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Studying Journal Articles under Time PressureMeschino, Lisa January 2011 (has links)
The purpose of this dissertation is to understand how students distribute their attention while reading academic journal articles under time pressure. Given that most of the reading done in university is commonly time-sensitive and task-dependent, this dissertation explores how students actually shift their attention across the discrete sections of a journal article in the available time to identify and extract task-relevant information. Addressing gaps in the literature, the experiments in this dissertation observe the impact of the following three factors on strategic shifts in attention during study: (1) varied time conditions; (2) the presence/absence of summary information; and (3) the experience of the reader in terms of education level.
The experimental methods used in this series of studies are consistent across all three chapters. Participants are given two 5-page academic journal articles to read on cognitive psychology for an impending test. Participants’ eye movement data are analyzed for the total adjusted viewing time the eyes spend in each section of the article, i.e., viewing time in each section was divided by the number of words in each section.
The experiments in Chapter 2 examine overt attention when studying with and without a time constraint. Participants were given either 2 minutes of study time or unlimited study time. Analyses of the eye movement data reveal a reduced reading effect both when study time is restricted and unlimited. Specifically, the results showed that as time progresses, participants tend to read less and skim more, with the largest amount of adjusted time being spent on the Abstract. Chapter 3 examines further the apparent importance of the Abstract when reading under time constraint. It investigates whether people allocate more attention to the Abstract relative to other sections of the journal article based on its position or its summary content. Also, Chapter 3 explores whether the presence of an Abstract impacts what people read next in the article. Participants are given a limited time in which to read one of two versions of the articles to read, one version with an Abstract, the other without. The findings show that position, rather than summary content, seems to explain the amount of adjusted viewing time on the Abstract. Additionally, the summary information contained in an Abstract impacts what people read next in the article. Chapter 4 examines the extent to which participants’ education level impacts their use of a skimming strategy for studying. Here, participants form three different groups based on their year of study: graduates, senior undergraduates (3rd and 4th year), and junior undergraduates (1st and 2nd year). Overall, the results suggest that, when studying journal articles under time pressure, skimming behaviour changes from a primarily linear-skimming strategy (reading from beginning to end) to a more targeted-skimming strategy with increased education level. Finally, in the General Discussion in Chapter 5, a summary of the findings of this dissertation is considered in light of the literature on complex factors that impact attention and information-gain. The chapter also outlines hypotheses for future testing of overt attention while reading journal articles under time pressure.
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An Experimental Evaluation of the Relationship Between In-Vivo Stimuli and Attentional Bias to Smoking and Food Cues Among Female SmokersCorrea, John Bernard 01 January 2015 (has links)
Background: Cross-sectional and experimental research has shown that female smokers more frequently report using cigarettes to control negative affect, manage dietary restraint, and suppress body image dissatisfaction. However, there has been little research to identify cognitive mechanisms that may underlie these effects. Cross-stimulus attentional bias is one such mechanism.
Aims and Hypotheses: We hypothesized that, when compared to neutral stimuli, in-vivo appetitive stimuli would enhance motivation to obtain a particular substance. More specifically, in-vivo smoking stimuli would increase attentional bias to smoking-related pictorial cues, whereas in-vivo food stimuli would increase attention to smoking-related and food-related pictorial cues. We also hypothesized that environmental tobacco smoke exposure history, negative affect, dietary restraint, body image dissatisfaction, and perceived appetite suppression of smoking would influence these attentional biases, such that higher levels of these characteristics would produce greater attentional biases.
Method: Thirty-five female smokers were exposed to visual stimuli containing two independent pictorial cues: smoking/neutral, smoking/food, neutral/food, or neutral/neutral. Twenty images were presented in 3 counter-balanced, within-subjects sets differentiated by smoking (cigarette pack), food (snack) and neutral (jewelry) in-vivo stimuli. Attentional bias was measured using eye-tracking technology. Dietary restraint, body image dissatisfaction, negative affect, and environmental tobacco smoke exposure were assessed with self-report measures before the manipulations.
Results: Effects counter to the hypotheses were observed, as in-vivo cigarettes and snack foods did not cause participants to differentially attend to pictorial smoking or food stimuli. Initial and maintained attention to smoking pictorial cues was greater than attention to food and neutral cues only when participants were administered a non-appetitive in-vivo stimulus. None of the theoretically hypothesized personality characteristics served as predictors or moderators of attentional bias.
Discussion: Findings with the neutral in-vivo stimulus replicate and extend previous research identifying attentional bias for smoking cues among smokers. Results also enhance understanding of how attentional bias may change when smokers encounter other types of appetitive stimuli. These findings encourage further theoretical and clinical exploration of how the relationship between motivation and attentional bias can be conceptualized and translated from the laboratory to the natural environment.
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From vision to drawn metaphor : an artistic investigation into the relationship between eye-tracking and drawingBaker, Catherine January 2012 (has links)
At its most essential drawing consists of the making of marks on a surface, however such an interpretation does not necessarily reflect the diverse practice of artists whose work seeks to challenge the conventions of drawing and establish new boundaries. This abstract documents a practice involving a new consideration for drawing which focuses on the active process of drawing as a physical and perceptual encounter. It proposes that eye movements and their associated cognitive processing can be considered as a drawing generating process. It does not seek to undermine the conventional three-way process of drawing involving eye, hand and brain but presents ideas which push against the established boundaries for drawing practice and has investigated new ways of making and new ways of considering the practice of drawing as a phenomenological contemplation. The proposition for drawing presented in this document, has been developed through a practice-led enquiry over the last eight years and involves using scientific methodologies found within the area of Active Vision. By examining artworks produced within the early part of the period of time defined within this thesis, emergent ideas relating to the act of making in-situ drawings and the recollection of such experiences brought about a series of questions regarding the process of generating a drawing. As the practice developed, using data obtained from different eye-tracking experiments, the author has explored the possibilities for drawing through using scientific methods of tracking the act of looking to investigate the relationship between the observer and the observer entity. Using the relationship between the drawn mark and visual responses to it as the basis for a practice-led period of research, this thesis presents the notion that by using technologies designed for other disciplines artists can explore the potential for drawing beyond the conventions cited above. Through the use of eye-tracking data the artist and author seeks to firmly establish the use of this scientific methodology within an artistic framework. It is a framework that responds to new ways of thinking about spatiality and the relations between sight and thought, taking into account the value of experience within the production of art; how the physical act itself becomes the manifestation of a process of drawing, understanding and knowledge of the world around us.
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Algorithm Design for Driver Attention MonitoringSjöblom, Olle January 2015 (has links)
The concept driver distraction is diffuse and no clear definition exists, which causes troubles when it comes to driver attention monitoring. This thesis takes an approach where eyetracking data from experienced drivers along with radar data has been used and analysed in an attempt to set up adaptive rules of how and how often the driver needs to attend to different objects in its surroundings, which circumvents the issue of not having a clear definition of driver distraction. In order to do this, a target tracking algorithm has been implemented that refines the output from the radar, subsequently used together with the eye-tracking data to in a statistical manner, in the long term, try to answer the question for how long is the driver allowed to look away in different driving scenarios? The thesis presents a proof of concept of this approach, and the results look promising.
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SILENT, ORAL, L1, L2, FRENCH AND ENGLISH READING THROUGH EYE MOVEMENTS AND MISCUESO'Brien de Ramirez, Kathleen January 2008 (has links)
During 24 silent and oral readings of Guy de Maupassant and Arthur C. Clarke short stories (1294 and 1516 words) by proficient multilinguals, movement of the left eye was tracked and utterances were recorded. Three hypotheses investigate universality in the reading process: reading in English is similar in reading speed, miscues, and eye movements to reading in French (chapter 4); reading in a first, or native language (L1), is similar in reading speed, miscues, and eye movements to reading in a second, or later acquired, language (L2) (chapter 5); silent reading is similar to oral reading in reading speed and eye movements (chapter 6). Hypothesis are partially confirmed; implications are drawn for teaching and research.Silent reading is consistently faster than oral reading, with a mean difference of 28.7%. Reading speed is similar in English and French, but interacts differently with language experience: L2 readers of English read 50% slower than L1 readers, while in French, L2 readers read 13% faster.Retelling scores demonstrate a slight comprehension advantage for oral reading over silent, a wider range after oral than after silent, L1 readers having a slight advantage over L2 readers, and improved scores after second readings. Proscribing rereading to increase oral accuracy may disadvantage some readers: Second oral readings in English (but not in French) produced more miscues than first oral readings. This requires further study with tightly controlled groups. Overall, English readings produced 36% more miscues than French readings.Mean fixation durations are slightly longer during silent than oral reading, and show little variation between English and French reading. Wide variation in reading speed (L1/L2, silent/oral) is not reflected in mean eye fixation durations, although language dominance show an effect in French, where fixations during L1 readings are 18.6% shorter than during L2 readings.Individual variation is a factor. Emotional affect, poetic style, construction of syntax, and attention to metaphor are all observed in this EMMA data. Future analysis of this database may look at anaphoric relations, metaphor, how texts teach; and how readers develop narrative, verb phases, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic relations in complete textual discourse.
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RESILIENCE AND ATTENTIONAL BIASES: WHAT YOU SEE MAY BE WHAT YOU GETValcheff, Danielle 17 March 2014 (has links)
Research suggests that, during stress, resilient individuals use positive emotion regulation
strategies and experience a greater number of positive emotions than those who are less resilient.
Therefore, differences could be expected in attentional biases towards emotional stimuli based
on resilience. The current study investigated attentional biases towards neutral, negative and
positive images in response to varying levels of resilence and mood induction conditions
(neutral, negative and positive). Sixty participants viewed a series of pre and post-mood
induction slides in order to measure attentional biases to emotional stimuli. The study provided
evidence for the presence of trait and state congruent attentional biases. More resilient
individuals demonstrated an initial bias towards positive stimuli and once emotion was aroused,
the bias was away from negative stimuli. Additionally, mood congruent attentional biases were
observed for participants induced into positive and negative mood states. Implications as they
apply to research and clinical practice are discussed.
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Conditional Probability in Visual SearchCort, Bryan January 2013 (has links)
I investigated the effects of probability on visual search. Previous work has shown that people can utilize spatial and sequential probability information to improve their performance on visual attention tasks. My task was a simple visual search in which the target was always present among a field of distractors, and could take one of two colors. The absolute probability of the target being either color was 0.5; however, the conditional probability – the likelihood of a particular color given a particular cue combination – varied from 0.1 to 0.9. I found that participants searched more efficiently for high conditional probability targets and less efficiently for low conditional probability targets. This modulation of efficiency was reduced or abolished when participants were not explicitly informed of the cue-target relationships. After establishing this effect, I investigated its mechanism using eye tracking methods. Early in trials, participants fixated preferentially, but not exclusively, on areas of the screen which contained predominantly stimuli of the color to which they had been cued. As the trial progressed, this color bias shifted to the target color. I conclude that search efficiency is modulated by the conditional probability of target features and that this is a top-down process that benefits from explicit knowledge of the probabilistic relationship between cues and targets, and that the modulation is a result of more efficient eye movements towards stimuli with a greater probability of being the target of search.
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Examining the Link between Framed Physical Activity Messages and Behaviour: An Application of the Communication Behaviour Change ModelBERENBAUM, ERIN 08 September 2012 (has links)
Physical inactivity is a national issue affecting more than half of all Canadian adults (Colley et al., 2011). Health messaging, including message framing, has been a popular medium for encouraging individuals to adopt recommended health behaviours such as physical activity. Previous research has demonstrated that gain-framed messages, which emphasize the benefits of a behaviour, are more effective at promoting physical activity (PA) than loss-framed messages which emphasize the costs. However, the mechanism through which this facilitating effect occurs is unclear. The current study examined the effects of message framing on attention, attitudes, recall, decision to be active and behaviour as well as the mediating effects of these variables on the frame-behaviour relationship in accordance with the communication behaviour change (CBC) model (McGuire, 1989). Sixty moderately active women, aged 18-35 viewed 20 gain- or loss- framed ads and 5 control ads while their eye movements were recorded via eye tracking. Attitudes towards PA, message recall, decision to become active and PA behaviour during an acute bout of exercise were measured immediately following ad exposure. Self-reported PA was measured one week later. Univariate ANOVAs, ANCOVAs and logistic regressions were conducted to examine the effects of message framing on each level of the CBC model. The gain-framed ads attracted greater attention, ps<0.05, produced more positive attitudes, p = .06, were better recalled, p < .001, influenced decisions to be active, p = .07, and had an immediate and delayed impact on behaviour, ps < .05, compared to the loss-framed messages. However, mediation analyses failed to reveal any significant effects suggesting that alternate mechanisms may be influencing framing effects on behaviour. This study demonstrates the effects of framed messages on several novel outcomes; however the mechanisms underlying these effects remain unclear. / Thesis (Master, Kinesiology & Health Studies) -- Queen's University, 2012-09-08 16:50:51.877
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An Experimental Investigation of Complexity-Based OrderingTeddiman, Laura G. H. Unknown Date
No description available.
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Visual Attention to Reproductively Relevant Stimuli: The Role of Sex-Linked Biological and Social FactorsCharles, Nora 2011 December 1900 (has links)
Research examining interest in stimuli associated with evolved reproductive motivations has demonstrated sex differences in preferences for potential mates and infants, as well as traits and states associated with increased attention to same-sex rivals. Manipulations of reproductive motivations (e.g., mate searching) have also been shown to affect visual attention to these types of stimuli. Most of this work has focused on physical attractiveness in adult targets, which evolutionary theories of mate preferences suggest is less important than social status for women's mate selection, and no research to date has measured patterns of visual attention to infants. Additionally, the stimuli used in past research tend to have low ecological validity and it is not known whether the preferences displayed generalize to the perception of more realistic stimuli. Finally, the potential effects of circulating testosterone on attention to reproductively relevant stimuli have been studied only in very limited ways in men. In the current project, participants self-reported personality traits and characteristics associated with relationships and sexuality, provided samples for analysis of circulating testosterone, were selected to undergo either a jealousy inducing or anxiety-inducing priming task, and were shown low and high ecological validity stimuli displaying reproductively relevant figures. Major findings include more similarity between the sexes than is usually assumed and weaker preferences for potential mates with high mate value in high ecological validity scenes than low ecological validity scenes. Suggestions for future research include applying the theory of strategic pluralism to within-person variability in attention to reproductively relevant stimuli.
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