Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, French economy as been affected by a constant and deeper trade deficit. After the financial crisis of 2009, the economy still experiences difficulties to bounce back in the context of a weakened Europe. On its side, in the early 2000s, the Latin American countries were about to go through a bright economic period. In deed, the region benefited from a rapid economic growth this last decade, with strong economies and reasonable political stability. The region is also counting with new strong economic partners like China and other Pacific Asian countries. In this work the main objective is to evaluate the trade relations between France and Latin America. I will explore the context in which those relations have been developed and their actual intensity. Then I will study the French external trade situation and the new plan the French Ministry of Trade implemented since 2012. Finally, I will develop the case of Chile and its relations with France, identifying the opportunities for both sides. Unfortunately, this specific subject is not documented by a large amount of printed literature. Thereby, this work is mainly based on statistical information published by international or regional organizations, and on transformed data collected from government or international institutions databases.

Orientador: Luciana Togeiro de Almeida / Banca: Eduardo Strachman / Banca: Renato de Castro Garcia / Resumo: O comércio internacional do setor têxtil-vestuário foi caracterizado pela existência de acordos comerciais, os quais estipulavam cotas às exportações dos países fornecedores, até dezembro de 2004. Janeiro de 2005 foi marcado pelo fim do Acordo de Têxteis e Vestuário (ATV), com a eliminação das restrições quantitativas e a integração do comércio de produtos têxteis e confeccionados às regras da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC). Esta dissertação tem como objetivo geral analisar os impactos do fim do sistema de cotas sobre o comércio realizado entre os principais mercados consumidores (Estados Unidos e União Européia) e os países em desenvolvimento no período 2005-2006. Em particular, são identificados os principais impactos sobre o setor têxtil-vestuário brasileiro. As conclusões mostram que os países desenvolvidos continuam a buscar novas formas de proteger suas indústrias domésticas, o que prejudica interesses comerciais e os ganhos esperados por alguns países em desenvolvimento. No breve período pós-ATV, o que se observou foi a redução das exportações dos países próximos a EUA e UE e o aumento das exportações de países geograficamente mais distantes, em especial, países menos desenvolvidos. Além disso, a China tem apresentado um significativo aumento de suas exportações de artigos têxteis e confeccionados no total das exportações mundiais. No Brasil, os impactos do fim do ATV foram pouco sentidos pela ótica das exportações. Uma pesquisa realizada a partir de cinco grandes empresas brasileiras do setor mostrou que iniciativas efetivas em direção à expansão para o mercado externo ainda são pontuais. Entretanto, as importações brasileiras de produtos oriundos principalmente da China têm aumentado e a estratégia adotada pelo governo brasileiro tem sido de caráter defensivo, via aumento das barreiras tarifárias. / Abstract: The international trade of the textile and clothing sector was characterized by the existence of trade agreements, which stipulated quotas to the exports of the suppling countries, until December 2004. January 2005 was marked by the end of the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC), together with the elimination of the quantitative restrictions and the trade integration of the textiles and apparel products into the World Trade Organization (WTO) rules. The general objetive of this dissertation is to analyse the impacts of the end of the quota system on the trade between the main consumer markets (United States and European Union) and the developing countries during the period 2005-2006. Particularly, the prime impacts on the Brazilian textile and clothing sector are identified. The conclusions show that the developed countries continue to look for new forms of industrial protection, which is harmful to the comercial interests and expected gains of some developing countries. In the brief period post-ATC, it was noted the reduction of the exports from countries near US and EU and the elevation of the exports from countries geographicaly distants, specially the least developed countries. Besides this, China has been strongly increasing its textile and clothing exports in the total world-wide exports. In Brazil, the impacts of the end of ATC have been small on the export side. A research carried through five great Brazilian entreprises of the sector showed that effective initiatives towards the expansion to the external market are still prompt. However, the Brazilian imports of products coming specially from China have been increasing and the strategy adopted by the Brazilian government have been defensive, by way of raising the tariff barriers. / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-08-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:52:05Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 mendes_smf_me_arafcl.pdf: 324785 bytes, checksum: a944d87285a748dffda18169f9d24b65 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O comércio internacional do setor têxtil-vestuário foi caracterizado pela existência de acordos comerciais, os quais estipulavam cotas às exportações dos países fornecedores, até dezembro de 2004. Janeiro de 2005 foi marcado pelo fim do Acordo de Têxteis e Vestuário (ATV), com a eliminação das restrições quantitativas e a integração do comércio de produtos têxteis e confeccionados às regras da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC). Esta dissertação tem como objetivo geral analisar os impactos do fim do sistema de cotas sobre o comércio realizado entre os principais mercados consumidores (Estados Unidos e União Européia) e os países em desenvolvimento no período 2005-2006. Em particular, são identificados os principais impactos sobre o setor têxtil-vestuário brasileiro. As conclusões mostram que os países desenvolvidos continuam a buscar novas formas de proteger suas indústrias domésticas, o que prejudica interesses comerciais e os ganhos esperados por alguns países em desenvolvimento. No breve período pós-ATV, o que se observou foi a redução das exportações dos países próximos a EUA e UE e o aumento das exportações de países geograficamente mais distantes, em especial, países menos desenvolvidos. Além disso, a China tem apresentado um significativo aumento de suas exportações de artigos têxteis e confeccionados no total das exportações mundiais. No Brasil, os impactos do fim do ATV foram pouco sentidos pela ótica das exportações. Uma pesquisa realizada a partir de cinco grandes empresas brasileiras do setor mostrou que iniciativas efetivas em direção à expansão para o mercado externo ainda são pontuais. Entretanto, as importações brasileiras de produtos oriundos principalmente da China têm aumentado e a estratégia adotada pelo governo brasileiro tem sido de caráter defensivo, via aumento das barreiras tarifárias. / The international trade of the textile and clothing sector was characterized by the existence of trade agreements, which stipulated quotas to the exports of the suppling countries, until December 2004. January 2005 was marked by the end of the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC), together with the elimination of the quantitative restrictions and the trade integration of the textiles and apparel products into the World Trade Organization (WTO) rules. The general objetive of this dissertation is to analyse the impacts of the end of the quota system on the trade between the main consumer markets (United States and European Union) and the developing countries during the period 2005-2006. Particularly, the prime impacts on the Brazilian textile and clothing sector are identified. The conclusions show that the developed countries continue to look for new forms of industrial protection, which is harmful to the comercial interests and expected gains of some developing countries. In the brief period post-ATC, it was noted the reduction of the exports from countries near US and EU and the elevation of the exports from countries geographicaly distants, specially the least developed countries. Besides this, China has been strongly increasing its textile and clothing exports in the total world-wide exports. In Brazil, the impacts of the end of ATC have been small on the export side. A research carried through five great Brazilian entreprises of the sector showed that effective initiatives towards the expansion to the external market are still prompt. However, the Brazilian imports of products coming specially from China have been increasing and the strategy adopted by the Brazilian government have been defensive, by way of raising the tariff barriers.

Masters disertation entitled Brazil's Trade Policies offers a complex economic characteristics of the country, with a special accent on the external trade. The paper shows Brazil's external trade commodity and territorial structure, evaluates its external trade policies and also its position towards trade liberalization.

Export legal regulation of the European Union as a part of common trade policy The thesis focuses on export of goods from EU to third countries, its legal regulation on both primary and secondary level and its display in the Czech legal regulation. Subsequently, the legal regulation is compared to export legal regulation of WTO. The aim of this comparison is to find out, whether there are any conflicts between EU and WTO regulations. Hypothesis consists of two thoughts: a) Legal regulation of export of goods as a part of EU common trade policy is embedded in EU law in detail. Export of goods is regulated (special) or banned in comparison to the regular export regime in certain cases; b) EU legal regulation of export of goods is in compliance with WTO legal regulation of export of goods. The descriptive, analytical (in part related to EU legal regulation) and comparative (in part related to WTO export regulation) methods were used when verifying the hypothesis. The thesis consists of two main parts. The first one aims to describe and analyze the EU common trade policy in relation to export of goods and its display in primary and secondary law. The aspects of common trade policy as an external activity is described as well. Based on this analysis, the thesis concludes that hypothesis "a)" is true and...

A partir de 1995, as melhorias advindas da estabilização monetária e a expansão de programas de transferência de renda, em adição ao crescente padrão de comércio internacional, refletiram em redução da concentração de renda e da pobreza no Brasil. Acredita-se que o agronegócio, ao assumir posição estratégica para o controle da inflação e geração de divisas no comércio exterior, possa ter tido participação relevante nesta trajetória. Perante tal cenário, procura-se neste trabalho contribuir para a compreensão do papel do agronegócio no processo de distribuição de renda, particularmente em relação às transferências de renda para os demais setores da economia doméstica e também para o mercado externo. Transferência é aqui entendida como a perda ou ganho de renda em decorrência de mudança nos preços relativos. Buscou-se, assim, averiguar as relações existentes entre a renda gerada pelo agronegócio e a renda efetivamente apropriada pelo setor, devido às variações de preço reais ocorridas no período de 1995 a 2008. Os resultados indicaram que a evolução do produto foi sempre superior à do Produto Interno Bruto - PIB a preços reais correntes e, portanto, que o produto cresceu com preços reais decrescentes. A queda de preços somada ao aumento da produção representou uma perda de renda potencial do agronegócio, que foi absorvida pela sociedade. Tal ocorrência se deu de forma mais marcante no ramo da pecuária do que para o das lavouras. No acumulado do período R$ 837 bilhões foram transferidos pelo agronegócio brasileiro, dos quais: (a) 47% provieram do segmento básico (dos quais 46% das lavouras e 54% da pecuária); (b) 38% vieram do segmento de distribuição; (c) 20% saíram da agroindústria (62% da indústria de base vegetal e 38% da indústria de processamento animal); (d) o segmento de insumos foi receptor líquido de renda (R$ 41 bilhões). Diretamente a sociedade brasileira, a maior transferência (R$ 641 bilhões) veio do segmento básico, sendo 67% das lavouras e o restante da pecuária. O benefício de quedas reais de preço recebido pela sociedade, quedas estas comparáveis ou superiores às observadas aos produtores rurais, indicou que os segmentos agroindustrial e de distribuição também colaboraram no processo de aumento do produto a preços decrescentes. Ao final, o aumento do produto, simultâneo à queda de preços reais, foi um indicador de aumento de produtividade no agronegócio. As análises econométricas corroboraram essa constatação, sendo produtividade a fonte mais importante de variações no produto do agronegócio no período estudado. / Since 1995, the monetary stabilization and expansion of programs related to income transfer, in addition to the growing standard of international trade, have reflected in a reduction of the concentrated wealth and poverty in Brazil. It is believed that the agribusiness has taken a strategic position in order to be able to control inflation and foreign currency earnings in foreign trade, might have been of great relevance in this process. Therefore, the main point of this work is to contribute to the understanding of the role of agribusiness regarding income distribution, mainly as to income transfers for the other sectors of domestic economy as well as for the export market. Transfer is here understood as the gain or loss of income due to changes in prices. Thus, one tried to establish the relationship between the income generated by agribusiness and the income effectively appropriated by the sector, due to shift in prices which took place in the period from 1995 to 2008. The results indicated that the evolution of the product was always higher than the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at real current prices, and that there was an increase in production with real declining prices. The fall in prices added to the increased production resulted in a loss of potential income of agribusiness, which was absorbed by society. This result proved to be more noteworthy in the business of livestock than in crops. In the accumulated period, R$ 837 billion were transferred by the agribusiness, where: a) 47% came from primary segment (of which 46% from crops and 54% from livestock), (b) 38% came from the distribution segment, (c) 20% came from agroindustry (62% of agricultural industry and 38% from livestock industry), (d) the inputs segment was the one receiving income of R$ 41 billion. Directly to the Brazilian society, the largest transfer (R$641 billion) came from the primary segment, being 67% from crops and 33% from livestock, respectively. The benefit towards society of the actual fall in price, comparable to or higher than the ones observed in rural products, indicated that both the industrial and distribution segments also collaborated in the process of the increase in product with declining prices. The increase of the product, combined with the actual fall in prices was an indicator of increased productivity in agribusiness. The econometric analysis corroborated in this finding, being productivity the most important source of variations in the product of agribusiness in the period studied.

A partir de 1995, as melhorias advindas da estabilização monetária e a expansão de programas de transferência de renda, em adição ao crescente padrão de comércio internacional, refletiram em redução da concentração de renda e da pobreza no Brasil. Acredita-se que o agronegócio, ao assumir posição estratégica para o controle da inflação e geração de divisas no comércio exterior, possa ter tido participação relevante nesta trajetória. Perante tal cenário, procura-se neste trabalho contribuir para a compreensão do papel do agronegócio no processo de distribuição de renda, particularmente em relação às transferências de renda para os demais setores da economia doméstica e também para o mercado externo. Transferência é aqui entendida como a perda ou ganho de renda em decorrência de mudança nos preços relativos. Buscou-se, assim, averiguar as relações existentes entre a renda gerada pelo agronegócio e a renda efetivamente apropriada pelo setor, devido às variações de preço reais ocorridas no período de 1995 a 2008. Os resultados indicaram que a evolução do produto foi sempre superior à do Produto Interno Bruto - PIB a preços reais correntes e, portanto, que o produto cresceu com preços reais decrescentes. A queda de preços somada ao aumento da produção representou uma perda de renda potencial do agronegócio, que foi absorvida pela sociedade. Tal ocorrência se deu de forma mais marcante no ramo da pecuária do que para o das lavouras. No acumulado do período R$ 837 bilhões foram transferidos pelo agronegócio brasileiro, dos quais: (a) 47% provieram do segmento básico (dos quais 46% das lavouras e 54% da pecuária); (b) 38% vieram do segmento de distribuição; (c) 20% saíram da agroindústria (62% da indústria de base vegetal e 38% da indústria de processamento animal); (d) o segmento de insumos foi receptor líquido de renda (R$ 41 bilhões). Diretamente a sociedade brasileira, a maior transferência (R$ 641 bilhões) veio do segmento básico, sendo 67% das lavouras e o restante da pecuária. O benefício de quedas reais de preço recebido pela sociedade, quedas estas comparáveis ou superiores às observadas aos produtores rurais, indicou que os segmentos agroindustrial e de distribuição também colaboraram no processo de aumento do produto a preços decrescentes. Ao final, o aumento do produto, simultâneo à queda de preços reais, foi um indicador de aumento de produtividade no agronegócio. As análises econométricas corroboraram essa constatação, sendo produtividade a fonte mais importante de variações no produto do agronegócio no período estudado. / Since 1995, the monetary stabilization and expansion of programs related to income transfer, in addition to the growing standard of international trade, have reflected in a reduction of the concentrated wealth and poverty in Brazil. It is believed that the agribusiness has taken a strategic position in order to be able to control inflation and foreign currency earnings in foreign trade, might have been of great relevance in this process. Therefore, the main point of this work is to contribute to the understanding of the role of agribusiness regarding income distribution, mainly as to income transfers for the other sectors of domestic economy as well as for the export market. Transfer is here understood as the gain or loss of income due to changes in prices. Thus, one tried to establish the relationship between the income generated by agribusiness and the income effectively appropriated by the sector, due to shift in prices which took place in the period from 1995 to 2008. The results indicated that the evolution of the product was always higher than the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at real current prices, and that there was an increase in production with real declining prices. The fall in prices added to the increased production resulted in a loss of potential income of agribusiness, which was absorbed by society. This result proved to be more noteworthy in the business of livestock than in crops. In the accumulated period, R$ 837 billion were transferred by the agribusiness, where: a) 47% came from primary segment (of which 46% from crops and 54% from livestock), (b) 38% came from the distribution segment, (c) 20% came from agroindustry (62% of agricultural industry and 38% from livestock industry), (d) the inputs segment was the one receiving income of R$ 41 billion. Directly to the Brazilian society, the largest transfer (R$641 billion) came from the primary segment, being 67% from crops and 33% from livestock, respectively. The benefit towards society of the actual fall in price, comparable to or higher than the ones observed in rural products, indicated that both the industrial and distribution segments also collaborated in the process of the increase in product with declining prices. The increase of the product, combined with the actual fall in prices was an indicator of increased productivity in agribusiness. The econometric analysis corroborated in this finding, being productivity the most important source of variations in the product of agribusiness in the period studied.

<p>Departing from the case of textile and clothing trade dispute between the EU and China in 2005, it has been noticed that the EU’s policy in textile trade to a large extent has been situated in a position of dilemma. On the one hand, the growing global impetus of liberalization in the sector forces the EU to open up its market to cheap textile imports from the developing countries; on the other hand, the fierce protectionist pressures come from the domestic producers and slow down the paces towards liberalization, or sometimes even take setback towards more conservative performances. By placing this case in a broader context, the EU’s external trade policy is confronted with the similar dilemma, swaying between the trade liberalization and trade protection. Consequently, does the EU emerge in the current multilateral trading system of the WTO as a force for trade liberalization or a force for trade protectionism?</p><p>Bearing this question in mind, the general climate of global trade under the GATT/WTO and the EU’s external trade policy will firstly be examined. Then, the EU’s trade protectionism is about to be explained by strategic trade theory, the high political content of the EU’s external trade policy and the fragmentation in the EU’s policy networks; while the EU’s inclination towards trade liberalization will be explained by the implications from the conventional trade theory and new institutionalism, and as well as the impacts from the general climate of global trade.</p><p>The results shows that the EU’s external trade policy under the global trade liberalization is a mixture, neither pure liberalization nor pure protectionism. With regard to the trade issues concerning to the vital interests, the Union without exception inclines to conservative protectionism; whereas concerning the issues of less importance, compromises and concessions always lead the outcomes of the policy to the inspiring liberalization.</p>

The aim of this thesis is to analyze the external economic relations of the EFTA member states and the economic relations of EFTA association. The thesis focuses on the trade relations with the European Union, with the Czech Republic and with the third countries. There is a description of the process of concluding agreements, the structure of external trade with goods and services and foreign direct investment.

Trade has since ancient times been a cornerstone of the origin and development of life in thecity and is until this day serving as a central function of the city’s attractiveness. Theattraction consists of, among other things, the jobs that diversity of services creates but alsothe lifestyle that the city offers in return. Consumption thus affects the city’s design, functionand use and vice versa, therefore there is also a strong relationship in the form of dependencebetween the city and commerce. When commerce moves out of town to external shoppingcenters and this said relationship gets disturbed, it leads to social, ecological and not leasteconomic consequences. Ecological and social consequences can for example be aboutmotorism and its carbon emissions and an increased dependence for the less well-off. Whileeconomic consequences can relate to the risk of business being depleted as competingdiscount store chains push prices towards small businesses. This bachelor’s thesis consists of a comparative case study of the two Swedish municipalitiesUddevalla and Landskrona, where both qualitative and quantitative methods for the analysisare combined. The qualitative part of the analysis is carried out through an idea analysis ofmunicipal policy documents that concern the general planning. In addition, the quantitativepart consists of an attribute analysis and deals with various percentage changes in trade fromthe year 2010-2015. This in order to examine how different political community planningideals appear in the documents, this in order to be able to draw conclusions about whether theplanning ideals and the actual development between central and external trade correlate. The case study showed that Landskrona, which has taken a stand against commercialestablishments outside the city center, has a trade development that is in line with themunicipality’s planning ideal where trade is moved back to the inner city from the otherinternal trade area. Uddevalla pursues a similar line in the matter that the greatest focusshould be on the establishment of central trade. However, the development does notcorrespond with the municipality’s planning ideal regarding trade as the central tradedecreases during the examined period in favor of external trade. Despite these broadly similarplanning ideals, it can be concluded that even if the development in Uddevalla is not in linewith the municipalities’ vision in the same way as in Landskrona, Uddevalla has the biggestfinancial success.