Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A 240-day growth study was conducted to determine the suitability of soybean meal (SBM) as an alternative protein source to fish meal (FM) in the diet of commercially produced South African abalone (Haliotis midae). The suitability of SBM was determined by a close evaluation of the following key factors: feed water stability, morphological impact on the abalone intestine and the effect on the growth performance of abalone. The study was comprised of two phases: a fish meal replacement phase (Phase A) and an enzyme treatment phase (Phase B). Diets used in Phase A consisted of a control fish meal diet (Control=22%FM, 0%SBM), a fish meal-soybean meal diet (FMSBM=20%FM, 15%SBM), a soybean meal-low diet (SBMlow=0%FM, 15%SBM) and a soybean meal diet (SBM=0%FM, SBM30%). In Phase B, the FM diet and SBM diet were used as basal diets (FME0 and SBME0). These diets were then treated with three commercial enzyme products, namely, a β- glucanase (FME1 and SBME1), xylanase (FME2 and SBME2) and α-D-galactosidase (FME3 and SBME3). Subsequently, all three enzymes were combined to make two treatments (FME123 and SBME123). With regard to the gut morphology and growth trials, a thirteenth energy enhanced commercial animal protein-free diet (ECO) was used. In Phase A (fish meal replacement), the findings revealed that water stability did not differ significantly between treatments. In Phase B (enzyme treatment) however, the water stability of β- glucanase treated feeds was significantly lower than that of the control FM diet. It was also observed that in comparison to the control FM diet, soybean meal based diets have a significantly greater effect on intestinal morphology. With reference to Phase A (fish meal replacement), by the end of the 240 day growth trial period, it was evident that animals fed on the commercial (ECO) diet were significantly heavier than those given the control FM diet. With regard to final length in mm, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and specific growth rate (SGR) for mass and length, no differences between the treatments were noted. It was also found that the condition of the ECO fed animals was significantly better in comparison to the other treatment fed animals. No significant differences were observed between the FM and three FMreplaced diets however. With reference to Phase B (enzyme treatment), it was noted that once again, after the 240 day period, abalone fed on the ECO diet were significantly heavier in terms of their final weight when compared to those fed on the other diets. As in Phase A, no differences in FCR and SGR for mass and length were observed. Measurements of the animals’ final length (as observed on day 240) revealed that those fed on the ECO diet were significantly longer than those given the FME1, SBME1 and SBME3 diets. At the end of the trial, abalone fed on the ECO diet were also in significantly better condition than those fed on the SBM, FME3 and FME123 diets. In terms of production performance, no significant difference was found between the SBM diets and FM diets and enzyme supplementation did not significantly increase the production performance either. The results of this study therefore show that SBM has great potential to be used as a FM-replacement diet. The improved performance of the ECO diet was expected due to its energy content. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: ‘n Groeistudie is gedoen met die perlemoen (Haliotis midae) oor ʼn tydperk van 240 dae om die geskiktheid van sojaboonoliekoek (SBM) as ‘n alternatiewe proteïenbron ter vervanging van vismeel (FM) in die rantsoen te evalueer. Geskiktheid van SBM is getoets aan die hand van waterstabiliteit van voer, morfologie van die spysverteringskanaal en die invloed daarvan op groei van die perlemoen. Die studie het uit twee fases bestaan naamlik ‘n vismeel (FM) vervangingsfase (Fase A) gevolg deur ‘n ensiem behandelingsfase (Fase B). Die diëte wat gebruik was sluit in ’n Kontrole dieet wat slegs vismeel as proteïenbron bevat (Kontrole = 22%FM, 0%SBM), ‘n 2de dieet wat beide vismeel en sojaboonoliekoekmeel bevat (FMSBM =20%FM, 15% SBM), ‘n 3de dieet wat ‘n lae vlak sojaboonoliekoekmeel bevat (SBMlow =0%FM, 15%SBM) en 4de dieet met ʼn hoër sojaboonoliekoek vlak (SBM = 0%FM, 30% SBM). Die basale diëte van Fase B was dieselfde as die FM en SBM diëte van Fase A (FME0 en SBM0) met die verskil dat dit met kommersiële ensieme behandel is. Die onderskeie behandelings was gedoen met β-glukanase (FME1 en SBME1), xylanase (FME2 en SBME2) en α-D-galactosidase (FME3 en SBME3) asook ‘n kombinasie van die drie ensieme (FME123 en SBME123). ‘n Addisionele behandeling bestaande uit ‘n kommersiële diereproteïenvrye dieet (ECO) is as bygevoeg as kontrole vir die histologie gedeelte van die proef. Tydens Fase A is gevind dat waterstabiliteit van die onderskeie diëte nie betekenisvol verskil het nie. Tydens Fase B het ensiembehandeling met β-glukanase egter aanleiding gegee tot betekenisvolle laer waterstabiliteit van FME1 en SBME1 diëte in vergelyking met die FM dieet. Histologiese ontledings het getoon dat die SBM diëte ‘n groter negatiewe effek op die morfologie van die spysverteringkanaal gehad het as die kontrole FM dieet. Fase A het getoon dat die ECO dieet beter groeiresultate opgelewer het as die FM dieet, in terme van liggaamsmassa en kondisiefaktor van die perlemoen. Finale skulplengte (mm), voeromsetverhouding (VOV) en spesifieke groeitempo (SGT) vir massa en lengte was egter nie betekenisvol verskillend vir enige van die behandelings nie. Geen betekenisvolle verskille is ook gevind tussen die FM en enige van die FM vervangingsdiëte nie. Resultate vir Fase B het getoon dat diere wat die ECO dieet gevoer is betekenisvol swaarder was as diere wat ander voere gevoer is. Geen betekenisvolle verskille is waargeneem vir VOV en SGT van massa en lengte nie. Finale lengte van die diere wat ECO gevoer is was langer as die van die FME1, SBME1 en SBME3 diëte. Die ECO diere het ook in betekenisvol beter kondisiefaktor vertoon as diere wat SBM, FME3 en FME123 diëte gevoer is. Geen betekenisvolle verskille in produksie parameters is opgemerk tussen die FM en SBM diëte nie en die toevoeging van ensieme het ook nie ‘n betekenisvolle invloed gehad nie. Die gevolgtrekking is dat sojaboonoliekoekmeel suksesvol aangewend kan word vir die vervanging van vismeel in perlemoen diëte.

Interactions between non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) level, dietary lipid type, exogenous carbohydrase enzymes and irradiation were investigated. Ten treatment diets were fed to broilers in a performance and digestibility trial. Eight of the diets contained high levels of NSP, achieved by a high barley inclusion of 55% of the diet. Four of the treatments made use of non-irradiated barley, whereas the barley included in the other four diets was irradiated. By adding either 10% soya oil or yellow grease (fat) as the lipid source, sub groups were created which differed in fatty acid profile. Lastly, these treatments were further subdivided by supplementing one of the two diets from each subgroup with a commercially available combination of exogenous carbohydrase enzymes consisting of cellulases, xylanases and â - glucanases (Roxazyme G at 150 g/ton). The two control diets were based on maize (low NSP diets) with either soy oil or yellow grease. The high NSP diets had significantly lower (P<0.05) apparent metabolisable energy (AME) and lipid digestibility values than the low NSP diets. Lipid digestibility and AME values were also significantly lower (P<0.05) for diets containing yellow grease compared to soya oil. The birds that received yellow grease performed worse in terms of growth, feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) than the oil-containing diets. These trends were evident throughout all treatments, although not always significant. The addition of carbohydrase to diets based on barley improved the dietary lipid digestibility and AME values. Significant improvements (P<0.05) in bird performance were noted for the barley diets with the yellow grease. Pre-irradiation of barley significantly increased (P<0.05) the AME value of diets, and improved lipid digestibility of the fat-containing treatment. The simultaneous combination of carbohydrase supplementation and barley irradiation proved to have an additive positive effect on feed quality and bird performance. For all treatments this combination improved the barley based diets to such an extent that it performed equally or significantly better (P<0.05) than its maize based counterpart. The irradiated barley-yellow grease based diets showed a more pronounced benefit with the addition of carbohydrase enzymes to the feed (P<0.05). / Dissertation (MSc(Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / unrestricted

Studies were conducted to investigate the interactive effects of exogenous enzymes andorganic acids on in vitro and in vivo nutrient digestion and growth performance of broiler chicks.In Study 1, five exogenous enzyme products including ??-glucanase, xylanase, amylase, ??-galactosidase and protease, were assayed in triplicate at their optimum pH levels and at pH levelsof 3.0, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0 and 7.5, which were used to simulate pH levels found in the gizzard, the diet,the crop, and the proximal and distal parts of small intestine, respectively. The pH gradient wasobtained by dissolving the enzymes in different buffers. Results suggested that the pH levelscommonly found in the avian digestive tract were either too high or too low for maximumactivity of the exogenous enzymes, such as ??-galactosidase and protease.In Study 2, broiler chicks were fed corn basal, barley basal or wheat basal diets withdifferent levels or different sources of organic acids. Dietary inclusion of graded levels oforganic acids linearly reduced the pH of the diet and crop content, but not the pH of the digestasampled in the gizzard and small intestine. The inclusion of 2% organic acids (citric acid orfumaric acid) in broiler diets had either no effect or negative effects on chick growthperformance.In Study 3, an in vitro model was used to simulate the chicken's digestive process in thecrop, the gizzard and the small intestine. Soybean meal and raw whole soybeanwere used as substrates. Graded levels of either ??-galactosidase (0 to 13,792 units/kg) or protease(0 to 888 units/kg) and 0 or 2% citric acid were added to the substrates in a factorialarrangement. Reducing sugars, ??-amino nitrogen and trypsin inhibitor content were measured.The data indicated that increasing levels of ??-galactosidase linearly increased the release of thereducing sugars from the soybean meal. Addition of citric acid further increased the activity of ??-galactosidase, resulting in more reducing sugars were released. Increasing the supplementarylevels of protease linearly increased the ??-amino nitrogen release from the soybean meal and rawwhole soybean. Trypsin inhibitor content in the raw whole soybean was not influenced by theapplication of the protease.In Study 4, broilers were fed low energy or normal energy basal diets with ??-galactosidase,amylase and acidification of diet and water. Growth performance, AMEn and digestibility ofDM, CP and NDF were observed. Alpha-galactosidase improved the AMEn of the diets andincreased the weight gain and feed intake of broiler chicks. Citric acid decreased the crop pH andenhanced the activity of ??-galactosidase in the crop. Citric acid decreased the AMEn of the dietsand chick growth performance. These effects were corrected by supplementing ??-galactosidase.The activity of ??-galactosidase was enhanced by simultaneously using organic acid. Thenegative effects on chick growth performance by dietary inclusion of organic acids werecorrected by simultaneously using ??-galactosidase.

Three investigations were conducted to assess the effects of selected bio-active feed additives on tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) growth performance, feed utilisation, haemato-immunological status, intestinal morphology and microbiology. The first experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding tilapia semi-practical diets supplemented with exogenous enzymes (phytase, protease or carbohydrase). After six weeks of the dietary supplementation, tilapia fed diets supplemented with exogenous enzymes (phytase and carbohydrase) showed enhanced growth performance and higher microvilli density when compared to the control group. Additionally, the intestinal bacterial community profile of tilapia fed the carbohydrase supplemented diet was significantly altered in contrast to those fed the control diet. In the second experiment, tilapia were fed with practical diets supplemented with exogenous enzymes (phytase, protease or xylanase) for eight weeks. Tilapia fed the xylanase supplemented diet demonstrated significantly higher final body weight (FBW), improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) and better protein efficiency ratio (PER) when compared to the control group. Apparent digestibility coefficients of protein, ash, energy, phosphorus, calcium and sodium were highest in tilapia fed a diet supplemented with phytase. The third experiment was carried out to assess the combined effects of dietary exogenous enzymes (phytase, protease and xylanase) and probiotics (Bacillus subtilis, B. licheniformis and B. pumilus) on tilapia growth performance and health. After seven weeks of feeding, tilapia fed the diet supplemented with both exogenous enzymes and probiotics showed significantly higher FBW, specific growth rate, improved FCR and better PER. The serum lysozyme activity was observed to be significantly higher in tilapia fed the probiotic supplemented diet when compared to the control group. The dietary supplementation with combined exogenous enzymes and probiotics increased intestinal perimeter ratio, microvilli count (density), diameter and subsequently resulted in higher enterocyte absorptive area in tilapia. This study demonstrates that feeding tilapia with dietary exogenous enzymes can enhance growth performance and modulate microbial community profile. In addition, supplementation with both exogenous enzymes and probiotics is capable of improving tilapia growth performance, immune parameters and intestinal morphology.

<p dir="ltr">The objective of the experiments conducted for this dissertation was to investigate the effects of exogenous enzymes on nutrient digestibility for broiler chickens and growing pigs. These experiments covered the effects of phytase, protease, and carbohydrases on the nutrient availability of various diet types and ingredients, as well as evaluations of regression methods for determining ingredient energy values. One study investigated a factorial of phytase and dietary phytate levels on the ileal digestibility of amino acids (AA) and phosphorus (P) for broilers and pigs. The results of these experiments indicated that phytase improved the ileal digestibility of P (P < 0.05) and all AA (P < 0.05) for broilers regardless of the dietary phytate level, and the ileal digestibility of P (P < 0.05) and many economically important AA (P < 0.05) for pigs. This study did not reveal any significant interactions between phytase and dietary phytate, but there were a number of numerical differences in the relative effect of phytase in the two diet types. In a subsequent experiment the effects of a factorial of phytase and protease on ileal P and AA digestibility were evaluated for growing pigs. Similarly to the first study, phytase was shown to improve the ileal digestibility of P (P < 0.05) and a majority of AA (P < 0.05). There were limited main effects of protease, however, it was found to decrease the digestibility of Lys, Met, and Thr (P < 0.05). There were a number of significant quadratic interactions (P < 0.05) of protease within phytase level, where the necessary concentration of protease to elicit positive effects was dependent on phytase inclusion. The next study evaluated the effects of two carbohydrase blends on the ileal AA digestibility and energy values of soybean meal. Both enzyme blends elicited modest improvements in the ileal and total tract digestibility of energy, but there were limited effects on the energy values of the test diets. Both enzyme blends improved the apparent metabolizable energy of soybean meal, but the blend with lower activity and no protease inclusion produced the greater results with an improvement of 15.2%. These enzyme blends resulted in the improved ileal digestibility of nearly all AA from soybean meal for broilers. The last study was a validation of the three-point model for the regression method against a four-point model over both the same test ingredient inclusion range or smaller range. This evaluation used both canola meal and wheat as test ingredients to evaluate if changes in dietary energy or protein levels affect the results of this method, which are representative of both cereal grains and protein concentrates, respectively. The results indicated that there was no difference in the three and four-point models for either ingredient as long as the overall range of test ingredient concentration was the same in both models. This proved more important for canola meal, as it was more susceptible to problems with the estimates or variability based on changes in inclusion. Based on the results of these experiments, it is clear that phytase can improve the AA digestibility for both pigs and chickens, but care must be taken when combinations are made with protease. These data indicate that the use of carbohydrase blends can improve the nutrient availability of soybean meal, and this could have significant implications in diet formulation. Lastly, the use of the three-point model for the regression method is appropriate, but is dependent on the inclusion level of the test ingredient test ingredient.</p>

Past literature has supported the supplementation of 25-OHD3 into poultry diets to reduce leg issues and improve muscle accretion. In addition, exogenous feed enzymes are included into poultry diets to increase nutrient utilization. The first objective of this thesis was to determine the effects of different sources and levels 25-OHD3 supplementation on D0-53 Ross x Ross 708 male broiler performance, processing yield, tibia ash, serum Ca and 25-OHD3 status. Data demonstrated that 25-OHD3 supplementation into diets with Low VitD3 (165 IU/kg) can improve broiler performance compared to High VitD3 (2756 IU/kg). The second objective was to investigate the effects of varying phytase inclusion with different xylanase levels on D0-56 Ross x Ross 708 male broiler performance, processing yield and tibia ash. Data exhibited some performance benefit (D46 and D56) when utilizing phytase (1000 and 1500 FTU/kg) with 1500 EPU/kg xylanase and phytase (250 and 1500 FTU/kg) with 3000 EPU/kg xylanase.

The total removal of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) from poultry feed is underway in the United States. Feed additive strategies will be utilized to maintain the efficient growth, health, and economic value found with current commercial broiler production. Experiment 1 investigated the effects of feeding an encapsulated butyric acid and zinc product (EBAZ) at 3 inclusions on d 0- 49 Ross x Ross 708 male and female broiler performance, blood chemistry, and cecal short-chain fatty acid content. These data suggest that EBAZ can be safely included at 0.5 g/kg and at 2.5 g/kg into diets for Ross x Ross 708 male and female broilers. The objective of the second experiment was to examine the efficacy of 2 commercially available carbohydrases in commercial diets on d 0-57 male broiler performance and processing. The resulting data demonstrates that the inclusion of xylanase (CE2) improved broiler performance thus, increased potential gross profits.

Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2018-12-04T18:56:07Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Alberto Brandes.pdf: 1218593 bytes, checksum: 1b589ffb360fcb04e97f57d945af5132 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-04T18:56:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Alberto Brandes.pdf: 1218593 bytes, checksum: 1b589ffb360fcb04e97f57d945af5132 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-28 / O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos de Allzyme SSF®, um complexo multienzimático contendo pectinase, protease, fitase, β-glucanase, xilanase, celulase e amilase nos coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente de tilápias do Nilo, Oreochromis niloticus. Um total de 90 peixes sadios, machos com 100 dias de idade (150 ± 20 g) foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em seis aquários de digestibilidade de 200 litros, com 15 peixes por aquário. Foi utilizada como dieta basal uma formulação comercial para tilápias contendo 33,27% de proteína bruta (21,11% de origem animal + 12,17% de origem vegetal) e 20,18 MJ/kg de energia bruta. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: dieta controle (D1) sem complexo multienzimático, D2 e D3 suplementadas com 0,0225% e 0,045% de Allzyme SSF®, respectivamente. Óxido de cromo (0,1%) foi utilizado como marcador interno. Foi observado um maior coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente de matéria seca e energia bruta nos peixes alimentados com a dieta D3 comparado com aqueles que receberam a dieta controle (P = 0,05). Peixes alimentados com D3 apresentaram maior coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente de amido, cinza e zinco comparado com aqueles alimentados com a dieta controle e D2 (P < 0,05). Peixes alimentados com as dietas D2 e D3 demonstraram coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente maiores para cálcio e fósforo em relação aos que receberam a dieta controle (P < 0,05). Não foi observado efeito do complexo multienzimático nos coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente de lipídeos (P = 0,811). A suplementação com complexo multienzimático na dieta D3 melhorou os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente de lisina, (P = 0,022), histidina (P = 0,001) comparado com os peixes alimentados com a dieta controle. Coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente maiores para leucina, treonina, triptofano e valina foram observados em peixes alimentados com dietas D2 e D3, comparado com aqueles que receberam a dieta controle (P = 0,05). Excreção menor de nitrogênio e fósforo foi observada nos peixes alimentados com dietas suplementadas com complexo multienzimático comparado com os que receberam a dieta controle. Como conclusão, a suplementação com 0,045% de Allzyme SSF® pode ser uma ferramenta útil para melhorar os valores nutricionais dos alimentos e dar suporte a uma criação mais sustentável de tilápia do Nilo. / The present study was aimed to evaluate the effects of Allzyme SSF®, a multienzyme complex with pectinase, protease, phytase, β-glucanase, xylanase, cellulase, and amylase, on the apparent digestibility coefficients for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. A total of 90 healthy, 100-day-old, all-male fish (150 ± 20 g) were randomly allotted into six-200-L digestibility aquaria at stocking density of 15 fish per aquarium. A typical commercial tilapia feed formulation containing 33.27% of crude protein (21.11% from animal protein source + 12.16% from plant protein source), and 20.18 MJ/kg of gross energy was used as basal diet. The dietary treatments assigned were: control diet (D1) without multienzyme supplementation, D2 and D3 supplemented with 0.0225% and with 0.045% of Allzyme SSF®, respectively. Chromic oxide at 0.1% was used as inert marker. Higher apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter and gross energy were observed in fish fed diet D3 compared to those fed the control diet (P < 0.05). Fish fed diet D3 showed higher apparent digestibility coefficients of starch, ash and zinc compared to those observed in fish fed control and diet D2 (P < 0.05). Fish fed diet D2 and D3 demonstrated higher apparent digestibility coefficients of calcium and phosphorus than fish fed the control diet (P < 0.05). No effect of multienzyme complex supplementation on apparent digestibility coefficients of lipids was observed (P = 0.811). Dietary multienzyme complex supplementation in diet D3 improved apparent digestibility coefficients of lysine (P = 0.022), histidine (P = 0.001) compared to fish fed D1. Higher apparent digestibility coefficients of leucine, threonine, tryptophan and valine were observed in fish fed diet D2 and D3, compared to those fed the control diet (P < 0.05). Lower nitrogen and phosphorus excretions were observed in fish fed diets supplemented with the multienzyme complex compared to the control diet. In conclusion, a dietary supplementation of 0.045% of Allzyme SSF® may be used as useful tool to improve nutritive value of feeds and support the sustainability of Nile tilapia culture.

De acordo com a legislação brasileira o uísque cortado é produzido com a mistura de, no mínimo, 30% de destilado alcoólico simples de malte envelhecido, com destilados alcoólicos simples de cereais envelhecidos ou não, e neste trabalho foi utilizada a quirera de arroz preto IAC-600 para produzir uísque, pois tem alto valor nutricional, propriedades antioxidantes e baixo custo. A quirera de arroz preto IAC-600 foi inicialmente hidrolisada em escala de bancada de 500mL seguindo o planejamento fatorial 23 completo, com seis experimentos no ponto central, analisando os parâmetros tempo, adição da enzima ProteMax N600® ou Maltezyn W® e a concentração das enzimas Brautec alfa TF® e Maltezyn W®. De acordo com a análise estatística, a melhor condição obtida na região estudada foi com a utilização de 1000mg de Brautec alfa TF®/kg de amido em base seca e 750mg de Maltezyn W®/kg de quirera de arroz preto IAC-600 em base seca a 95ºC por 30min, sendo adicionado posteriormente 500mg de Maltezyn W®/kg de quirera de arroz preto IAC-600 em base seca a 60ºC até a hidrólise do amido resultar em teste de iodo negativo, sendo esta condição utilizada em escala de bancada de 15L e em escala piloto de 125L. Em todas as fermentações com quirera de arroz preto IAC-600 adicionou-se 10g da enzima Panzyn GA®/hL de meio fermentativo, após a inoculação com a levedura. A levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae, pré-tratada ou não a 40ºC/1h, foi utilizada na concentração de 0,4g peso seco/L de meio fermentativo. Em escala de bancada de 15 L os resultados de produtividade volumétrica em etanol, dos ensaios fermentativos com quirera de arroz preto IAC-600 e malte de cevada, com levedura pré-tratada ou não, não apresentaram diferença significativa. Portanto, nas fermentações das matérias-primas em escala piloto de 125L utilizou-se levedura sem pré-tratamento, e os fermentados obtidos foram destilados separadamente em alambique de 160L. O destilado alcoólico simples de malte de cevada que foi envelhecido aceleradamente por nove dias e o de quirera de arroz preto IAC-600 que não foi envelhecido foram misturados na proporção de 30% e 70%, e também 50% e 50%, respectivamente, resultando em dois uísques cortados a 40ºGL com o teor de polifenois de 141 e 229mg/L equivalente em ácido gálico, respectivamente. Estes dois uísques cortados foram analisados sensorialmente em relação a um uísque puro malte envelhecido 12 anos e um bourbon, encontrados no mercado mundial, por 125 provadores voluntários não treinados da EEL-USP. Considerando que o uísque cortado produzido com 50% de destilado alcoólico simples de malte de cevada envelhecido e 50% destilado alcoólico simples de quirera de arroz preto IAC-600 não envelhecido foi avaliado positivamente nos parâmetros cor e sabor quando comparado aos outros três uísques, e que não houve diferença significativa na aceitação global entre os quatro uísques avaliados, este uísque cortado possui potencial mercadológico como um produto novo, apresentando sabor diferenciado em relação aos dois uísques comerciais. Por outro lado, a análise descritiva quantitativa realizada por dez provadores treinados da Pernod Ricard, nos dois uísques produzidos neste trabalho, demonstrou que o processo de envelhecimento acelerado não forneceu os atributos aromáticos desejados, sendo necessário o aperfeiçoamento ou a substituição desta metodologia. / According to Brazilian law, the blended whisky is produced by mixing at least 30% of aged single malt distilled alcohol with aged or not single alcoholic distillates from cereal, and this study used broken IAC-600 black rice to produce whisky, due to its high nutritional value, antioxidant properties and low cost. The broken IAC-600 black rice was initially hydrolyzed at bench scale (500mL) following the 23 full factorial design with six assays at central point, analyzing the parameters time, addition of ProteMax N600® or Maltezyn W® enzymes and the concentration of the Brautec alfa TF® and Maltezyn W® enzymes. According to statistical analysis, the best condition obtained at the studied region was with1000mg Brautec alfa TF®/kg starch (dry basis) and 750mg Maltezyn W®/kg of broken IAC-600 black rice (dry basis) at 95°C for 30min. Subsequently, 500mg Maltezyn W®/kg of broken IAC-600 black rice was added at 60°C until starch hydrolysis results in negative iodine test, and this condition was used at bench scale (15L) and at pilot scale (125L). In all the fermentations with broken IAC-600 black rice 10g Panzyn GA®/hL of fermentative medium was added after the inoculation with the yeast. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, pretreated or not at 40°C/1h, was used at 0.4g dry weight/L of fermentative medium. At bench scale (15L), the results of ethanol volumetric productivity in the fermentation assays with broken IAC-600 black rice and barley malt with yeast, pre-treated or not, showed no significant difference. Therefore, in the raw materials fermentations at pilot-scale (125L), the yeast without pretreatment was used, and the obtained washes were separately distilled into 160L still. The single alcoholic distillate of barley malt that was rapidly aged for nine days and the broken IAC-600 black rice that was not aged were mixed at ratios of 30% and 70% and also 50% and 50%, respectively, obtaining two blended whiskies at 40ºGL with 141 and 229mg/L polyphenol contents equivalent to gallic acid, respectively. These two blended whiskies were sensory analyzed in relation to a 12 year-old pure malt whisky and to a bourbon found in the world market, by 125 volunteers untrained tasters of EEL-USP. Considering that the blended whisky produced with 50% of aged single alcoholic distillate of barley malt and 50% of not aged single alcoholic distillate of broken IAC-600 black rice was positively evaluated in color and taste parameters when compared to the other three whiskies, and that there was no significant difference in acceptability among the four whiskies evaluated, this blended whisky has marketing potential as a new product, presenting distinctive taste compared to the two commercial whiskies. In the other hand, the quantitative descriptive analysis made by ten trained tasters of Pernod Ricard about the two whiskies produced in this work showed that the process of rapid aging did not provide the desired aromatic attributes, requiring the improvement or substitution of this methodology.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-20T11:52:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Renata Cristina da Penha Franca.pdf: 1679353 bytes, checksum: 9703d2a013a1d783ae4e0d394ef6d0f9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-20T11:52:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renata Cristina da Penha Franca.pdf: 1679353 bytes, checksum: 9703d2a013a1d783ae4e0d394ef6d0f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-08 / Tisbe biminiensis is a potential live prey for many species of aquatic animals since its nutritional value is better than those found in other feed organisms commonly used in crustacean and fish larvivultures. Live food seems to be a source of exogenous enzymes which eases food digestion of fish and crustacean early life stages. The aim of this work was to study alkaline proteases from the harpacticoida copepod Tisbe biminiensis by evaluating the effects of pH, temperature and specific inhibitors on the proteolytic activity. Proteases were also studied by SDS-PAGE and zymograms. Crude extract from T. biminiensis showed a total proteolytic activity of 0.39 mU/mg of protein and tryptic activity of 2.33 mU/mg. Optima pH and temperature were 9.0 and 55oC, respectively. The enzymes were thermostable at temperature ranging from 25 to 50oC. The enzymatic activity was strongly inhibited by the trypsin specific inhibitors TLCK (100%), SBTI (100%) and benzamidine (91%).However, EDTA, PMSF and b mercaptoethanol caused only a slight inhibition (35, 35 and 7%, respectively). The results show that alkaline proteases are present on crude extract of Tisbe biminiensis. The highest effects of trypsin inhibitors on enzyme activity suggest that this enzyme plays an important role in protein digestion. T. biminiensis is an important source of live prey to fish and crustacean larvae in nature and partially replace others live food commonly used in aquaculture because they contribute with both exogenous enzymes for the digestion processes and other nutrients required during development of aquatic animals and contribute to development of aquaculture. / Os copépodos harpacticóides são microcrustáceos que servem como alimento vivo preferencial na natureza para diversas espécies de larvas de organismos aquáticos sendo nutricionalmente superiores quando comparados a outros alimentos vivos comumente utilizados nas larviculturas. O alimento vivo é uma importante fonte de enzimas exógenas que contribui para o processo digestivo dessas larvas que por não estarem com o sistema digestivo completamente formado, dependem das enzimas provenientes do alimento vivo para um melhor aproveitamento dos ingredientes da dieta,apresentando consequentemente melhores desempenhos na taxa de crescimento e sobrevivência. Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar as proteases alcalinas do copépodo harpacticóide Tisbe biminiensis através de parâmetros cinéticos e físico-químicos como: pH e temperatura ótima, efeito de inibidores, estabilidade térmica, além da caracterização eletroforética por SDS-PAGE e zimograma. O extrato bruto do T. biminiensis apresentou uma atividade proteolítica total de 0,39 U/mg de proteínas sendo a atividade tríptica de 2,33 U/mg. A atividade enzimática apresentou uma temperatura ótima de 55ºC e pH ótimo de 9,0 e mostrou-se estável termicamente no intervalo de 25 a 50ºC. A atividade enzimática foi fortemente inibida por inibidores específicos de tripsina, TLCK (100±1%), SBTI (100±2%), benzamidina (91±10%), e não houve inibição significativa com os inibidores: EDTA (35±1%), PMSF (35±1%), b- mercaptoetanol (7±11%). Estes resultados demonstraram que a principal protease alcalina presente no extrato bruto do T. biminiensis foi a tripsina, exercendo importante papel na digestão protéica destes animais e este copépodo pode contribuir como fonte de enzimas exógenas para o processo digestivo nas larvas de organismos aquáticos.