Cette thèse a pour objectif de décrire et d’analyser le rôle de la prosodie dans la structuration de l’énoncé en mooré (langue à ton parlée au Burkina Faso).Le problème majeur que je tente de résoudre dans ce travail est celui de la réalisation de l’intonation indicatrice de la structure prosodique dans les langues tonales. En d’autres termes, comment l’intonation se réalise-t-elle en mooré, une langue où le ton qui utilise les mêmes paramètres acoustiques doit garder son rôle phonologique ? Les explications détaillées du rôle et de la réalisation du ton et de l’intonation me permettent de déterminer une structure prosodique qui peut rendre compte de l’organisation du mooré parlé. D'un point de vue méthodologique, je m'inspire de la théorie de l'intonation de P. Martin, (2009, 2013, 2015), étant consciente qu’une certaine adaptation est nécessaire du fait de la nature de la langue étudiée.Cette thèse comporte deux parties : dans la première partie, je propose une définition des principaux termes de l’analyse et une présentation du mooré ; dans la deuxième, je m’appuie sur des études expérimentales pour analyser les principaux problèmes.Je m'intéresse, dans un premier temps à la réalisation phonétique du ton. Cette étude m'a permis de confirmer que la hauteur relative des tons est le paramètre le plus important pour distinguer les différents types de tons en mooré.Ensuite, l’examen de la relation entre ton et intonation révèle que la réalisation des tons lexicaux est affectée par celle de l’intonation surtout au niveau des frontières prosodiques. De plus dans l’abaissement tonal (downstep ou downdrift), la réalisation des tons est assujettie à la règle tonale, mais le domaine de l’abaissement est délimité par les frontières prosodiques, lieux de manifestation l’intonation.Enfin, l’étude sur la structuration des énoncés dans la parole lue et spontanée montre, à partir de l’identification d’évènements prosodiques, que les indices acoustiques tels que : la durée des pauses, l’allongement des syllabes finales et les variations de la fréquence fondamentale (F0) accompagnent les frontières perçues. Dans la parole lue, le resetting de F0 au début des unités et les variations de durée des syllabes de frontières prosodiques constituent les principaux indices de démarcation. Dans la parole spontanée, les résultats montrent qu’il y a une relation d’échange entre la durée des syllabes de frontières et celle des pauses et qu’elle s’associe aux variations de F0 pour permettre la structuration des énoncés en mooré / This dissertation describes the role of prosody in the organization of oral speech in Moore (a tone language spoken in Burkina Faso). It investigates the realization of intonation as a sign of prosodic structure in an African tone language. The main problem dealt in this study is: how does intonation work in moore, a tone language in which tone has already an important phonological role?The aim of the analysis is to explain the realization of tone and intonation in order to identify a prosodic structure which will account for the prosodic organization in moore. The theoretical framework is based on P. Martin’s theory of intonation in romance languages (2009, 2013, and 2015). Of course amendments were necessary to adapt it to moore.This dissertation is made up of two sections; the first one is dedicated to defining some important notions of the study and presenting general characteristics of moore. In the second section, experiments were carried out to address the main issues.The phonetic realization of tone was first examined. This study confirms that the relative height of the pitch is the main acoustic parameter used to distinguish the two types of tones in moore.Then the analysis of the relation between tone and intonation reveals that the realization of tones is affected by intonation especially at prosodic boundaries. When downstep is applied, tonal rules determine the realization of tones. However, the domain of the downstep is also marked out by prosodic boundaries (place of the realization of intonation).Finally, based on the identification of prosodic events, the study of moore oral speech (both spontaneous and reading speech) organization shows that acoustic parameters such as: duration of pauses, final syllable lengthening and F0 variations are found with perceived boundaries. The analysis of reading speech reveals that F0 resetting and variations of boundary syllables duration are the major indices which mark the limits of prosodic phrases. In spontaneous speech, the results suggest the existence of a trading relationship between pauses duration and boundary syllables duration. Therefore, the prosodic organization of utterances in moore derives from the combination of F0 variations and the trading relationship.

Many of the 10 Central European candidate member countries for EU accession entered into the transition period with strongly undervalued exchange rates to stimulate exports and protect domestic industries. However, this policy was not maintained. During 1993-1995 real currency appreciation increased competitive pressure by foreign firms. To protect domestic firms governments applied high third country tariffs, temporary import taxes, and numerous administrative barriers to trade. As countervailing pressure by the EU and the USA increased and current account deficits soared in 1996 and 1997, the CE-10 more and more brought exchange rate policies in line with the changes in purchasing power parity. However, petty protection and harassment of importers prevails. (author's abstract) / Series: EI Working Papers / Europainstitut

The scalar mesons have caused much debate amongst hadronic physicists for many years. Even today the number of scalars is hotly contested, and there is almost no agreement on the composition of any of the experimentally observed states, except perhaps for the K*(_0) (1430). This thesis attempts to shed light on both of these problems via the application of analyticity to two different quantities. Recently a number of authors have proposed the existence of a light, strange, scalar meson known as the k. We perform a direct search of the best available πK scattering data to determine whether or not this resonance exists. This is done by constructing contour integrals from these data and determining the number of poles present inside the contour. We do not need to model either the internal dynamics of the state nor the form of the background scattering. The number of poles found tells us the number of resonances present and their positions allow us to estimate the resonance parameters. We find that there is only one resonance in scalar πK scattering below 1800 MeV and this is identified with the established K*(_0)(1430). We find no evidence for the k. Secondly, applying Cauchy's Theorem to the vacuum polarisation function leads to a relation between experimental and theoretical integrals known as a Finite Energy Sum Rule (FESR). FESRs are used to explore the scalar, isoscalar non-strange current and allow us to determine which of the experimentally observed scalar, isoscalar mesons is most likely to be the uũ + dd state. We find that the lightest scalar, isoscalar uũ dd state is not the fo(980) as suggested by some authors, but is rather the light, broad object known as the fo(400 - 1200). We are also able to estimate the average light quark mass and find m(_q)(l GeV(^2)) = 4.7 ± 0.9 MeV which is consistent with the recent estimates of this quantity from unquenched lattice QCD.

Le cofacteur F420 est un coenzyme d’oxydoréduction essentiel pour la méthanogenèse chez les archées, un processus qui influence fortement les interactions métaboliques au sein du microbiote intestinal ; en outre, il joue un rôle important dans la pathogénicité de la bactérie Mycobacterium tuberculosis. L’étude de sa biosynthèse présente donc un intérêt majeur en Biologie.La formation du chromophore du F420 est catalysée par la F0-synthase, qui contient, de façon unique, deux domaines caractéristiques des enzymes à radical SAM (rSAM). Ces enzymes catalysent le clivage de la S-adénosylméthionine (SAM) pour former un radical 5′ déoxyadénosyle, capable d’initier un grand nombre de réactions radicalaires.Nous avons réussi à identifier les substrats de la F0-synthase et à reconstituer la synthèse du F0 in vitro. Nous avons également démontré que cette enzyme contient deux centre [4Fe-4S] 2+/1+ rSAM fonctionnels et caractérisé les étapes de la synthèse du F0. Ceci nous a permis de proposer un mécanisme réactionnel pour la F0 synthase. Nous avons ensuite entrepris la comparaison de la F0 synthase avec les deux autres enzymes rSAM tyrosine lyases connues à ce jour : ThiH, impliquée dans la biosynthèse de la vitamine B1, et HydG, impliquée dans la biosynthèse du cofacteur métallique de l’hydrogénase à fer-fer. Nous avons ainsi découvert de nouveaux aspects de la réaction de clivage de la tyrosine par ces enzymes, permettant une meilleure compréhension de ce groupe émergent au sein de la superfamille des enzymes rSAM. / Cofactor F420 is a redox coenzyme crucial for methanogenesis in Archaea, a process which plays a major role in metabolic interactions in the gut microbiota ; It also constitutes a key pathogenicity factor for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Understanding the biosynthesis of this cofactor is thus of major interest.The biosynthesis of the chromophore of F420 is catalyzed by F0 synthase, which comprises, in a unique manner, two radical SAM (rSAM) domains. These enzymes catalyze the cleavage of S adenosylmethionine (SAM) to produce a 5′-deoxyadenosyl radical, which can initiate a broad range of radical reactions.We succeeded to identify the substrates of F0-synthase and to perform the biosynthesis of F0 in vitro. We ascertained that F0-synthase contains two functional [4Fe-4S]2+/1+ rSAM clusters, and characterized the steps of the reaction of F0 synthesis. Based on these date, we proposed a mechanism for the F0-synthase reaction. Furthermore, we compared F0 synthase with the two other radical SAM tyrosine lyases identified to date: ThiH, which is involved in vitamin B1 biosynthesis, and HydG, which is involved in the biosynthesis of the metal cofactor of iron-iron hydrogenases. We obtained novel insights of the reaction of tyrosine cleavage catalyzed by these enzymes, providing a better understanding of this emerging group in the rSAM enzyme superfamily.

No presente trabalho investigamos a relevância dos mediadores lipídicos (Leucotrienos) gerados pela enzima 5-Lipoxigenase (5-LO) na susceptibilidade ou resistência de camundongos ao Melanoma experimental com células tumorais B16-F0, utilizando como modelo camundongos produtores de leucotrienos (129_WT) e camundongos geneticamente deficientes \"knockout\" de 5-LO (129_5-LO KO). Primeiramente, verificamos que leucócitos peritoneais provenientes de animais WT implantados com melanoma B16-F0, apresentam aumento da expressão do gene para 5-LO (Alox5). Nossos resultados mostram que animais 5-LO KO, deficientes de 5-LO são mais eficientes no controle da progressão do tumor e apresentam significativo aumento na sobrevivência, quando comparados a animais WT, produtores de 5-LO. A nossa análise do perfil imunológico em células esplênicas indicam que a maior eficiência dos camundongos 5-LO KO no controle do crescimento de células tumorais B16-F0 estariam associados à presença numérica aumentada de neutrófilos (Gr-1+), células apresentadoras de antígeno (I-Ab+) majoritariamente CD19+CD80+ e esplenócitos capacitados para produção de altos níveis de citocinas pró-inflamatórias/efetoras como a IL-6, TNF?, IFN-? e baixos níveis de citocinas regulatórias como IL-10, 15 dias pós-implantação do tumor; a rápida geração da resposta imune polarizada para produção elevada de citocinas Th1 (IFN-?), mas não, citocinas Th2 (IL-10) e presença de maiores números de linfócitos T CD4+ e CD8+ efetoras, expressando o fenótipo CD44high ou CD44highCD62Llow. Ainda, verificamos que a deficiência genética da 5-LO ou a inibição da 5-LO pelo MK886 em células LAK, aumenta significativamente sua atividade citotóxica em células do melanoma B16-F0. Nossos resultados em conjunto, indicam que leucotrienos gerados pela enzima 5-LO, modulam negativamente a geração de resposta imune protetora em camundongos para o Melanoma B16-F0. / In the present work we examine the contribution of 5-lipoxigenase-derived lipid mediators during experimental melanoma (B16-F0) in 5-LO gene knockout (KO) mice and wild-type (WT) mice. The 5-LO KO mice presented delayed tumor growth, lesser tumor volume and delayed mortality. The greater resistance of 5-LO KO mice correlated with the following: High splenic Gr-1+ leukocytes counts, High and dominant presence of splenic IAb+CD19+CD80+ antigen-presenting cells counts and capacity of spleen cell to produce high levels of IL-6, TNF-?, IFN-? and lower levels of IL-10 early after tumor cells implantation; rapid T-cell polarization to secret high quantities of Th1 type cytokine IFN-? and low quantities of Th2 type cytokine IL-10; rapid generation and greater numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ activated T cells expressing CD45RB or CD44 markers; and also CD4+ and CD8+ CD44high or CD44highCD62Llow effector T cells. Herein, IL-2 induced splenic LAK cells from 5-LO KO mice, compared with splenic LAK cells from WT mice, were more efficient at killing B16-F0 melanoma cells. The increased B16-F0 melanoma cells killing activity were also found by treatment of splenic LAK cells from WT mice with a 5-LO activity inhibitor, MK886. Our findings suggest that 5-LO deficiency altered antigen-presenting cells profile, IFN-? and IL-10 production during skin cancer disease favoring the generation of protective immune responses and also provide evidence that 5-LO-derived LTs negatively affect the host survival during experimental B16-F0 melanoma.

Tal och röst styrs av komplicerade processer, där vitt skilda funktioner används i dess produktion och perception. Hur tal och röst uppfattas skiljer sig på flera sätt från den objektiva mätbara akustiska talsignalen. Grundtonens, F0’s, styrka och det man kallar talarformanten är två parametrar som påverkar hur rösten låter. Studien hade som syfte att undersöka om grundtonens styrka och med eller utan talarformant påverkar vilka stimuli otränade röstbedömare tycker bäst om. För att undersöka detta skapades ett syntetiskt /a/ efter formantfrekvenser för svenska vokaler (Fant, 1959), som varierades med utan eller med talarformant och med sju olika grundtonsstyrkor, totalt fjorton stimuli. Tolv kvinnor och åtta män, fick lyssna på /a/:na och skatta dem från det /a/ som de gillade mest till det /a/ som de gillade minst. Studiens frågeställningar bekräftades, variationer av grundtonens styrka och med eller utan talarformant påverkade vilka stimuli otränade röstbedömare föredrog, och män och kvinnor föredrog olika stimuli. De två /a/:na med svagast och det /a/ med starkast grundton, gillades minst av hela gruppen. De fyra /a/:na däremellan tyckte informanterna om ungefär lika mycket. Studerade man var för sig vad män och kvinnor skattade blev resultatet annorlunda. Kvinnor föredrog stimuli med talarformant mer än de utan talarformant, medan män föredrog stimuli med stark grundton. Ytterligare studier kunde vara intressanta att göra, för att undersöka om stimulus egenskaper med avseende på talarformant och grundtonsstyrka har någon effekt på hur tal uppfattas och tolkas. / Speech and voice is governed by complicated processes, where a variety of different functions are used in its production and perception. Speech and voice differs in many ways from the objective measurable acoustic speech signal. The intensity of the fundamental frequency, F0, and what is called the speaker formant are two parameters that affect how voice is perceived. The purpose of the study was to investigate if the varied intensity of F0 and with or without speaker formant affect what stimuli untrained voice assessors like the most. To do so, a synthetic /a/ was created, formed by formant frequencies for Swedish vowels (Fant, 1959), varied with with or without speaker formant, and seven different intensities of the fundamental frequency, creating a total of 14 stimuli. Twelve women and eight men were asked to listen to and grade the stimuli, from the /a/ that was liked the most to the one that was liked the least. The expectations of the study were confirmed, the variation of the intensity of F0 and with or without speaker formant, did affect which stimuli the listeners preferred, and also confirmed that men and women preferred different stimuli. The two /a/’s with the weakest and the /a/ with the strongest intensity of F0, were least liked. The four /a/s with varying intensity of F0 in between, were liked approximately the same. If men and women ratings were studied separately from one another, the result differed. Women preferred stimuli with speaker formant more than the ones without, whereas men more appreciated stimuli with strong intensity of F0. If the study was the be retested and the results would be confirmed, further tests would be of interest to do, to investigate if the differences of preferences affect how speech is perceived and interpreted.

Cette thèse porte sur l’étude de paramètres acoustiques dans parole fluente chez des locuteurs bègues (SB) et des non-bègues (SNB), tunisiens.Les paramètres acoustiques comparés entre SB et SNB incluent le temps d’établissement du voisement (ou V.O.T), la fréquence du fondamental (F0), des mesures du Jitter et du Shimmer, l’étendue et la direction de la transition du second formant (F2), et également les trois premiers formants (F1, F2 et F3) des trois voyelles /a, i, u/. Les résultats sont en accord avec les études antérieures en ce qui concerne le V.O.T, qui serait aussi plus long chez les bègues américains et français. Concernant les valeurs du F0, des différences significatives entre les deux groupes sont obtenues pour /u/. Les mesures du Jitter et du Shimmer ne montrent pas de différences significatives, contrairement aux résultats recueillis chez les bègues américains où la signification est obtenue pour les mesures du Shimmer. Enfin,en ce qui concerne l’étude des variations formantiques, il y a des tendances sans atteindre la signification pour F1, F2 et F3. Les mesures de F2 sont moins élevées chez les bègues avec quelques résultats significatifs obtenus pour les séquences du type C-u. Le triangle vocalique des trois voyelles /a i u/ chez les enfants bègues tunisiens n’est totalement centralisé contrairement aux triangles obtenus chez les locuteurs bègues français et américains, selon la littérature. / This thesis concerns the comparison of acoustic parameters in fluent speech in Tunisian stutterers’ speakers (SB) and non-stutterers (SNB), Tunisians.The acoustic parameters which are compared between SB and SNB include the Voice Onset Time (VOT), the fundamental frequency (F0), the measurements of jitter and shimmer, the scope and direction of the transition of the second formant (F2), and the first three formants (F1, F2 and F3) of the three vowels /a, i, u/. The results are consistent with previous studies regarding the V.O.T, which has been found also be longer for American and French stutterers. Concerning F0values, significant differences between the two groups are obtained for /u/. Measurements of jitter and shimmer show no significant differences, contrary to the results found from American concerning the shimmer. Finally, as regards the study of formant variations, there are tendencies without reaching significance for F1, F2 and F3. F2 values are lower in stutterers with significant results obtained for sequences of C-u. The vowel triangle of the three vowels /a, u, i/ in Tunisian children who stutter, is not centralized, unlike triangles obtained for French and American stuttering speakers, according to the literature.

No presente trabalho investigamos a relevância dos mediadores lipídicos (Leucotrienos) gerados pela enzima 5-Lipoxigenase (5-LO) na susceptibilidade ou resistência de camundongos ao Melanoma experimental com células tumorais B16-F0, utilizando como modelo camundongos produtores de leucotrienos (129_WT) e camundongos geneticamente deficientes \"knockout\" de 5-LO (129_5-LO KO). Primeiramente, verificamos que leucócitos peritoneais provenientes de animais WT implantados com melanoma B16-F0, apresentam aumento da expressão do gene para 5-LO (Alox5). Nossos resultados mostram que animais 5-LO KO, deficientes de 5-LO são mais eficientes no controle da progressão do tumor e apresentam significativo aumento na sobrevivência, quando comparados a animais WT, produtores de 5-LO. A nossa análise do perfil imunológico em células esplênicas indicam que a maior eficiência dos camundongos 5-LO KO no controle do crescimento de células tumorais B16-F0 estariam associados à presença numérica aumentada de neutrófilos (Gr-1+), células apresentadoras de antígeno (I-Ab+) majoritariamente CD19+CD80+ e esplenócitos capacitados para produção de altos níveis de citocinas pró-inflamatórias/efetoras como a IL-6, TNF?, IFN-? e baixos níveis de citocinas regulatórias como IL-10, 15 dias pós-implantação do tumor; a rápida geração da resposta imune polarizada para produção elevada de citocinas Th1 (IFN-?), mas não, citocinas Th2 (IL-10) e presença de maiores números de linfócitos T CD4+ e CD8+ efetoras, expressando o fenótipo CD44high ou CD44highCD62Llow. Ainda, verificamos que a deficiência genética da 5-LO ou a inibição da 5-LO pelo MK886 em células LAK, aumenta significativamente sua atividade citotóxica em células do melanoma B16-F0. Nossos resultados em conjunto, indicam que leucotrienos gerados pela enzima 5-LO, modulam negativamente a geração de resposta imune protetora em camundongos para o Melanoma B16-F0. / In the present work we examine the contribution of 5-lipoxigenase-derived lipid mediators during experimental melanoma (B16-F0) in 5-LO gene knockout (KO) mice and wild-type (WT) mice. The 5-LO KO mice presented delayed tumor growth, lesser tumor volume and delayed mortality. The greater resistance of 5-LO KO mice correlated with the following: High splenic Gr-1+ leukocytes counts, High and dominant presence of splenic IAb+CD19+CD80+ antigen-presenting cells counts and capacity of spleen cell to produce high levels of IL-6, TNF-?, IFN-? and lower levels of IL-10 early after tumor cells implantation; rapid T-cell polarization to secret high quantities of Th1 type cytokine IFN-? and low quantities of Th2 type cytokine IL-10; rapid generation and greater numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ activated T cells expressing CD45RB or CD44 markers; and also CD4+ and CD8+ CD44high or CD44highCD62Llow effector T cells. Herein, IL-2 induced splenic LAK cells from 5-LO KO mice, compared with splenic LAK cells from WT mice, were more efficient at killing B16-F0 melanoma cells. The increased B16-F0 melanoma cells killing activity were also found by treatment of splenic LAK cells from WT mice with a 5-LO activity inhibitor, MK886. Our findings suggest that 5-LO deficiency altered antigen-presenting cells profile, IFN-? and IL-10 production during skin cancer disease favoring the generation of protective immune responses and also provide evidence that 5-LO-derived LTs negatively affect the host survival during experimental B16-F0 melanoma.

1 Abstract The present thesis is concerned with the study of creaky voice and its communicative functions in audio-visual presentation of a brand. This study analyzes nineteen videos that were part of the Sign On campaign produced by Greenpeace in 2009. The main purpose of this thesis is to measure the level of creaky voice in communicative functions. The communicative functions presented in this study are based on the model of Roman Jakobson (1960) and some new functions are proposed as addition to the model. One of the predictions of this thesis is that functions that are emotionally loaded will be comparatively more creaky and this prediction is partially met. Secondly, it was expected to see the same order of the communicative functions based on their level of creakiness among different groups of speakers. This expectation was not met and the possible reasons for the findings are discussed. This thesis uses only acoustic measurements for the comparison of the communicative functions based on their levels of creaky voice. Finally, this thesis discusses the possibilities and current limitations of acoustic methods used for detection of creaky phonation. Keywords: creaky voice, vocal fry, laryngealization, communicative functions, F0, HNR, H1-H2, antimode

<div>Voice Onset Time (VOT) and onset f0 are known correlates of voicing distinctions in stops and both contribute to the production and perception of voicing (House & Fairbanks, 1953; Abramson & Lisker, 1965; Ohde, 1984). As the values of VOT and onset f0, which correspond to voicing categories, vary cross-linguistically, a second language (L2) learner has to acquire a novel use of these acoustic cues to produce and perceive voicing in their L2. Although the acquisition of the primary voicing cue, VOT, has been studied extensively in L2 research (Flege & Eefting, 1988; Flege 1991; Birdsong et al. 2007), little is known about the acquisition of onset f0. The present study compares the use of VOT and onset f0 in French and English speech produced by American learners of French (23). The study also examines evidence for phonetic drift in L2 learners by comparing their English productions to a monolingual control group (33). Results indicate that although learners’ VOT values in French were heavily influenced by English, their onset f0 production in both English and French were on target, showing that learners are able to manipulate the two cues independently of one another. Little evidence of the effect of learners’ second language on the first language was found.</div><div>This study also examines the role of individual learning history on the realization of VOT and onset f0, determining that average number of hours speaking French and age of L2 acquisition (AOA) reported by learners shows the strongest correlation with the learner’s acoustic productions.</div>