Expert software developer recommendation is a mature research field with many different techniques being developed to help automate the search for experts to help with development tasks and questions. But all previous research on recommending expert developers has had two constant restrictions. First, all previous expert recommendation work assumed that developers only demonstrate positive expertise. But developers can also make mistakes and demonstrate negative expertise, referred to as inexpertise, and show which concepts they don't know as well. Previous research on developer expertise hasn't taken inexpertise into account. Another restriction is that all previous expert developer recommendation research has focused on recommending developers for a single development task or expertise need, such as fixing a bug report or helping with a change request. But not all expertise needs can be easily classified into one of these groups, and having different techniques for every possible task type would be difficult and confusing to maintain and use. We find that inexpertise exists, can be measured, and that it can be used to direct inspection effort to find potentially incorrect or buggy commits. Additionally we investigate how different expertise finding techniques perform on a diverse set of long and short expertise queries and develop new techniques that can get more consistent cross query performance. / Master of Science / Expert software developers are a useful source of information. There have been many papers that research techniques for recommending expert developers for different tasks and questions. But all previous research on recommending expert developers has had two constant restrictions. First, all previous expert recommendation work assumed that developers only demonstrate positive expertise. But developers can also make mistakes and demonstrate negative expertise, referred to as inexpertise, and show which concepts they don’t know as well. Another restriction is that all previous work on recommending expert developers has focused on recommending developers for a single development task or question. But not all expertise needs can be easily classified into one of these groups, and having different techniques for every possible task type would be difficult and confusing to maintain and use. In our first chapter we show that inexpertise exists, can be measured, and that it can be used to help identify potentially buggy or incorrect code. In the second chapter we investigate how different techniques for finding expert developers perform when evaluated on different kinds of expertise finding tasks to find which technique works well on multiples types of tasks.

Orientador: Sonia Regina Albano de Lima / Resumo: O estudo de multicasos que se segue teve como objetivo investigar os processos de formação de um solista internacional de trompete mediante a análise da trajetória de vida de nove trompetistas com reconhecida carreira internacional, utilizando como parâmetros de análise os estágios de desenvolvimento propostos pela ciência da expertise. Para tanto realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa fundamentando-se em revisão de literatura. A revisão de literatura concentrou-se em textos relacionados ao desenvolvimento da expertise em todas as áreas de conhecimento e principalmente, no desenvolvimento da expertise em música. Os trompetistas solistas escolhidos foram: Rafael Méndez, Timofei Dokshizer, Maurice André, Wynton Marsalis, Håkan Hardenberger, Ole Antonsen, Sergei Nakariakov, Alison Balsom e Pacho Flores. Para a análise do material coletado foram utilizados os estágios de desenvolvimento da expertise propostos pelos pesquisadores Anders Ericsson (2016), Isabela Wagner (2015), Rena Subotnik e Linda Jarvin (2005) os quais compõem o referencial teórico de presente pesquisa. A partir dos dados coletados e das análises efetuadas, foi possível identificar similaridades entre a trajetória de vida dos solistas escolhidos e os estágios propostos pelos autores de referência e, assim, apontar aspectos inerentes à formação do trompetista-solista. Os resultados dos estudos desenvolvidos permitiram a elaboração de um quadro com quatro estágios do desenvolvimento trilhados pelos trompetistas solis... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The following multicase study aimed to investigate the processes of formation of an international trumpet soloist by analyzing the life trajectory of nine trumpeters with recognized international careers, using as parameters of analysis the stages of development proposed by the science of expertise. Therefore, a qualitative research was conducted based on literature review. The literature review focused on texts related to the development of expertise in all areas of knowledge and especially the development of expertise in music. The soloist trumpeters chosen were: Rafael Méndez, Timofei Dokshizer, Maurice André, Wynton Marsalis, Håkan Hardenberger, Ole Antonsen, Sergei Nakariakov, Alison Balsom and Pacho Flores. For the analysis of the collected material were used the stages of development of expertise proposed by the researchers Anders Ericsson (2016), Isabela Wagner (2015), Rena Subotnik and Linda Jarvin (2005) which make up the theoretical framework of this research. From the collected data and the analyzes performed, it was possible to identify similarities between the life path of the chosen soloists and the stages proposed by the reference authors and, thus, to point out aspects inherent to the formation of the soloist trumpeter. The results of the developed studies allowed the elaboration of a four-stage framework of development followed by the soloist trumpeters surveyed as a conclusion of the research. It is hoped that this framework and the reasoning that justifies... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Résumé: L’étude multicase suivante visait à étudier les processus de formation d’un soliste de trompette international en analysant la trajectoire de vie de neuf trompettes ayant des carrières internationales reconnues, en utilisant comme paramètres d’analyse les stades de développement proposés par la science de l’expertise. Par conséquent, une recherche qualitative a été menée sur la base d’une revue de la littérature. La revue de la littérature s'est concentrée sur les textes relatifs au développement de l'expertise dans tous les domaines de la connaissance et en particulier au développement de l'expertise en musique. Les trompettistes solistes choisis étaient: Rafael Méndez, Timofei Dokshizer, Maurice André, Wynton Marsalis, Håkan Hardenberger, Ole Antonsen, Sergei Nakariakov, Alison Balsom et Pacho Flores. Pour l'analyse du matériel collecté, nous avons utilisé les étapes de développement de l'expertise proposée par les chercheurs Anders Ericsson (2016), Isabela Wagner (2015), Rena Subotnik et Linda Jarvin (2005) qui composent le cadre théorique de cette recherche. À partir des données collectées et des analyses effectuées, il a été possible d'identifier des similitudes entre le chemin de vie des solistes choisis et les étapes proposées par les auteurs de référence et, ainsi, de souligner les aspects inhérents à la formation du trompettiste soliste. Les résultats des études développées ont permis d'élaborer un cadre de développement en quatre étapes suivi par les trompettistes s... (Résumé complet accès életronique ci-dessous) / Doutor

Dans un monde économique caractérisé par la complexification des technologies associée à la mondialisation des marchés, les connaissances techniques et la capacité d’innovation sont des sources primordiales d'avantage compétitif et de différenciation. Ces enjeux sont souvent associés à une figure particulière au sein des organisations : celle de l’expert. En effet, c’est souvent sur ces acteurs que repose la responsabilité de fournir des prestations technologiques de haut niveau et d’être force de proposition pour des solutions innovantes. L'important est alors de les reconnaître et de leur offrir des conditions propices au développement de l’expertise et de l’innovation afin notamment de les retenir sur des temps longs au sein de l’entreprise. Face à ces enjeux le modèle de la double échelle s’est depuis longtemps répandu dans les entreprises technologiques et industrielles, proposant une trajectoire alternative (parcours technique) à celle du management. Néanmoins, cette solution, tout en étant un modèle de référence dans la gestion des experts, n’a pas souvent apporté la satisfaction recherchée, ni pour les personnes en charge de sa mise en place, ni pour les personnes ciblées. En partant de ce paradoxe de la double échelle et en se basant sur les résultats d'une recherche-intervention au sein d’une entreprise technologique, cette thèse a permis de proposer une nouvelle problématisation de la gestion des experts en entreprise, qui ne se limite pas à la reconnaissance des experts déjà présents, mais intègre également les enjeux d’anticipation des besoins futurs en expertise et la création des nouveaux domaines. Elle propose ainsi un cadre d’analyse qui intègre trois volets d’action : la reconnaissance des experts, le renouvellement de l’expertise et la création de nouvelles expertises. Chaque axe d’action a été instrumenté par la proposition d’un outil ou d’un dispositif gestionnaire, expérimenté et validé sur le terrain de thèse. / In a business world characterized by increasing complexity of technologies associated with the globalization of markets, technical knowledge and innovation become crucial assets and primary condition for developing competitive advantage. These issues are often associated with a particular figure within organizations: that of the expert. Indeed, these people are usually considered as a source of technological excellence and innovative solutions. It becomes thus crucial, in order to retain these key people, to value their expertise and to propose adequate conditions for the development of their knowledge and their innovation potential. As a response to this challenge, the dual ladder model was developed and has been soon recognized as a primary solution for the management of experts in the technological and industrial companies. This model proposes an alternative career path (technical ladder) to that of traditional managerial path. However, this solution, while a reference model in the management of experts, has not often brought satisfaction neither for those in charge of its implementation, nor for targeted individuals. Inspired by this paradox of the dual ladder model and building on the results of a longitudinal intervention-research, this thesis proposes a new problematization of the issue of expert’ management in organisations. We argue that not only the recognition policies for current experts should be taken into consideration, but also the issues of anticipation of future needs in expertise as well as the creation of new expertise areas. This thesis thus proposes an analytical framework that incorporates three lines of action: recognition policies for experts, strategic renewal of expertise and creation of new expertise domains. Each line is supported by the associated management tool, which was tested and validated in our fieldwork.

No description available.

Current UK abortion law has been subjected to extensive feminist critique because of the relationships that it constructs between healthcare professionals (HCPs) and women with unwanted pregnancies. The law allows HCPs to opt out of abortion provision on the grounds of conscience, implying that it is not something which they have an automatic duty to provide to their patients. It also gives doctors the authority to decide whether an abortion can legally take place, thus suggesting that women’s reproductive decisions should be regulated by medical ‘experts’. However, little is known about how HCPs who are involved in twenty-first century UK abortion provision define their relationships with their patients in practice. My thesis makes an important empirical contribution by responding to this gap in the literature and exploring the subjectivities which these HCPs construct for themselves and their pregnant patients. I address this issue by analysing Scottish HCPs’ interview accounts of their involvement in (or conscientious objection to) abortion provision, using conceptual tools provided by Science and Technology Studies (STS) and feminist theory. I begin by utilising HCPs’ discussions of the practice of ‘conscientious objection’ as a means of exploring how they define the boundaries of their professional responsibilities for abortion provision. I then move on to address HCPs’ accounts of their interactions with women requesting abortion, and analyse how they define legitimate or ‘expert’ knowledge in this context. A key conclusion of the thesis is that HCPs do concede some authority to women with unwanted pregnancies; this is revealed by their reluctance to suggest that they have the right to prevent individual women from accessing abortion. At the same time, I argue that the legitimacy granted to pregnant women by HCPs is limited. My analysis reveals that, in constructing knowledge claims about the use of abortion, HCPs co-produce troubling definitions of femininity, socio-economic class, age and ethnicity. I develop a strong critique of this process, and highlight its potential implications for women’s experiences in the abortion clinic. However, I conclude that this situation cannot be addressed by simply attacking the practices of HCPs as individuals. Rather, it is necessary to understand and critique the limitations of the discursive context in which HCPs are working, because this context shapes the subjectivities available to pregnant women and HCPs.

Socialinis darbas Lietuvoje yra pagalbos žmogui profesija, padedanti atstatyti santykius tarp asmens, šeimos, grupės ir visuomenės, kai klientai to padaryti nepajėgia. Socialinio darbuotojo klientu gali būti kiekvienas visuomenės narys, patekęs į sudėtingą gyvenimišką situaciją. Socialinių darbuotojų praktinės veiklos sėkmę lemia jų profesinė kompetencija – žinių, įgūdžių ir vertybių visuma. Labai svarbu, kad profesinė kompetencija būtų nuolatos plėtojama, kad socialiniai darbuotojai nuolat mokydamiesi aktyviai dalyvautų kaitos procese. Formaliai socialinių darbuotojų kompetencijos yra įvertinamos atestacijos metu, suteikiant jiems kvalifikacinę kategoriją. Socialiniai darbuotojai privalo dalyvauti atestacijoje kas 5 metai. Tyrimo objektas - socialinių darbuotojų kvalifikacijos kėlimo procesas. Tyrimo dalykas - atestacija socialinių darbuotojų kvalifikacijos kėlimo procese. Tyrimo tikslas – atskleisti, kaip socialiniai darbuotojai vertina atestaciją kvalifikacijos kėlimo procese. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1) Apibūdinti socialinių darbuotojų kvalifikacijos kėlimo procesą juridiniu, teoriniu ir praktinės veiklos aspektais. 2) Nustatyti socialinių darbuotojų kompetencijos plėtotės poreikį ir įvertinti atestacijos vaidmenį nuolatiniame kvalifikacijos kėlimo procese. Tyrimo metodai: mokslinės literatūros analizė; teisės aktų ir kitų dokumentų analizė; apklausa raštu; statistinė duomenų analizė. Tyrimo procese remtasi kiekybinio tyrimo metodologija. Tyrimo instrumento rengimas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Social Work in Lithuania is the new support for human occupation, which helps to restore relations between the state and society when a person is unable to do so. The social worker's client may be any member of the public who fell into the difficult life situations. Social workers practice's success due to their professional competence - the knowledge, skills and values as a whole. It is important that professional competence is developed so that social workers actively participate in continuous learning process. Formally, the social workers' skills are valued at the time of certification. Social workers must continually upgrade their professional skills and participate in the certification reports produced every five years. The object of research - social workers in the training process. The subject - social worker certification training process. Purpose of the survey - to reveal how social workers assess the certification training process. Objectives: 1) To describe the social workers' training process, legal, theoretical and practical aspects of business. 2) To investigate the social competence of staff development needs and participation in training process. Research methods: • the analysis of scientific literature; • the analysis of legislation and other documents; • questionnaire; • the statistical analysis of data. The study based on quantitative methodology. For study instrument theoretical analyses was made. The study surveyed 102 social workers from various... [to full text]

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Ce travail de recherche vise à analyser, au moyen de l'enquête ethnographique, le phénomène de qualification des « objets africains » ainsi que les problématiques personnelles et institutionnelles qui justifient leur appropriation et leur appréciation. En se basant sur une enquête de terrain effectuée en France et au Mali, l'étude s'attache à circonscrire le spectre des pratiques individuelles et collectives qui s'organisent avec et autour de ces productions. Européens ou Africains, amateurs du dimanche, collectionneurs aguerris, sculpteurs, touristes ou marchands, une multiplicité d'acteurs individuels, issus de sphères parfois totalement étrangères les unes aux autres, gravitent autour de cette catégorie d'objets et les envisagent selon des perspectives variées. Fondé sur une approche dynamique et une mise en perspective historique visant à dessiner une anthropologie symétrique de ces objets - symétrie Afrique/Occident, objets/personnes, expert/profane -, l'objectif est donc de construire un cadre d'observation qui permette de respecter la diversité des formes d'appropriation de ces productions matérielles. Il s'agit, en d'autres termes, d'analyser les transformations physiques, sémantiques ou conceptuelles auxquelles sont soumis ces objets en vue de leur circulation et du fait de leur circulation entre des espaces géographiques, des cultures nationales et des mondes économiques différents. L'observation des dispositifs socio-techniques sur lesquels s'appuient les goûts, les pratiques et les visions du monde de ces acteurs permet ainsi d'identifier les enjeux qui les unissent ou les opposent. / This research aims to analyze, through ethnographic inquiry, the phenomenon of qualification of the "African objects" as well as the personal and institutional problems that justify their appropriation and appreciation. Based on a field survey conducted in France and Mali, the study seeks to identify the spectrum of individual and collective practices that are organized around and with these productions. Europeans or Africans, amateurs, collectors, carvers, tourists and merchants, a multiplicity of individual actors, sometimes coming from areas totally strangers to each other, revolve around this object class and consider them from various perspectives. Based on a dynamic approach and on a historical viewpoint to draw a symmetrical anthropology of these objects - symmetry Africa/West, objects/people, expert/layperson - the goal is to build an observation framework which allows to respect the diversity of appropriation forms of these material productions. In other words, this work wants to analyze the physical, semantic or conceptual transformations which objects are subject for their circulation and because of their transit between geographical areas, national cultures and different economic worlds. The observation of socio-technical devices on which lean on the tastes, practices and worldviews of these actors allows to identify the stakes that unite them or divide them.

Depuis le 11 septembre 2001, le terrorisme islamique a généré dans l’espace public médiatique un certain nombre de questions de débats au sujet desquelles les experts sont fréquemment invités, par les journalistes, à exprimer leurs points de vue. La thèse s’intéresse aux rapports que les journalistes entretiennent vis à vis des discours produits par ces experts, dont elle se propose d’interroger les formes de médiation. Deux corpus sont exploités: d’une part, un corpus de trois émissions de débats diffusées sur les chaines nationales publiques, requérant régulièrement le concours des experts, et couvrant les questions liées au terrorisme islamique pendant une période de cinq ans comprise entre la crise du 11 septembre et les attentats déjoués de Londres de la nuit du 9 au 10 août 2006 ; d’autre part, un corpus de journaux télévisés couvrant les dix premiers jours de la crise du 11 septembre 2001. Notre approche est double, sémio-pragmatique et argumentative. Dans une première partie, nous explorerons le contexte de débats sous-tendant l’intervention des experts puis, en considération de ce contexte, nous nous attacherons à qualifier les discours produits par ces experts, que nous proposerons d’appréhender en tant qu’objets de médiation. Dans une deuxième partie, nous analyserons les formes à travers lesquelles la médiation des discours experts se trouve assurée dans les émissions de débats et ce qu’elles révèlent des rapports que les journalistes entretiennent vis à vis des sources expertes. Dans une troisième partie, nous élargirons le champ de notre réflexion à l’analyse des formes de médiation des discours experts au journal télévisé, dans un contexte où la maîtrise du temps échappe aux journalistes / Since the attacks of September 11, 2001, Islamic terrorism has generated many questions on which the experts are frequently invited by journalists to express their points of view. The thesis focuses on the relationship between journalists and discourse produced by these experts. Two corpuses are analyzed: firstly, three televised debate programs requiring the assistance of experts regularly, and covering questions related to Islamic terrorism for a period of five years between the crisis of September 11 and the attempted attacks in London on the night of 9 to 10 August 2006; secondly, a corpus of news programs covering the first ten days of the crisis of September 11, 2001. We are adopting a semio-pragmatique and argumentative approach. In the first part, we explore the context of debates underlying the intervention of experts, then, in consideration of this, we propose to qualify the discourse produced by these experts. In the second part, we analyze the forms through which expert discourse mediation is conducted in televised debate programs. In the third part, we analyze forms of mediation of the experts' discourses in news programs, in a context where the mastery of time escapes journalists

While it is well established that expert performers can pick up and utilise postural cues to anticipate more effectively than less-skilled counterparts, the role of contextual information in expert anticipation has received relatively little research attention. The aims of this thesis were to highlight the importance of contextual information in anticipation, identify specific sources of contextual information that impact anticipation, and examine how this information is used. In five studies, skilled and less-skilled tennis players were presented with videos or animations of the same open play rallies. The animations omitted postural information, constraining participants to anticipate based on contextual information alone. First, participants anticipated more accurately than chance in both display conditions. Skilled participants were more accurate than less-skilled participants, with the difference being greater in the video condition. Second, gaze data and retrospective verbal reports were collected when viewing the animations. Skilled participants displayed different gaze behaviour and more thoroughly evaluated the presented information than less-skilled participants. Third, animations were manipulated to depict or omit potential sources of contextual information. The preceding shot sequence was shown to be a useful source of contextual information, particularly for skilled participants. Additionally, player positioning could be used to anticipate highly accurately in absence of any other information. Finally, the option generation strategies underpinning expert anticipation were examined. Participants generated fewer options when postural cues were available compared with when constrained to the use of contextual information alone. Moreover, skilled participants generated more task-relevant and fewer task-irrelevant options than less-skilled participants. Collectively, these findings increase understanding of the role of contextual information in expert anticipation and further highlight the complex nature of perceptual-cognitive expertise.