Failure of trophoblast invasion and remodelling of maternal blood vessels leads to the pregnancy complications pre-eclampsia (PE) and fetal growth restriction (FGR). Metabolomic profiling of placentas from such pregnancies has identified deranged sphingolipid metabolism as one of only a handful of pathways altered in PE/FGR. In other systems, the bioactive sphingolipid, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) controls cell migration therefore this study aimed to determine its effect on extravillous trophoblast (EVT) function. S1P (50 nM–10 µM) attenuated the migration of the EVT cell lines, Swan-71 and SGHPL-4 (n = 6; p < 0.05) and also the outgrowth of trophoblast from explants of human first trimester placenta. Quantitative PCR and immunolocalisation studies demonstrated that both EVT cell lines and primary EVT express S1P receptors 1, 2 and 3 in similar abundance. Receptor inhibitors were used to reveal S1PR2 as the receptor responsible for mediating the inhibitory effect of S1P inhibitory effect; JTE-013 (100 nM) a specific S1PR2 inhibitor, abolished S1P- attenuated migration (n = 6; p < 0.05 versus S1P alone) whereas treatment with the S1PR1/3 inhibitor, FTY720 (100 nM; n = 6) had no effect on S1P activity. Ligand binding to S1PR2 can activate numerous intracellular signalling pathways via receptor association with the G proteins, Gα12/13, Gαq or Gαi; however, analysis of Swan-71 cell migration and actin cytoskeleton in the presence of S1P ± the Rho kinase inhibitor, Y-27632 (10 µM; n = 6) suggested preferential activation of Gα12/13. Nonetheless, S1P does activate Gαi in Swan-71 cells, as demonstrated by analysis of cAMP levels and phosphorylation of downstream signalling molecules; however attempts to shift the balance of intracellular pathway activation towards Gαi/Rac using siRNA-mediated knockdown of the Rac inhibitor ARGHGAP22 did not attenuate S1P inhibition of cellular motility, Subsequent experiments explored the possibility of preventing S1P’s actions by modulating EVT S1P receptor isoform expression using factors, including hormones and oxygen, previously reported to affect trophoblast migration or the expression of S1PR in other systems. Neither EGF nor low oxygen levels influenced S1PR expression however both IGF-II (10nM; p<0.05) and vitamin D (10nM; p<0.05) prevented the inhibitory effect of S1P on Swan-71 cell migration, the latter as a result of a significant reduction in S1PR2 expression (4-fold decrease; p<0.05).This study demonstrates that, although EVT express three S1P receptor isoforms, S1P predominantly signals through S1PR2 / Gα12/13 to activate Rho and actin stress fibre formation and thereby acts as potent inhibitor of EVT migration. Strategies aimed at shifting the balance of receptor isoform expression, may provide a mechanism for improving impaired trophoblast migration in compromised pregnancies. Importantly, expression of S1PR2, and therefore S1P function, can be down-regulated by vitamin D. Thus these data suggest that vitamin D deficiency, which is known to be associated with PE, may contribute to the impaired trophoblast migration that underlies this condition.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第21953号 / 医博第4495号 / 新制||医||1037(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 柳田 素子, 教授 斎藤 通紀, 教授 近藤 玄 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第20606号 / 医博第4255号 / 新制||医||1023(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 羽賀 博典, 教授 篠原 隆司, 教授 近藤 玄 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Perturbations to extravillous trophoblast (EVT) cell migration and invasion are associated with the development of placenta-mediated diseases. Dietary polyphenols have been shown to influence cell migration and invasion in models of tumorigenesis and non-cancerous, healthy cells; however, never shown in EVT cells. We hypothesize that polyphenols present in V. angustifolium leaves will promote trophoblast migration and invasion through ERK and AKT activation. Using the HTR-8/SVneo cell line as a model for EVT cells, the leaf extract increased trophoblast migration and invasion, in an ERK- and AKT-independent manner, and had no effect on cell proliferation or viability. One major polyphenol of the leaf extract was identified and may be an active compound. We have demonstrated for the first time that V. angustifolium leaf extract increases EVT migration and invasion in vitro, thus further investigations examining potential therapeutic applications of this extract in the context of placenta-mediated diseases are warranted.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第22744号 / 医博第4662号 / 新制||医||1046(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 髙折 晃史, 教授 竹内 理, 教授 近藤 玄 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

No description available.

A placenta é um anexo embrionário que tem atraído grande interesse como fonte de células-tronco para medicina regenerativa, devido à plasticidade fenotípica de alguns dentre os vários tipos celulares isolados a partir deste tecido. Apesar de terem a mesma origem, não fazem parte do embrião, portanto o uso da placenta como fonte de células embrionárias não provoca debates éticos. Uma característica que vale a pena mencionar, é que a placenta está envolvida na manutenção da tolerância do feto pelo organismo materno, pois contém células que apresentam propriedades imunomoduladoras. Por fim, o tecido placentário é disponibilizado após o parto e é geralmente descartado. Estas características tornam esse tecido de grande interesse para protocolos de terapia celular, tanto que tem surgido bancos de célulatronco de placenta humana. Alguns trabalhos demonstraram plasticidade de células extraídas da placenta, porém existe ainda a necessidade de se definir melhor a região de coleta e os métodos de extração e isolamento dessas células. Nosso grupo estabeleceu a cultura de células derivadas da região do trofoblasto extraviloso (TEV) de placenta humana a termo, que são as células responsáveis pelos mecanismos de imunotolerância materno-fetal. As células TEV apresentam os marcadores de pluripotencia Oct-4 e Nanog, e, portanto, podem reter mesmo extraídas da placenta a termo, alguma plasticidade celular, caracterizando-as como células-tronco. Entretanto, nossa experiência no cultivo destas células mostrou que existem limitações relacionadas ao tempo de cultivo celular e capacidade de proliferação das TEV, que certamente fornece argumentos sólidos para limitar o seu uso em protocolos de terapia celular em medicina regenerativa. / The placenta is attached embryo that has attracted great interest as a source of stem cells for regenerative medicine due to phenotypic plasticity of some of the various cell types isolated from this tissue. Despite having the same origin, they are not part of the embryo, so the use of placenta as a source of embryonic cells does not provoke ethical debates. A feature worth mentioning is that the placenta is involved in maintaining tolerance of the fetus by the mother, because it contains cells that have immunomodulatory properties. Finally, the placental tissue is present after birth and is usually discarded. These characteristics make this fabric of great interest for cell therapy protocols, which has emerged both banks of stem cells from human placenta. Some studies have demonstrated plasticity of cells extracted from the placenta, but there is still a need to better define the catchment area and the methods of extraction and isolation of these cells. Our group has established a culture of cells derived from the extravillous trophoblast region (TEV) from human placenta at term, which are the cells responsible for the mechanisms of maternalfetal immunotolerance. TEV cells have the pluripotency markers Oct-4 and Nanog, and therefore can retain, even extracted from the placenta at term, some cellular plasticity, characterizing them as stem cells. However, our experience in growing these cells showed that there are limitations related to the time of cell culture and proliferation capacity, which certainly provides strong arguments for limiting their use in cell therapy protocols in regenerative medicine.

A placenta é um anexo embrionário que tem atraído grande interesse como fonte de células-tronco para medicina regenerativa, devido à plasticidade fenotípica de alguns dentre os vários tipos celulares isolados a partir deste tecido. Apesar de terem a mesma origem, não fazem parte do embrião, portanto o uso da placenta como fonte de células embrionárias não provoca debates éticos. Uma característica que vale a pena mencionar, é que a placenta está envolvida na manutenção da tolerância do feto pelo organismo materno, pois contém células que apresentam propriedades imunomoduladoras. Por fim, o tecido placentário é disponibilizado após o parto e é geralmente descartado. Estas características tornam esse tecido de grande interesse para protocolos de terapia celular, tanto que tem surgido bancos de célulatronco de placenta humana. Alguns trabalhos demonstraram plasticidade de células extraídas da placenta, porém existe ainda a necessidade de se definir melhor a região de coleta e os métodos de extração e isolamento dessas células. Nosso grupo estabeleceu a cultura de células derivadas da região do trofoblasto extraviloso (TEV) de placenta humana a termo, que são as células responsáveis pelos mecanismos de imunotolerância materno-fetal. As células TEV apresentam os marcadores de pluripotencia Oct-4 e Nanog, e, portanto, podem reter mesmo extraídas da placenta a termo, alguma plasticidade celular, caracterizando-as como células-tronco. Entretanto, nossa experiência no cultivo destas células mostrou que existem limitações relacionadas ao tempo de cultivo celular e capacidade de proliferação das TEV, que certamente fornece argumentos sólidos para limitar o seu uso em protocolos de terapia celular em medicina regenerativa. / The placenta is attached embryo that has attracted great interest as a source of stem cells for regenerative medicine due to phenotypic plasticity of some of the various cell types isolated from this tissue. Despite having the same origin, they are not part of the embryo, so the use of placenta as a source of embryonic cells does not provoke ethical debates. A feature worth mentioning is that the placenta is involved in maintaining tolerance of the fetus by the mother, because it contains cells that have immunomodulatory properties. Finally, the placental tissue is present after birth and is usually discarded. These characteristics make this fabric of great interest for cell therapy protocols, which has emerged both banks of stem cells from human placenta. Some studies have demonstrated plasticity of cells extracted from the placenta, but there is still a need to better define the catchment area and the methods of extraction and isolation of these cells. Our group has established a culture of cells derived from the extravillous trophoblast region (TEV) from human placenta at term, which are the cells responsible for the mechanisms of maternalfetal immunotolerance. TEV cells have the pluripotency markers Oct-4 and Nanog, and therefore can retain, even extracted from the placenta at term, some cellular plasticity, characterizing them as stem cells. However, our experience in growing these cells showed that there are limitations related to the time of cell culture and proliferation capacity, which certainly provides strong arguments for limiting their use in cell therapy protocols in regenerative medicine.

Spiral-artery (SA) remodeling is a fundamental process during pregnancy that involves the action of cells of the initial vessel, such as vascular smooth-muscle cells (VSMCs) and endothelial cells, but also maternal immune cells and fetal extravillous trophoblast cells (EVTs). Mast cells (MCs), and specifically chymase-expressing cells, have been identified as key to a sufficient SA remodeling process in vivo. However, the mechanisms are still unclear. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of the MC line HMC-1 and recombinant human chymase (rhuCMA1) on human primary uterine vascular smooth-muscle cells (HUtSMCs), a human trophoblast cell line (HTR8/SV-neo), and human umbilical-vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in vitro. Both HMC-1 and rhuCMA1 stimulated migration, proliferation, and changed protein expression in HUtSMCs. HMC-1 increased proliferation, migration, and changed gene expression of HTR8/SVneo cells, while rhuCMA treatment led to increased migration and decreased expression of tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases. Additionally, rhuCMA1 enhanced endothelial-cell-tube formation. Collectively, we identified possible mechanisms by which MCs/rhuCMA1 promote SA remodeling. Our findings are relevant to the understanding of this crucial step in pregnancy and thus of the dysregulated pathways that can lead to pregnancy complications such as fetal growth restriction and preeclampsia.

Le placenta humain est un organe indispensable au maintien de la grossesse et au développement foetal. Son unité structurale et fonctionnelle est la villosité choriale constituée principalement de trophoblastes qui se différencient selon la voie villeuse endocrine ou extravilleuse invasive. Ces deux populations trophoblastiques sécrètent de l'hormone chorionique gonadotrope humaine (hCG), hormone indispensable à la grossesse. C'est une glycoprotéine constituée de deux sous-unités: la sous-unité alpha commune avec la LH, FSH et la TSH et la sous-unité beta, spécifique à chaque hormone, codée par un cluster de gênes regroupés en type I (gêne beta 7) et type II (gênes beta 3, 5 et 8). L'hCG est sécrétée dans le compartiment maternel où elle joue un rôle endocrine essentiel au maintien de la grossesse en stimulant la production de progestérone par l'ovaire. L'hCG joue également un rôle localement en stimulant la différenciation de chaque type de trophoblaste. Elle présente, dans le sang maternel, un pic de sécrétion à 10-12 semaines d'aménorrhée (SA), période ou le statut oxydatif placentaire change. En effet, les bouchons trophoblastiques obstruant la lumière des artères spiralées utérines se délitent à cette période, permettant l'entrée progressive du sang maternel dans la chambre intervilleuse. La pression en oxygène augmente de 18 mm/Hg (8-9 SA, 1er trimestre précoce) à 60 mm/Hg (12-14 SA, 1er trimestre tardif). Dans mon travail de thèse, j'ai cherché à mettre en évidence in situ et in vitro l'impact de ce changement de statut oxydatif sur la différenciation des trophoblastes villeux du 1er trimestre, et plus particulièrement sur l'expression des hCG beta de type I et de type II. J'ai ainsi mis en évidence que les trophoblastes villeux mononucléés du 1er trimestre précoce sécrétaient plus d'hCG beta de type I et II, fusionnaient plus rapidement et exprimaient un panel de facteurs de transcription différents par rapport aux trophoblastes villeux du 1er trimestre tardif. Dans un deuxième temps, j'ai comparé in vitro l'expression et la régulation des deux types d'hCG beta entre les trophoblastes villeux et extravilleux. J'ai montré que: 1) les trophoblastes villeux expriment plus d'hCG beta de type I et II que les trophoblastes extravilleux, 2) dans les deux cas l'hCG beta de type II est majoritaire et 3) PPAR gamma régule de façon opposée ces deux types d'hCG entre les trophoblastes villeux et extravilleux. Enfin j'ai mis en évidence que l'expression de ces deux types d'hCG était dérégulée dans la pré-éclampsie et le RCIU. L'étude des mécanismes impliqués dans la régulation des gênes codants pour l'hCG représente un enjeu important pour la compréhension de la différenciation du trophoblaste humain, du développement précoce du placenta et des pathologies de la grossesse. / The human placenta is an essential organ to maintain pregnancy and for foetal growth. Its structural and functional unit is the chorionic villous, which is mainly composed of cytotrophoblasts that follow two differentiation pathways: the endocrine villous and the invasive extravillous trophoblasts. These two trophoblastic subtypes secrete the human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (hCG), an essential hormone for trophoblast differentiation, placental development and pregnancy. hCG is a glycoprotein composed of two subunits: the alpha subunit, which is common to LH, FSH and TSH, and the beta subunit that confers hormone specificity. A gene cluster encodes the beta subunit, type I (CGB7) and type II (CGB3, 5 and 8), that code for two different proteins. hCG is detected in the maternal blood from the first week of pregnancy, with a peak level at 10-12 weeks of gestation (WG). During the first trimester the oxygen concentration in the intervillous space changes from about 2% (prior to 10 WG) to approximately 6-8% (after 12 WG) due to development of blood flow to the placenta. During my PhD work, I studied in situ and in vitro the impact of these different environments during the first trimester on villous cytotrophoblast differentiation, and more specifically on the type I and type II beta hCG gene expression. I showed that type I and type II beta hCG are more expressed in early first trimester cytotrophoblasts and that these cells exibit more fusion features and express a different panel of transcription factors compare to cells from late first trimester. In the second part of my work, I compared the expression and the regulation in vitro of the two types of beta hCG between villous and extravillous cytotrophoblasts. I demonstrated: 1) villous trophoblast express more type I and type II beta hCG compared to the extravillous trophoblast, 2) in both case type II hCG beta is the major form of beta hCG and 3) PPAR gamma differentially regulates type I and type II beta hCG expression in villous and extravillous trophoblasts. Lastly I showed that the expression of type I and type II beta hCG is deregulated in pre-eclampsia and FGR. The study of the mechanisms involved in hCG regulation represents an important issue for the understanding of human trophoblast differenciation and pregnancy pathophysiology.