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Export processing zones tools of development or reform delay? /Virgill, Nicola. January 2009 (has links)
Thesis (Ph.D.)--George Mason University, 2009. / Vita: p. 205. Thesis director: Zoltan J. Acs. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Public Policy. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed June 10, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 191-204). Also issued in print.
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The export processing industry as a dynamic tool for economic development a comparative study of the export processing industry in Mexico and Taiwan /Tchiang, Tchen, January 1991 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 1991. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 196-203).
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Multinational enterprise and export processing zones in small developing economiesCoppin, Addington Michael, January 1988 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1988. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 127-130).
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Evaluating the net economic benefits of free trade zones in theory and practice applied to the Kingston export free zone in Jamaica /Watson, Noel Newton. January 1988 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Simon Fraser University, 1988. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 163-168).
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China's Shenzhen special economic zone a social benefit-cost analysis /Wai, Man Wu. January 1990 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii, 1990. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 178-185).
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Export-processing zones, multinational firms, and economic system transformationGe, Wei. January 1993 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Pennsylvania, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 270-280).
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Export processing zones in Zambia : what lessons can be learnt?Kanjungu, Donald 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MBA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Export Processing Zone (EPZ) regime is not new across the world. The first known form was established in the 13th century in modern day Spain. However, the growth of EPZs only became prominent after the First World War, as first world countries were trying to rebuild their economies through export-oriented manufacturing. By the turn of the century, more than two thirds of the countries in the world had embraced the EPZ regime with more than 3,000 zones established, employing more than 43 million people. China contributed a big number to this as it pushed through its Special Economic Zone (SEZ) regime to experiment with market-driven reforms.
EPZs have made a significant contribution towards the growth of countries that have fully embraced the EPZ regime. The majority of these countries are in Asia, the Caribbean and South America. In Africa, Mauritius and Madagascar have benefited from the establishment of zones. On the other hand, other countries have failed to realize benefits from their zones such as Senegal.
Zambia was slow to develop policy related to establishment of EPZ. The first attempt to establish EPZ legislature was only made in 2001. However, nothing happened on the ground until 2007, due mostly to concerns around revenue benefits from zones. Since then, two zones have been set up, construction of another is about to start and three more are planned. Despite this ambitious drive, there are still concerns around the realization of benefits from zones compared to the foregone tax, as well as costs associated with establishing infrastructure to support the zones. Other concerns related to the working conditions and wages of people employed by zone enterprises
This study explores further such concerns. It is noted in this study that the policy framework for attracting investment in zones is adequate and addresses all concerns. However, the level of infrastructure development is not adequate to support the EPZ regime. The domestic business environment is not well developed to support and benefit from the EPZ regime. Considering its past economic performance, the country has no choice but to embrace the EPZ regime, as a means to develop growth in exports. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die vryhandelsgebiedkonsep is by verre nie nuut in die ekonomiese wêreld nie. Die eerste van hierdie tipe markstelsels dateer terug van sover as 13de eeuse Spanje. Dit is egter interessant dat die vryhandelsgebiedmodel eers na die beëindiging van die eerste wêreldoorlog pertinent posgevat het. Die konsep was in hierdie tyd veral vir eerste wêreld lande van groot waarde. Hulle kon toesien dat hul ekonomieë deur uitvoergedrewe vervaardiging in ere herstel word. Dit is ook verder werd om te weet dat teen die draai van die eeu, meer as twee derdes van die wêreld in meer as 3000 vryhandelsooreenkomste belang gehad het. Dit het direk of indirek daartoe bygedra dat meer as 43 miljoen mense op een of ander wyse by die arbeidsmark betrek is. China het 'n groot rol gespeel deur sy “Spesiale” vryhandelsgebiede waarmee hy markgedrewe hervorming kon toets.
Vryhandelsgebiede het daadwerklik 'n groot invloed gehad op die groei van ekonomieë van lande wat volwaardig by die konsep ingekoop het. Die oorgrootte meerderheid van die lande is afkomstig uit Asië, die Karibiese Eilande en Suid Amerika. Uit Afrika was dit onder andere Mauritius en Madagaskar wat die meeste voordeel hieruit geput het. Andersyds het lande soos Senegal klaarblyklik geen voordeel uit sy vryhandelsgebiede gekry nie.
Zambië was veral stadig om beleid neer te lê rondom die vestiging van 'n eie vryhandelsgebied(e). Sy eerste poging om amptelike wetgewing in die verband neer te lê was in 2001. Daar het egter niks konkreet hieruit voortgevloei voor 2007 nie. Die land was veral besorg oor inkomstevoordele tussen die voorgestelde gebiede. Sedertdien is twee gebiede reeds gevestig, 'n derde in wording en 'n verdere drie in die beplanningsfase. Ten spyte van die nuutgevonde dryfkrag is daar steeds twyfel oor die voordeel tussen die handelsgebiede, opgeweeg teen die uitgemaakte belasting en kostes wat met die daarstelling van die nodige infrastruktuur gepaard gaan. Daar is ook kommer oor die werksomstandighede en besoldiging van mense wat deur Vryhandelsondernemings in diens geneem word.
Die doel van hierdie studie is om verdere kwelpunte te identifiseer en dan te analiseer. Daar word in die studie bevestig dat die beleidsraamwerk, wat daarop gemik is om belegging
aantreklik te maak, voldoende is. Die infrastruktuur is egter nie huidiglik voldoende om die Vryhandelsgebiede te ondersteun nie. Die plaaslike besigheidsspeelveld is ook nie goed ontwikkel nie en kan derhalwe nie dié besigheidsmodel ondersteun en voordeel daaruit put nie. Gegewe sy ekonomiese prestasies van die verlede kan Zambië nie anders as om die Vryhandelsgebiedkonsep aan te hang, om sodoende daadwerklike groei in sy uitvoermark te bewerkstellig nie.
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A comparison of export processing zones and industrial development zones in Africa : key factors for successMatthysen, Carlo 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2006. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: 'Our industrial development zones have not performed as we have expected - we
need to revisit the incentives that we give in these zones', says the deputy president
of South Africa, Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka (Business Report, 2005:
http://www.ecdc.co.za/media/article.asp?pageid=929). This statement raises 2
important questions. Firstly, how was the deputy president able to conclude that
these zones have underperformed and secondly, which incentives must South Africa
offer potential investors to turn around the fortunes of their programme?
To determine how performance can be measured, two investigations were consulted
to come up with a list of ten criteria against which export processing zones can be
measured to determine whether they have performed successfully or not. As experts
are of the opinion that industrial development zones run along similar lines to export
processing zones, these criteria could very easily be applied to measuring the
success of the former as well. The list includes:
• Location
• A politically and socially stable host country
• High business confidence
• Adequate infrastructure
• Incentives on offer and administrative set-up
• Employment creation
• Backward linkages and technology transfer
• Foreign exchange eamings
• The availability of a competitive labour force
• Market accessibility
By assessing the zones in Mauritius and Namibia in terms of these criteria, it
becomes clear why Schulze (1999: 182) states that Mauritius has become the
shining star on the horizon of successful export processing zones and why Tabby
Moyo (1999: 1), deputy news editor at The Namibian, is of the opinion that Namibia
has so far achieved dismal results. The South African industrial development zone
programme was started in the late 1990's and the zones - which are located at
Coega, East London, Richards Bay and the Johannesburg International airport -
have been in operation for too short a period to allow accurate conclusions to be
made about their performance in terms of the ten criteria listed above. However,
since their inception, these zones have attrac1ed less than R3.5-billion in planned
investments despite the government spending more than R4-billion on infrastructure
(www.eedc.co.zalmedia/article.asp?pageid=929).
To make these investment-starved zones more attractive to foreign investors, the
South African government and the National Treasury, in particular, will have to offer
potential investors a much more comprehensive incentive package. They need to:
• Review the tax incentives they offer;
• Maintain the country's general business;
• Make the country's labour laws more flexible;
• Increase the literacy rate of the labour force;
• Lower the cost of transport, energy and telecoms;
• Articulate a vision, build consensus around It and move to action this vision.
South Africa needs a world class industrial development zone programme as
Schulze (1999: 170) sums it up nicely when he says that free trade zones can indeed
contribute to domestic economic growth which will thereby help to alleviate the
country's dramatic unemployment rate in addition to enhancing foreign commerce,
generating additional foreign exchange and attracting foreign investment.
Improvements that South Africa can greatly benefit from. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'Our industrial development zones have not performed as we have expected - we
need to revisit the incentives that we give in these zones', verklaar die adjunkpresident
van Suid-Afrika, Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka (Business Report, 2005:
hltp:/lwww.ecdc.co.za/media/article.asp?pageid=929). Hierdie stelling wek twee
belangrike vrae. Eerstens, hoe was dit vir die adjunk-president moontlik om tot die
slotsom te kom dat hierdie sones onderpresteer en tweedens, watter tipe
aanmoedigingsmaatreels moet Suid Afrika aan potensiele beleggers bied om 'n
ommekeer in die voorspoed van die programme te bewerkstellig?
Twee ondersoeke is geraadpleeg ten einde vas te stel hoe prestasie gemeet kan
word. Hieruit is 'n Iys van tien kriteria bepaal waarteen uitvoerproseseringssones
gemeet kan word om vas te stel of hulle suksesvol presteer of nie. Aangesien
deskundiges van mening is dat nywerheidsontwikkelingssones op soortgelyke basis
as die van uitvoerproseseringssones funksioneer, kan hierdie kriteria ewe maklik
toegepas word om die sukses van die eersgenoemde te bepaal. Die Iys sluit die
volgende in:
• Ligging;
• 'n Politieke en sosiaal standvastige gasheerland;
• Hoe handelsvertroue;
• 'n Bevredigende infrastruktuur;
• Die aanbieding van aanmoedigingsmaatreels en 'n administratiewe opset;
• Werkskepping;
• Terugskakeling en tegnologiese oordrag;
• Buitelandse valuta inkomste;
• Die beskikbaarheid van 'n kompeterende werksmag;
• Toegang tot die mark.
Deur die sones in Mauritius en Namibia te evalueer na aanleiding van hierdie kriteria,
word dit duidelik waarom Schulze (1999:182) verklaar dat Mauritius die skynende
ster op die horison geword het van suksesvolle uitvoerproseseringssones en waarom
Tabby Moyo (1999:1), adjunk-redakteur vir The Namibian, van mening is dat Namibia
tot dusver uiters swak resultate behaal het. Die Suid Afrikaanse
nyweheidsontwikkelingssone program het in die laat 1990's begin en die sones -
Coega, Oos Londen, Richardsbaai en die Johannesburgse Internasionale Lughawe -
is nog vir te kort 'n periode in werking om 'n akkurate gevolgtrekking te maak van
hulle prestasie in terme van die voorafgenoemde tien kriteria. Nogtans, sedert hul
begin, het hierdie sones minder as R3.5b in beplande investering gelok ten spyte
daarvan dat die regering meer as R4b op infrastruktuur spandeer het
(www.eedc.co.za/media/article.asp?pageid=929).
Om hierdie beleggingshonger sones meer aanloklik te maak vir buitelandse
beleggers, sal veral die Suid Afrikaanse Regering en die Nasionale Tesourie 'n meer
omvattende aanmoedigingspakket aan potensiele beleggers moet bied. Hulle sal die
volgende moet doen:
• Die belastingsaanmoedigings wat hulle tans bied, te hersien;
• Die land se algemene sakebedryf te ondersteun;
• Arbiedswetgewing meer buigbaar maak;
• Die geletterdheid onder die ambagsmag te verhoog;
• Vervoer-, energie- en telekommunikasie koste te verlaag;
• 'n Visie artikuleer, konsensus daar random bou en hierdie visie tot aksie te
transformeer. Suid Afrika benodig 'n wereld-gehalte industriele ontwikkelingssone-program soos
wat Schulze (1999:170) goed opsom wanneer hy sê dat vrye handelsones inderdaad
kan bydra tot binnelandse ekonomies groei wat kan help om die land se dramatiese
werkloosheid syfer te verlaag asook om buitelandse handel te bevorder. Hierdeur
kan addisionele buitelandse valuta gegenereer word en buitelandse beleggings gelok
word. Suid-Afrika kan baie baat vind by hierdie verbeterings.
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The Obedient EPZ-Worker : A case study concerning female EPZ workers' barriers to empowerment in Sri LankaLindgren Cortés, Katarina January 2014 (has links)
This study analyzes and maps barriers preventing Sri Lankan female workers in Export Processing Zones (EPZs) from participating in awareness raising activities by NGOs. These barriers can furthermore be discussed as preventing them from an enhanced empowerment. The gathered data is mostly based on interviews conducted during a three-week long fieldtrip in Sri Lanka. By using both a literature analysis on the field of research together with group interviews with both female EPZ workers as well as with personnel from a women’s organization in Sri Lanka the study identifies five barriers hindering the women’s participation; time and distance; lack of motivation or interest; limited knowledge of the organization; someone opposing the choice; and fear of loosing the employment. The study derives the root-causes of the barriers to the current social norms and roles, which are internalized in the young women’s mind from their background as well as through the reproduction of them in their new environment, but also to EPZs as discouraging an improvement of the women’s situation.
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'n Beskouing van streekekonomiese ontwikkelingsbeleid in Suider-Afrika met verwysing na uitvoervervaardigingsgebiede26 May 2014 (has links)
Ph.D. (Economics) / Until 1946 economists paid little attention to regional development. Economic development was mainly viewed in a national context. Even since the Second World War there remain important differences of opinion among economists on regional development theories. The aim of this study was first of all to make an analysis of the various theories. Secondly the instruments and results of decentralisation policies in Western Europe and Southern Africa during the period 1960 to 1980 were researched and discussed. The third aim was to discuss the term "Export Processing Zone".and to research the application thereof in various countries. Fourthly, the Gross Geographic Product and economically active popUlation of nine regions in Southern Africa were analised. Lastly the regional development strategies including the possible application of Export Processing Zones in Southern Africa were discussed in the light of the urgent need for employment creation - especially for Black workers. In the discussion of various regional development theories mention was made of the important role of technology, productivity, domestic and international price levels in addition to capital and labour for the optimum development of regions. Therefore the process of Cumulative Causation combined with export led development are important factors for a successful development strategy.
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