In a rapidly changing business environment, it is difficult for enterprises to achieve their objectives by functional structures only. When organizational tasks become more complex, ¡§team¡¨ plays an important role on overcoming these challenges and helps achieving team performance. As a result, researches on team effectiveness have becoming ever more important today. The purpose of this study includes below: 1.Users should be involved because they possess knowledge which developers don¡¦t have but is required for system development. They should be viewed as partners with the developers that could make team to get target. 2.The most critical resource for knowledge teams is expertise, or specialized skills and knowledge, but the mere presence of expertise on a team is insufficient to produce high-quality work. Expertise must be managed and coordinated in order to leverage its potential. That is, teams must be able to manage their skill and knowledge interdependencies effectively through user and developer¡¦s good relationship. 3.The six facets of the Teamwork Quality (TWQ) construct, i.e., communication, coordination, balance of member contributions, mutual support, effort, and cohesion, are specified. TWQ shows a strong association with team members' personal success.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2003. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 86-95). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2003. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 86-95). Also available on the Internet.

The aims of the current research programme were, first, to examine expertise effects with regard to anticipation skill and the perception of deceptive movement, and, second, to examine how knowledge of the probability of behavioural events influences anticipation performance and visual search behaviour. In addition, this thesis sought to test the predictions of attentional control theory (ACT) in examining how anxiety affects the influence of top-down probability information on anticipation skill and visual search behaviour. In Chapter 3, skill-based differences in anticipation and decision making were examined using judgement accuracy and confidence ratings. High-skilled soccer players demonstrated superior anticipatory performance and were less susceptible to deception compared with low-skilled players. In Chapters 4 and 5 Posner’s spatial cueing paradigm was adapted to examine the influence of top-down probability information on anticipation skill and visual search behaviour. High-skilled participants were found to be more accurate and demonstrate more efficient visual search behaviour compared to low-skilled participants. However, findings demonstrated that both groups benefited from the provision of probability information, and performance was moderated by the degree of certainty conveyed through the probability information. In Chapter 6, the same anticipation task and process tracing measures were used to examine the effects of heightened anxiety on the processing of probability and visual information. The findings supported the predictions of ACT, as the influence of top-down information was suppressed during high-pressure conditions, owing to an increased influence of the stimulus-driven attentional control system. The series of studies in this thesis are the first to explore the influence of top-down probability information on anticipation performance and the perception of deception. Study 4 is also the first to test the predictions of ACT regarding the processing of (top-down) explicit knowledge and (bottom-up) visual information under pressure during a simulated soccer anticipation task. The use of probability information through performance analysis feedback plays a prominent role across a number of sports, and the present findings highlight the importance of understanding the costs and benefits associated with such information. It is concluded that future perceptual training interventions should incorporate context-specific information that mimics the real-life demands of competitive sport, and should be directed towards enhancing players' ability to detect deception rather than training players to become attuned to non-deceptive movement.

The phenomenon of 'slowing down' in response to important cues in the operative field is proposed as a hallmark of expert surgical judgment. As part of a larger program of research, the purpose of this study was to explore a methodology for capturing 'slowing down' moments using a standardised task. Edited videos of 6 laparoscopic cholecystectomies were shown to 10 expert surgeons (>250 laparoscopic cholecystectomies completed). Participants were asked to think aloud while watching them as if observing each procedure in the operating room. Each session was audiotaped and transcribed. Many examples of 'slowing down' moments were identified in the transcripts, including several categories that were previously uncharacterised or undescribed. A subset of 'slowing down' moments was compared between participants. Many appeared to be inconsistent between expert surgeons, suggesting that with this methodology alone, formal teaching and assessment of the 'slowing down' phenomenon will be challenging.

The phenomenon of 'slowing down' in response to important cues in the operative field is proposed as a hallmark of expert surgical judgment. As part of a larger program of research, the purpose of this study was to explore a methodology for capturing 'slowing down' moments using a standardised task. Edited videos of 6 laparoscopic cholecystectomies were shown to 10 expert surgeons (>250 laparoscopic cholecystectomies completed). Participants were asked to think aloud while watching them as if observing each procedure in the operating room. Each session was audiotaped and transcribed. Many examples of 'slowing down' moments were identified in the transcripts, including several categories that were previously uncharacterised or undescribed. A subset of 'slowing down' moments was compared between participants. Many appeared to be inconsistent between expert surgeons, suggesting that with this methodology alone, formal teaching and assessment of the 'slowing down' phenomenon will be challenging.

This study examined the effects of source expertise and social learning in mainstream food television on viewers’ attitudes, confidence, and behavioural intentions related to food. Following a 2X2 between-subjects design, participants (240) were exposed to two videos, each from a different food television program. Preceding each video, participants were asked to complete a questionnaire measuring the three dependent variables. Using ANOVA, results of this study indicated that exposure to positive social reinforcement can positively affect consumer attitude toward food, while exposure to low source expertise can positively increase consumer confidence in cooking abilities. Social learning and source expertise interacted in their effect on attitude and confidence, while an interaction between gender of the viewer and social learning had an effect on attitude, confidence, and intention. Marketers may use this knowledge when selecting an appropriate medium to advertise food products, and television producers may consider these findings when aiming to increase interest in particular television programs. Other practical implications and contributions are further discussed.

The following is a report of a qualitative inquiry regarding a team of novices and their journey in developing shared expertise and social creativity in the domain of group facilitation and process consultation. Using the format of public reflection, the participants engaged in an intensive collaborative process of meaning making, along with the university instructor as expert, while being teaching assistants in a course about group dynamics. Using the framework of evolving systems, the methodology employed an instrumental case study approach, with the case defined as the group. Data sets included videotaped debriefing and planning sessions, individual and group interviews, and written reflection diaries, covering the entire lifespan of the team. These sets were transcribed and subjected to an examination of the unfolding cognitive and metacognitive, creative, value, and social processes embedded within the team interactions. The process patterns do demonstrate that under the conditions created within this context, novices can pool together expert thinking skills that can collectively compare favorably to those of an expert. Social creativity also emerged as a property of the system, and these processes seemed to piggyback onto the socially shared expert thinking skills. Values acted as tacit rules governing and shaping the social interactions. Ones that showed a strong association to the development of shared expertise were: supportiveness, care, listening/questioning for clarity, helpfulness, openness to disagreement/feedback, and plurality. Values that showed a strong association to the development of social creativity were: supportiveness, listening/questioning for clarity, helpfulness, and openness to disagreement/feedback. Humor was an ever present element to the system and acted as a lubricant producing social ease. The patterns that emanated from this inquiry were placed into two larger theoretical frameworks, socially shared cogni

There is a recognized nursing shortage in Canada, including specialty areas such as critical care (CC). Nursing shortages impact health care delivery, including economic, patient, and nursing outcomes. Job satisfaction is one of the most significant outcomes affected by the nursing shortage. Recruitment of inexperienced nurses in CC is a relatively new hiring practice and has resulted in a more diverse level of clinical expertise among CC nurses. Little is known about how differences in level of clinical expertise affect job satisfaction. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between CC nurses’ self -reported level of clinical expertise and job satisfaction. Interrelationships between additional influencing factors, such as organizational climate and personal factors were also explored. Utilizing a web based online survey, a cross-sectional survey was sent to all 788 Manitoba hospital based CC nurses, via the College of Registered Nurses of Manitoba. Respondents (N = 188) completed the Critical Care Nurse Retention Survey, which operationalized the key study variables. Sixty-five percent of the sample reported overall job satisfaction. Based on multivariate analysis, the most influential factors affecting CC nurses’ job satisfaction were nursing management, control over practice, and level of clinical expertise. Nursing management plays a vital role in facilitating optimal nursing practice. Control and autonomy may reflect a sense of satisfaction in the achievement of the knowledge and skills necessary for effective decision-making in CC. Finally, this study provides pioneering data on the importance of advancing clinical expertise to improve job satisfaction in CC nurses.

“Power” is a concept that has been discussed by nurse scholars and leaders within the nursing literature. The literature surrounding power concurs that power is necessary within the practice of nursing so that nurses are able to support patients and move the profession of nursing forward. There is a scarcity of research, however, regarding nurses’ perception of power within their own practices. Advanced practice nurses (APNs) are in positions in which they apply graduate education, specialized knowledge, and expertise to improve health care outcomes. Therefore, a qualitative study using an interpretive hermeneutic phenomenological approach was undertaken to discover APNs’ lived experience of power within their practices. In-depth, tape-recorded interviews were conducted with eight APNs from a large tertiary care facility. All of the participants agreed to a follow-up interview to review the summary of the study results. van Manen’s (1990) approach was used to analyze the data by subjecting the transcripts to a thematic analysis and reflective process. The overarching theme of the interviews is “building to make a difference” and the APNs’ perceived that this happened by “building on,” building with,” and “building for.” The APNs built on their knowledge and expertise, built with others in relationships and built for the capacity to make a difference. Power was a part of the everyday practices of these APNs and was described as “soft power,” a power that they shared to bring about change for the better. This shared power was reflected back on them resulting in increased power within their practices, a process described by the APNs as power creep.