Introduction: In the US, Black/African Americans comprise the largest proportion of People Living with HIV (PLWH). Depressive symptoms and fatigue are highly prevalent among PLWH. Depressive symptoms are linked to progression of HIV disease, and fatigue is linked to severity of depressive symptoms. Resistance exercise is known to have psychological benefits in non-HIV depressed populations, and these benefits are hypothesized to be intensity-dependent. That is, moderate intensity exercise seems to stimulate better psychological outcomes compared to other exercise intensities. To date, no study has examined the acute psychological effects of resistance exercise intensity with depressed PLWH. Purpose: To test the acute effects of resistance exercise intensity on affect, perceived activation, and perceived distress among sedentary Black/African American PLWH who experience depressive symptoms. Methods: Twenty-five men and 17 women ages 24-66 (47.5±11.2) with a Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale score of ≥10 completed a battery of questionnaires and 10-repetition maximum (10-RM) muscular strength tests. Participants were randomized into a moderate intensity resistance exercise group (i.e., 70% of 10-RM), n=21, or vigorous intensity resistance exercise group (i.e., 100% of 10-RM), n=21. Both groups completed 3 sets of 10 repetitions for 5 exercises at the assigned intensity. Exercises include squat, chest press, lat pull-down, dumbbell shoulder press, and dumbbell biceps curl. Affect, perceived activation, and perceived distress were measured with the Feeling Scale, Felt Arousal Scale, and Subjective Units of Distress Scale, respectively. Measures were administered at PRE, MID, POST, at 15-minute DELAY, and at 30-minute DELAY. Changes were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA, with Bonferroni adjustments for post-hoc analyses. Results: There were significant Time x Group interactions for affect (F=2.6, p=0.03, η2=0.1), and perceived distress (F=5.5, p<0.01, η2=0.1), and a main effect of Time for perceived activation (F=16.2, p<0.001, η2=0.3). In the moderate intensity group, affect improved PRE to POST (t=3.2, p<0.01, d=0.7), PRE to DELAY 15 (t=4.1, p<0.01, d=0.9), and PRE to DELAY 30 (t=4.1, p<0.001, d=0.7). In addition, perceived distress was reduced from PRE to MID (t=4.2, p<0.001, d=0.9), PRE to POST (t=5.5, p<0.001, d=1.2), PRE to DELAY 15 (t=5.6, p<0.001, d=1.2), and PRE to DELAY 30 (t=6.7, p<0.001, d=1.5). In the vigorous intensity group, affect declined PRE to MID (t=2.9, p<0.01, d=-0.6), while perceived distress improved PRE to DELAY 15 (t=4.8, p<0.001, d=1.0) and PRE to DELAY 30 (t=3.5, p<0.01, d=0.7). Perceived activation increased in both groups similarly PRE to MID (t=5.1, p<0.01, d=1.5), and PRE to POST (t=6.1, p<0.001, d=1.8). Conclusions: Results suggest that an acute bout of moderate intensity resistance exercise is more effective than vigorous intensity resistance exercise in improving affect, increasing energy, and reducing distress in depressed Black/African American PLWH. However, vigorous intensity resistance exercise also appears to have distress-reducing benefits, but this appears to only occur after exercise. These findings should be considered when prescribing exercise for depressive symptom management in this population.

This study investigated whether or not a relationship exists between ventilation and oxygen uptake at 40% and 85% of V02 peak intensity in 30 upper body fit and 30 unfit 18- 35-year-old women. The correlations between ventilation and oxygen uptake at 40% of peak intensity for the fit group (r = -.51) and the unfit group (r = -.48) were modestly negative. At 85% intensity the relationship between ventilation and oxygen uptake in the two groups was -.44 and -.66, respectively. The lower correlations between ventilation and oxygen uptake observed at the 85% level of peak intensity among the unfit group could be due to a lower ventilatory threshold (66% = fit; 49% = unfit), lesser local muscle changes, along with reduced lactate and C02 management; all of which would be improved with training.

Abstract not available

The purpose of this study was to compare the levels of bone mineral density (BMD) of the whole body (WB) and proximal femurs of physically active men with spinal cord injuries (SCI) to nonactive men with spinal cord injuries. Also, the lean muscle mass (LMM) of active men with SCI was compared to the LMM of nonactive men with SCI. In addition, BMD values of the radii of physically active men with SCI were compared to that of able bodied men of the same age. The subjects N. 46 were between the age of 20-55 (��=37.83 �� 6.63 years), and were at least 2 years post spinal cord injury. Subjects with SCI were matched on similar level of lesion of the spinal cord, age, height, weight, and years post injury for the purpose of analyzing data. There were 14 active men with paraplegia and 14 nonactive men with paraplegia, 9 active men with quadriplegia and 9 nonactive men with quadriplegia. All BMD data was obtained utilizing a Hologic QDR 1000W dual energy x-ray absorptiometer. A two-factor (level by group) analysis of variance revealed no significant difference for all sites (Whole body, Total hip, radii, LMM) comparing the active and nonactive men with SCI. T-scores and z-scores generated from the Ho logic QDR 1000/W were analyzed using two-factor ANOVA (level by group). The active men with paraplegia had significantly higher BMD levels for all sites when compared to the other groups. These values may be explained by the number of incomplete injuries in the experimental group. Subjects in the physically active group did not clearly show a statistically significant difference on any of the dependent measures. However, values for the dependent measures were higher for the physically active group compared to the values of the nonactive group. / Graduation date: 1995

Exercise training has consistently been shown to increase fat utilization during exercise, while conflicting results have been reported on the effects of sex and age on fuel metabolism during exercise. PURPOSE: The primary objective of this investigation was to compare fat and carbohydrate utilization during exercise among males and females varying in age and training status. METHODS: 8 groups of 10 subjects each were formed based upon trained (T)/untrained (U), male (M)/female (F), and young (Y)/older (O): TYM, TYF, UYM, UYF, TOM, TOF, UOM, UOF. All female subjects were experiencing regular menstrual cycles, not using oral contraceptives, and were tested in the mid-follicular phase of their menstrual cycle. The young subjects averaged 21.3 ��1.7 yr and older subjects 40.1 ��1.9 yr. All subjects exercised for 35 minutes on a treadmill at an intensity just below their ventilatory threshold. Substrate utilization was indicated by the respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and a 2x2x2 factorial ANOVA was used to determine whether age, sex, and training status have independent or interacting effects on substrate-utilization variables, and t-tests were used for post-hoc comparisons. RESULTS: The average RER during exercise was lower in trained subjects (0.841��.023) compared to untrained subjects (0.884��.021) (P < .05). There was no difference in the average RER during exercise between the young (0.860��.026) and older (0.865��.034) groups of subjects. The average RER during exercise was lower for untrained females (0.860��.027) than untrained males (0.870��.032) (P < .05), but there was no difference in fat and carbohydrate utilization between trained males (0.843��.023) and trained females (0.838��.022). CONCLUSION: The major finding of this study was that untrained females utilized proportionately more fat during exercise compared to untrained males, but there was no difference in fat and carbohydrate utilization between trained females and trained males. Another finding was that a 20-year difference in age was not sufficient for an age effect to be evident in fat utilization during moderate exercise. / Graduation date: 2013

This study examined the effects of maintaining exercise training throughout pregnancy upon metabolic and physical properties of parametrial fat cells and fetal growth in Wistar rats. Eight weeks prior to mating the animals (n=10) were trained to run for 2 hrs/day, 5 days/wk at 31 m/min up an 8 0 incline. Control animals (n=6) remained sedentary. All animals were mated and trained animals resumed running on the second day of gestation. There was no variation in body weight (p > 0.05) between the trained (T) and sedentary control (S) rats at mating but S weight was significantly greater (p < 0.05) at Day 19. The T mothers had significantly smaller fat cells (p < 0.05) than S but cell number did not differ (p > 0.05). The rate of glucose oxidation (1C-1) by cells from T animals was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the S in the presence of insulin, but much lower than oxidation rates of non-pregnant trained animals. In terms of the fetus, training reduced litter size (p < 0.05) and increased the incidence of fetal resorption. The results of this study indicate that the training adaptation of the adipocytes is largely lost during pregnancy but insulin responsiveness is maintained at a higher level than sedentary controls. This coupled with the apparent adverse effects of the training on the fetus suggests that exercise during pregnancy should be more closely investigated.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306

The effects of an 8-week swim training program and a 3-week detraining period on the size and protein composition of the heart of female Wistar rats were examined. The animals were separated into three groups: trained, detrained, and sedentary control. The training program, 6 hours/day, 5 days/week, resulted in a significantly larger dry heart weight, a normal collagen concentration, and a nonsignificantly greater total protein content. The greatest changes occurred between 4 and 6 weeks of training. The mild physiologic hypertrophy was assumed to be typical, and therefore simply an enlargement of a normal heart with proportional increases in myocyte size, and connective and vascular tissue hyperplasia. The detraining period produced a return of the heart mass to normal by the end of 2 weeks of detraining. The total protein content and collagen concentration remained elevated, though nonsignificant. The results indicate the detrained heart is composed of more connective, vascular, and metabolically active tissue, all of which may be important in the detrained heart’s response to increased work.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306

Ball State University LibrariesLibrary services and resources for knowledge buildingMasters ThesesThere is no abstract available for this thesis.

Ball State University LibrariesLibrary services and resources for knowledge buildingMasters ThesesThere is no abstract available for this thesis.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of glucose ingestion on glycogen use andresynthesis during moderate exercise in untrained rats. Female Wistar rats (avg. wt.= 262 g) were assigned to either a control (C), control exercise (CE) or experimental exercise (EE) group. To examine glycogen resynthesis during exercise from a carbohydrate feeding, the EE animals were given 1 ml of a 10% glucose solution enriched with U-14C-glucose via stomach tube and run for 1h at 20.6 m/min. To distinguish between glycogen synthesis from endogenous versus exogenous sources, the CE animals were given a 0.1 ml tail-vein injection of U-14C-glucose tracer and run for 1h at 20.6 m/min. The C animals served as resting controls. Immediately after sacrifice, samples of the liver, soleus m., plantaris m., gastrocnemius m. and w. vastus m. were removed and analyzed for glycogen concentration and 14C activity in a glycogen pellet. Muscle and liver glycogen was 4.72 umol/g and 5.16 umol/g, respectively, higher (p<0.05) in the EE animals than in the CE animals. The average 14C activity of the muscle glycogen (mean ± SE) (182.85+ 31.79 cpm/g) was greater (p<0.05) than that of the liver (47.44 + 8.10 cpm/g), indicating a greater exogenous glucose incorporation into muscle glycogen than liver glycogen during exercise. However, this activity represented less than 2% of the remaining glycogen found in each tissue. Thus, it appears that the glycogen sparing observed with the glucose feeding in untrained rats was the result of an increased contribution of blood glucose to muscle metabolism.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306