Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2005 / Originally issued in electronic format. Vita. Includes abstract. UMI number: 3170939. Includes bibliographical references (p. 128-136). Also available via the World Wide Web.

La Commission européenne a fait le choix de réguler le secteur de la distribution automobile par un règlement d'exemption par catégorie, considéré comme un instrument de concurrence favorisant la sécurité juridique. L'objectif poursuivi était le suivant : combattre les effets anticoncurrentiels des accords verticaux du secteur par une intervention directe sur le contrat de distribution. La réforme opérée en 2010 a rompu cet équilibre, la Commission a abandonné son approche sectorielle au profit d'une politique concurrentielle davantage globale et économique. En ce qui concerne le secteur de la vente, le règlement n°1400/2002 perdurera jusqu'au 31 mai 2013, le secteur sera alors soumis au règlement général n°330/2010, au règlement n°461/2010 et à leurs lignes directrices. Les services de l'après-vente sont immédiatement concernés par le nouveau règlement automobile n°461/2010 et par le règlement général n°330/2010 ainsi qu'à leurs lignes directrices respectives. La première règle emportant alignement du secteur automobile sur le règlement général est la généralisation du seuil de 30 % en deçà duquel doivent se situer les parts de marché du constructeur et du distributeur réunies. La Commission abandonne la promotion du multimarquisme dès lors que le constructeur sera en droit d'exiger de son distributeur une obligation d'approvisionnement à hauteur de 80 %. Le point de réforme important reste celui lié à l'abandon des règles relatives à la durée des accords, aux délais de préavis, aux conditions de rupture et au règlement non juridictionnel des litiges. En matière d'après-vente, des règles spécifiques plus strictes que celles prévues par le règlement général, notamment en ce qui concerne l'information technique, les pièces détachées, le refus d'honorer la garantie et l'accès aux réseaux de réparateurs agréés, ont été conservées. / The european Commission has taken the choice to regulate the car sector by an exemption regulation, considered as an effective antitrust tool in order to provide a juridic security. The objective pursued was to fight the anticompetitive effects of vertical agreements by a direct intervention in the contract of distribution. The reform maked in 2010 has upset this balance, the Commission has given up her sectonial approach for a competition policy more than a global and economic one. Concerning the vehicle distribution, the exemption regulation 1400/2002 will come into force until 31 may 2013, then the sector will be submited to the exemption regulation 330/2010, the exemption regulation 461/2010 and their guidelines. The after sales services will be immediately submited to the new exemption regulation 461/2010 and by the exemption regulation 330/2010 and also their guidelines. The first rule who will permit to treat the car distribution like an y other market is the generalization of the uniform market share threshold of 30 % for the motor vehicle supplier and his distributor. The Commission gives up the objective of multi-brand distribution as far as the vehicle supplier can require from his distributor a buying obligation for 80 %. The key of the reform remain the giving up of the rules concerning the terme of the contract, the minimum period of notice, the rupture of contract and the right to refer disputes concerning the fulfilment of their contractual obligations to an independent expert or arbitrator. Concerning after sales services, specific rules more strict than those provided by the general exemption, particularly concerning the technical informations, spared parts, the refuse to honour warranties on motor vehicles and the access to the networks remains of sales services, have been kept.

This final thesis gives an overview of possibilities given to Member states by European law to differentiate the legislature the way it fits their national needs. It might be difficult for all Member states to participate in all European policies as it is stated in Treaties, directives or regulations as the Member state cannot or does not want to follow the mainstream of integration. European law then provides the means how to differentiate from the provisions to secure that any harm will be caused to a Member state. In the first part of the thesis, some basic terms to understand the subject are introduced such as differentiation, harmonisation, flexibility and integration itself. In the second chapter you can find the process of harmonization and the power within that the institutions of European Union can operate. Some disputes about how the powers are exercised are also introduced here. The differentiated integration had some development which laid the foundations to the current situation and therefore the development is described in this chapter. There are more ways how to differentiate within the European law, chapter number 3 gives a basic overview of these possibilities. It mentions multiple-speed Europe, variable geometry and integration á la carte, and gives some practical examples to understand...

L’antagonisme entre libéralisme et protectionnisme dans les échanges de biens et de services culturels imprègne toute l’histoire contemporaine des négociations commerciales internationales. Il s’explique par le rapport qu’entretient le droit interne avec le droit international en matière culturelle. Une étude de droit comparé vise à identifier les caractéristiques de l’intervention étatique dans le secteur de la culture et d’en proposer une classification. Les fonctions de l’État chargées d’adopter, d’exécuter ou de sanctionner les normes culturelles reposent en effet sur la spécificité de son ordre juridique interne et du fonctionnement de son administration. Ces caractéristiques contribuent ensuite à comprendre la nature des dérogations culturelles au plan international. Si l’État arrête unilatéralement sa législation au plan national, les règles de droit international sont établies en coordination avec les autres États. Les dispositions dérogatoires internationales ne constituent ainsi pas des règles abstraites puisqu’elles tiennent compte des normes existantes issues des différents ordres juridiques internes. Une étude de droit international économique concourt à analyser ces dérogations et à en comprendre la portée normative. Elles déterminent in fine la compatibilité des normes nationales avec les règles du commerce international : elles les sauvegardent ou contraignent l’État à les redéfinir. L’étude entreprise confirme ainsi l’influence réciproque du droit national et du droit international en matière culturelle. / The antagonism between liberalism and protectionism in trade in cultural goods and services permeates the contemporary history of international trade negotiations. It can be explained by the existing link between domestic law and international law in the cultural field. A study of comparative law allows to identify the characteristics of state intervention in the cultural sector and to suggest a classification of it. The functions of the state responsible for adopting, executing or sanctioning cultural norms follow from the specificity of its internal legal order and the functioning of its administration. These features allow then to understand the nature of cultural derogations at the international level. If the state unilaterally defines its legislation at the national level, rules of international law are established in coordination with other states. International derogatory provisions are thus not abstract rules as they take into account the existing standards from different internal legal orders. A study of international economic law assists in analyzing these derogations and in understanding their legal scope. They determine ultimately the compatibility of national norms with international trade rules: they preserve them or force the state to redefine them. Thus, the study confirms the mutual influence of national law and international law in the cultural field.

Background: Children are required by law to receive vaccinations to enter school. States and territories offer exemptions for parents who refuse to vaccinate their children. Types of exemptions vary by state or territory, as does the exemption claiming process. The purpose of this research was to identify the various education-related processes implemented by states and territories which allow parents to exempt children from vaccinations. Methods: A questionnaire was distributed to immunization managers in the 50 United States, District of Columbia, the United States Indian Health Service, and eight United States territories. Managers reported vaccination requirements for their jurisdiction (collectively referred to as "state"). Education-related questions, identified which states required parents to: 1) read and sign a vaccination risk/benefit statement prior to exemption; 2) complete mandatory vaccine education before obtaining vaccination exemption; 2a) complete education within a certain time period before school admission; and 2b) have parental vaccine education regulated. Results: A parent-signed risk/benefit statement was required by 25 states for religious exemptions, 12 states for personal exemptions, 10 states for medical exemptions, and 1 state for temporary medical exemptions. Thirteen states required mandatory parental vaccine education prior to obtaining an exemption. Vaccine education could be completed at various times prior to school admission. For most states, the mandated parental vaccine education prior to exemption was regulated by law, administrative rule, or policy. Conclusions: Implementing a risks/benefits statement prior to granting an exemption may not be helpful in reducing religious and personal exemption rates. The process of providing vaccine education prior to exemption varies greatly between states. Familiarity with various state vaccine education requirements may aid policymakers who are considering enacting mandatory vaccine education in his or her state.

Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a vaccine-preventable disease that is on the rise in the United States, a trend which has been attributed to vaccination exemption. Indeed, the pertussis outbreak that occurred in February, 2012 in Ocean County, New Jersey was associated with vaccine exemption. Considering that pertussis is deadly to young children, it is important to understand why this disease rate is on the rise. The research questions were focused on whether a relationship existed between pertussis status (no, yes) and exemption status (no, yes), sex (male, female), and county type (Middlesex, Ocean, or Other), using a theoretical foundation of eco-social theory. The methodology used in the study was a retrospective case-control design. Archival data were collected on residents of Ocean County New Jersey; Middlesex County, New Jersey; and New Jersey as a whole using nonprobability purposive sampling (n = 63,000). A power analysis was conducted for sample size and chi square test of association was performed for data analysis. The results supported the hypotheses that a significant difference existed in the prevalence of pertussis between Ocean County, Middlesex County, and all other counties in New Jersey. The data showed that the odds of being afflicted with pertussis for those residents of Ocean County was greater than it was for those residents living in other counties in New Jersey, though sex was not found to be a significant variable. This study can promote social change by providing public health officials important knowledge about the nature of the outbreak, supporting public health practices designed for the population at risk. Resource allocation can be more specifically targeted to enhance disease reduction by creating programs designed to populations presenting the greatest risk of disease spread.

Thesis (M. Environmental Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Thesis (M. Environmental Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Univ., Diss.--Kiel, 2004. / Literaturverz. S. 15 - 21.

Originally presented as author's Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Minnesota, 1949. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 125-128).