management and human resources management. It is based on a unique case study in which we conducted 25 semi structured interviews and approximately 83 hours of observation (non participant and participant). The results obtained reveal that the expertise of the unit studied is based on the transcultural competence of the manager, who creates a managerial culture and lasting relationships with customers, which brings results for the company.
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Do expertise and training help creativity?Wong, Chun-nae, Janny., 王珍妮. January 2007 (has links)
published_or_final_version / abstract / Psychology / Master / Master of Philosophy
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Do expertise and training help creativity?Wong, Chun-nae, Janny. January 2007 (has links)
Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Title proper from title frame. Also available in printed format.
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Understanding the Roles of Expertise Integration and Problem-Solving Competency in the IS Development Team: An Expertise PerspectiveChen, Chiou-Mei 09 September 2009 (has links)
This paper is based on expertise structure and knowledge management (KM) perspective to develop an empirical ¡§Input-Process-Outcome¡¨ model to examine the relationship among expertise complement, expertise deployment, expertise location, expertise integration, problem-solving competency and project performance in the context of information system development (ISD) teams. We adopted the survey method and focused on the members in ISD teams to collect research data. PLS analysis was employed to examine the research model. A total of 76 ISD teams, including 337 members, confirmed our model. Results revealed that (1) expertise complement and expertise deployment are two antecedents that positively affect expertise integration and problem-solving competency; (2) expertise location is found to have a main impact on expertise deployment and expertise integration; (3) expertise integration and problem-solving competency serving as mediators are found to have a positive impact on project performance. This study offers a perspective for conducting the research and practice, as well as achieving a better insight into the fields of expertise composition structure, KM, and ISD.
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