Šiame tyrime buvo tiriama trikdžio įtaka sakadiniams akių judesiams. Eksperimentų serijoje, tiriamieji sekė taikinį, kai kartu su taikiniu atsirasdavo ir trikdis. Trikdis atsirasdavo arčiau taikinio per vidurį kelio arba arčiau fiksacijos taško. Visi trikdžiai buvo ant trajektorijos nuo fiksacijos iki taikinio. Taip pat trikdžių atsiradimo laikas skirdavosi. Siekiamieji akių judesiai buvo paveikti trikdžių. Rezultatai parodė kad trikdis labiau įtakoja horizontalius akies judesius ir kad akių judesiai buvo labiau paveikti kai trikdis buvo per vidurį trajektorijos iki taikinio. / In this research distracter influence for saccadic eye movements was studied. In a series of experiments, participants reached to targets in the presence of visual distracters that were either adjacent to the target or either adjacent to the fixation point. Distracters were located through the reach path. The distracters were presented at different times too. The reaching eye movements were affected by the presence of the distracters The results showed that the distracters affects more horizontal eye movements. And the eyes movements are more affected when distracters were in a middle of path to the target.

The human’s ability to see, listen and speak is naturally embedded in how we interact and communicate with each other, but not only do we interact with other humans, we also spend a lot of time interacting with computers. In our study we take a starting point in embodied interaction and draw on people’s abilities from everyday life and apply them to computation in form of eye-tracking and speech recognition. Previous research mainly explored these inputs separately and little has been discovered regarding the combination. We applied a qualitative approach consisting of free surfs, task based evaluations and ten interviews, and we aimed for an understanding of how people perceive this interaction and to discover potential use contexts. The results indicate that people are positive towards the combination of eye-tracking and speech recognition for interacting with computers but found it hard to imagine a rich set of contexts in which it could be used.

Aim: The aim of the thesis was to investigate the impact of gaze-based assistive technology on daily activities in children with severe physical impairments and without speech. The objectives were to develop and pilot a gaze-based assistive technology intervention (GAT intervention) at home and in school for these children and to understand its impact on daily activities as experienced by their parents. Methods: Study I was a pilot study in which the basic components that were developed for the intervention were evaluated for students with physical impairments. The study aimed at improving the use of computers as assistive technology (AT) in school. Based on the findings in Study I, the GAT intervention was developed. The GAT intervention aimed at implementing gaze-based AT in daily activities. It consisted of two parts; having access to gaze-based AT and having access to services from a multi professional communication team during nine to ten months. Studies II-IV concerned gazebased AT for children with severe physical impairments without speech who participated in the GAT intervention. The participants were ten children (ages 1-15) (Studies II, III), and their parents (Study IV). Studies II and III had longitudinal designs and children were followed during 15-20 months with repeated measurements before, after and at follow-up. In Study II children’s repertoire of computer activities, extent of use, and goal attainment with gaze-based AT was evaluated, as well as parents’ satisfaction with the AT and with services. In Study III children’s eye gaze performance when using gaze-based AT was examined. In Study IV, parents were interviewed twice with the aim of  exploring their experiences of children’s gaze-based AT use in daily life. In Study IV a hermeneutical approach was used. Results: The findings of Study I showed that the basic components of intervention improved the use of computers in school. Study II showed an increased repertoire of computer activities with the gazebased AT, maintained use in daily activities for all at follow up, and that all children attained goals for gaze-based AT use in daily activities. Parents were satisfied with the gaze-based AT, and with the services in the GAT intervention. In study III, nine children improved in eye gaze performance over time when using the gaze-based AT in daily activities. Study IV revealed that children’s gaze-based AT usage in daily activities made a difference to parents since the children demonstrated agency, and showed their personality and competencies by using gaze-based AT, and for the parents this opened up infinite possibilities for the child to do and learn things. Overall, children’s gaze-based AT usage provided parents with hope of a future in which their children could develop and have influence in life. Conclusions: This thesis shows that these children with severe physical impairments and without speech acquired sufficient gaze control skills to use gaze-based AT for daily activities in the home and at school. The gaze-based AT had a positive impact on performing activities, for example, play activities and communication- and interaction-related activities. For the parents, children’s gaze-based AT usage made a difference since it shaped a hope of a better future for their children, where they can develop and gain influence in their future life. Furthermore, the children continued to perform daily activities with gaze-based AT over time. This finding suggests that key persons were provided with sufficient knowledge and skills to support children in maintained use of gaze-based AT after withdrawal of the services provided in the GAT intervention.

No description available.

A link between eye movement mechanics and the mental processing associated with text reading has been established in the past. The pausing of an eye gaze on a specific word within a sentence reflects correctness or fluency of a translated text. A cognitive translation system has been built employing a single, inexpensive web camera without the use of infrared illumination. It was shown that the system translates the text, detects rarely occurring and out-of-context words from eye gaze information, and provides solutions in real time while the user is still reading. The solutions are in form of a translation, definition or synonym for the word in question. The only effort required is that of reading.

This thesis presents a novel system that estimates the point-of-gaze (where a person is looking at) remotely while allowing for free head movements and minimizing personal calibration requirements. The point-of-gaze is estimated from the pupil and corneal reflections (virtual images of infrared light sources that are formed by reflection on the front corneal surface, which acts as a convex mirror) extracted from eye images captured by video cameras. Based on the laws of geometrical optics, a detailed general mathematical model for point-of-gaze estimation using the pupil and corneal reflections is developed. Using this model, the full range of possible system configurations (from one camera and one light source to multiple cameras and light sources) is analyzed. This analysis shows that two cameras and two light sources is the simplest system configuration that can be used to reconstruct the optic axis of the eye in 3-D space, and therefore measure eye movements, without the need for personal calibration. To estimate the point-of-gaze, a simple single-point personal calibration procedure is needed. The performance of the point-of-gaze estimation depends on the geometrical arrangement of the cameras and light sources and the method used to reconstruct the optic axis of the eye. Using a comprehensive simulation framework developed from the mathematical model, the performance of several gaze estimation methods of varied complexity is investigated for different geometrical system setups in the presence of noise in the extracted eye features, deviation of the corneal shape from the ideal spherical shape and errors in system parameters. The results of this investigation indicate the method(s) and geometrical setup(s) that are optimal for different sets of conditions, thereby providing guidelines for system implementation. Experimental results with adults, obtained with a system that follows those guidelines, exhibit RMS point-of-gaze estimation errors of 0.4-0.6º of visual angle (comparable to the best commercially available systems, which require multiple-point personal calibration procedures). Preliminary results with infants demonstrate the ability of the proposed system to record infants' visual scanning patterns, enabling applications that are very difficult or impossible to carry out with previously existing technologies (e.g., study of infants' visual and oculomotor systems).

This thesis presents a novel system that estimates the point-of-gaze (where a person is looking at) remotely while allowing for free head movements and minimizing personal calibration requirements. The point-of-gaze is estimated from the pupil and corneal reflections (virtual images of infrared light sources that are formed by reflection on the front corneal surface, which acts as a convex mirror) extracted from eye images captured by video cameras. Based on the laws of geometrical optics, a detailed general mathematical model for point-of-gaze estimation using the pupil and corneal reflections is developed. Using this model, the full range of possible system configurations (from one camera and one light source to multiple cameras and light sources) is analyzed. This analysis shows that two cameras and two light sources is the simplest system configuration that can be used to reconstruct the optic axis of the eye in 3-D space, and therefore measure eye movements, without the need for personal calibration. To estimate the point-of-gaze, a simple single-point personal calibration procedure is needed. The performance of the point-of-gaze estimation depends on the geometrical arrangement of the cameras and light sources and the method used to reconstruct the optic axis of the eye. Using a comprehensive simulation framework developed from the mathematical model, the performance of several gaze estimation methods of varied complexity is investigated for different geometrical system setups in the presence of noise in the extracted eye features, deviation of the corneal shape from the ideal spherical shape and errors in system parameters. The results of this investigation indicate the method(s) and geometrical setup(s) that are optimal for different sets of conditions, thereby providing guidelines for system implementation. Experimental results with adults, obtained with a system that follows those guidelines, exhibit RMS point-of-gaze estimation errors of 0.4-0.6º of visual angle (comparable to the best commercially available systems, which require multiple-point personal calibration procedures). Preliminary results with infants demonstrate the ability of the proposed system to record infants' visual scanning patterns, enabling applications that are very difficult or impossible to carry out with previously existing technologies (e.g., study of infants' visual and oculomotor systems).

This thesis deals with the eye gaze tracking and determining the direction and the place of the view. The overview of methods for determining the view direction is provided here. The direct 3D gaze estimation technique is proposed and implemented. The eye gaze can be estimated by using a single camera and under nature head movement. This paper describes the algorithms for the image processing and the image description. The center of the pupil is determined by the genetic algorithm for the ellipse detection. The procedures of the instrumentation calibration are proposed here as well. The work also addresses the issue of the determining the eye location. Finally, the comparison of the accuracy with similar projects is mentioned in my thesis.

近年の運輸技術や情報技術の発達により，第二言語での会話の機会が急激に増加している．会話者の言語運用能力に差がある第二言語会話では，円滑なコミュニケーションを行うことは困難であることが示唆されている．本論文は，第二言語による三人会話において非言語情報が円滑な会話成立に与える影響について，発話者の視線動作が母語会話と比べて円滑な話者交替に有意に強く影響を与えることを明らかにした．聞き手の視線動作については，次発話者となる聞き手の長い発話者への注視が，もう一方の聞き手の発話者への注視を促す共同注視が起きている可能性が高く，発話者の注視の影響が強い第二言語会話では，その傾向がより顕著にみられることが明らかになった．以上のことから，第二言語会話において，非言語情報である視線動作は，円滑な話者交替に強く寄与する可能性が高いことがわかった． / 博士(工学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

The aim of this thesis is to study the Impact of the Digital Education on student understanding using the advanced Eye gaze tracking. The goal of the thesis is to deep dive and understand the student preferences and their understandability on the digital Education content. Along with the understandability, we will be focusing on the concentration levels