No description available.

This master thesis is dedicated to Russian development and determinants of its growth. Just two decades ago Russia experienced a total change in the political and economic structure of the country. USSR fall, together will all its successes and failures. Russia went to the path of building a market economy, while the rest of the developed world was already living in such economy and using its benefits. With the heritage of the USSR, Russia had a huge potential to be successful in that road. The goal of this work is to answer the question, whether or not we were able to use it. In order to answer this question two-stage analysis was performed, combining theoretical and quantitative parts. Theoretical part contains the overall analysis of the areas of economic and social development. Quantitative part contains analysis of the main GDP drivers and endogenous powers of industrial production. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

This thesis investigates the role of price and non-price competitiveness factors using a relative export price index, introduced by Benkovskis and Wörz (2016), that is adjusted for changes in quality and taste. First, we replicate their model employing an updated dataset, confirming previous results. Then, the framework is used to study the recent developments in the Europe's oil product market. Given the saturation of the market, decreasing demand, and converging prices, importance of non-price competitiveness factors, such as quality, increases. The results suggest that the problems of the underinvested oil downstream industry in Northwestern European producers are caused not only by decreasing aggregate demand, high costs, and low margins, but by non-price competitiveness factors as well. We find profound improvements in product quality in CEE countries, following substantial investments into the sector and market consolidation. Both regions are at risk of rising imports of high-quality products from the Middle East, Russia and USA. This thesis provides a comprehensive picture of price and non-price competitiveness developments of all players in the highly competitive European oil downstream market.

This work has for objective to analyze the relationship among income (external and internal), exports, imports and exchange rate for the states of the northeast, in the period of 1980-2007, or be to show to what extent the volume and the growth of the exports and of the imports they have been influencing the growth of the gross domestic product of the states of the northeast, for that data will be used in dollars real(o index used as deflator it was the Índex Price Producer - PPI American year base 1980). The method to be proceeded is the estimate through logarithmic regression tends for base the model of Thirlwall(1979), that shows that the behavior of the balance of payments of an economy, specifically, of the exports, it can implicate in strong restrictions to the economic growth, because for the author, the differences in the rates of growth of the product among the world savings are not on the side of the offer, as postulated by the classic-neoclassical current, but, on the side of the demand, as postulated by the keynesian current. Being like this, it intends to point the degree of it influences of the variable export in the product, and with that to verify the Law of Thirlwall is valid in the explanation of the behavior of the economy of these states. In that sense, which she could verify it is that the income of the Northeastern states (Y) it presented behavior similar to the one of Brazil in the years 80 and 90, that is, the income of those states is not accompanying the growth of the external income (Y *), in spite of the exports they have grown more than the imports, and through this fact it can be observed the low rates of growths along the period. Finally, the results show although the exchange rate is not a significant endogenous variable to explain the exports of those states, during the observed period, indicating that they have changed their production structures, independently, from changes in exchange rate. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a relação entre renda (externa e interna), exportações, importações e taxa de câmbio para os estados do Nordeste, no período de 1980- 2007, ou seja, mostrar até que ponto o volume e o crescimento das exportações e das importações têm influenciado o crescimento do produto interno bruto dos estados do Nordeste, para isso serão utilizados dados em dólares reais(o índice utilizado como deflator foi o Index Price Producer - PPI americano ano base 1980). O método a ser seguido é a estimação via regressão logarítmica tendo por base o modelo de Thirlwall(1979), que mostra que o comportamento do balanço de pagamentos de uma economia, especificamente, das exportações, pode implicar em fortes restrições ao crescimento econômico, pois para o autor, as diferenças nas taxas de crescimento do produto entre as economias mundiais não estão no lado da oferta, como postulado pelas correntes clássico-neoclássicas, e sim, no lado da demanda, como postulado pela corrente keynesiana. Sendo assim, pretende-se apontar o grau de influencia da variável exportação no produto, e com isso verificar se a Lei de Thirlwall é válida na explicação do comportamento da economia destes estados. Nesse sentido, o que se pôde constatar é que a renda dos estados nordestinos(Y) apresentou comportamento parecido com o do Brasil nos anos 80 e 90, isto é, a renda desses estados não vem acompanhando o crescimento da renda externa (Y*), apesar de as exportações terem crescido mais que as importações, e através deste fato pode-se observar as baixas taxas de crescimentos ao longo do período. Por fim, os resultados mostram ainda que a taxa de câmbio não é uma variável endógena significativa para explicar as exportações desses estados, durante o período observado, indicando que as mesmas sofreram mudanças em suas estruturas produtivas, independentemente, das variações na taxa de câmbio.

El sector agroexportador en el Perú, se caracteriza por estar en constante crecimiento durante varios años consecutivos y uno de los productos que destaca es la palta y por lo cual en el presente estudio se analiza la trazabilidad en las exportaciones de palta fresca de las empresas exportadoras con Certificación Orgánica de la región Lima a Países bajos en el periodo del 2013 al 2019. Este estudio, se basó en una metodología cuantitativa a través de la recopilación de datos secundarios de CBS Netherlands, Ministerio de Agricultura del Perú, FAOstats, AdexData Trade, Euromonitor y el Banco Mundial, también, la interpretación de entrevistas realizadas a expertos para consolidar la información en el periodo base mencionado anteriormente. Por ello, se evalúa la interacción entre las exportaciones de palta de la región de lima con el precio internacional, la certificación orgánica y la demanda en el país de destino, la cual fue analizada en 42 periodos bimestrales para mayor exactitud. El precio internacional de la palta en el país de destino tiende a incrementar las exportaciones, es por ello que se relaciona la interacción de dichas variables, dando como resultado un 93.1% de relación, además de la relación directamente proporcional y lo confirmado por los expertos, respecto al precio internacional que toma en destino la palta orgánica. Los resultados concluyen en la existencia de relación entre el precio y la demanda para el aumento de las exportaciones de la palta orgánica hacia Países Bajos. Asimismo, se recomienda un mejor manejo de prioridades por parte del estado para colocar a disponibilidad estrategias y alianzas de libre comercio para el apoyo del aumento de la producción orgánica, debido a que es un sector que tiene las tendencias al crecimiento y debe ser aprovechada más aun por los productores orgánicos. / The agro-export sector in Peru is characterized by being in constant growth for several consecutive years and one of the products that stands out is avocado and for this reason, the present study analyzes the traceability of fresh avocado exports from exporting companies with Organic Certification from the Lima region to the Netherlands in the period from 2013 to 2019. This study was based on a quantitative methodology through the collection of secondary data from CBS Netherlands, Ministry of Agriculture of Peru, FAOstats, AdexData Trade, Euromonitor and the World Bank, Also, the interpretation of interviews conducted with experts to consolidate the information in the base period mentioned above. Therefore, the interaction between avocado exports from the lima region with international price, organic certification and demand in the destination country is evaluated, which was analyzed in 42 bimonthly periods for greater accuracy. The international price of avocado in the country of destination modified to exports, is why the interaction of the variable variables is related, resulting in a 93.1% relationship, in addition to the directly proportional relationship and confirmed by the experts, regarding the international price that the organic avocado takes at destination. The results conclude in the existence of the relationship between price and demand for the increase in exports of organic palm to the Netherlands. Likewise, a better management of the needs by the state is recommended to place an availability of strategies and free trade alliances to support the increase in organic production, since it is a sector that has growth trends and should be exploited even more by organic producers. / Tesis

Abstract of thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Commerce and Management Dynamics of macroeconomic variables in Fiji : a cointegrated VAR analysis By Shiu Raj Singh The objective of this study is to examine how macroeconomic variables of Fiji inter-relate with aggregate demand and co-determine one another using a vector autoregression (VAR) approach. This study did not use a prior theoretical framework but instead used economic justification for selection of variables. It was found that fiscal policy, which is generally used as a stabilisation tool, did not have a positive effect on real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth in the short term. Effects on GDP growth were positive over the long term but not statistically significant. Furthermore, expansionary fiscal policy caused inflationary pressures. Fiji has a fixed exchange rate regime, therefore, it was expected that the focus of monetary policy would be the maintenance of foreign reserves. It was, however, found that monetary expansion in the short term resulted in positive effects on real GDP growth and resulted in inflation. The long term effects of monetary policy on real GDP growth were negative, which are explained by the fixed exchange rate regime, endogenous determination of money supply by the central bank, an unsophisticated financial market and, perhaps, an incomplete transmission of the policy. Both merchandise trade and visitor arrivals growth were found to positively contribute to short term and long term economic growth. Political instability was found not to have significant direct effects on real GDP growth but caused a significant decline in visitor arrivals which then negatively affected economic growth in the short term.