The object of this research is to optimize the overall power system performance using FACTS devices. Particularly, it is intended to improve the reliability, and the performance of the power system considering steady state operating condition as well as the system subjected to small and large disturbances. The methodology proposed to achieve this goal corresponds to an enhanced particle swarm optimizer (Enhanced-PSO) that is proven in this work to have several advantages, in terms of accuracy and computational effort, as compared with other existing methods. Once the performance of the Enhanced PSO is verified, a multi-stage PSO-based optimization framework is proposed for optimizing the power system reliability (N-1 contingency criterion). The algorithm finds optimal settings for present infrastructure (generator outputs, transformers tap ratios and capacitor banks settings) as well as optimal control references for distributed static series compensators (DSSC) and optimal locations, sizes and control settings for static compensator (STATCOM) units. Finally, a two-stage optimization algorithm is proposed to improve the power system performance in steady state conditions and when small and large perturbations are applied to the system. In this case, the algorithm provides optimal control references for DSSC modules, optimal location and sizes for capacitor banks, and optimal location, sizes and control parameters for STATCOM units (internal and external controllers), so that the loadability and the damping of the system are maximized at minimum cost. Simulation results throughout this research show a significant improvement of the power system reliability and performance after the system is optimized.

O dispositivo TCSC vem sendo utilizado com grande eficiência em sistemas elétricos de potência para melhoriada estabilidade transitóriaa e para fornecer amortecimento às oscilações eletromecânicas.Diversos trabalhos vêm sendo desenvolvidos como intuito desintetizar leis de controle para estes dispositivos. A maioria das técnicas empregadas para o projeto de controle em sistemas elétricos de potência utilizam modelos linearizados. Controladores projetados com técnicas lineares podem perder eficiência quando este ponto de operação varia de forma significativa. Controladores não lineares podem oferecer maior robustez a estas variações. Dentre várias técnicas de projeto de controle não linear, os métodos baseado sem funções de Lyapunov e/ou funções energia têm sido amplamente utilizados em sistemas elétricos de potência. Estas técnicas requerem a existência de uma função de Lyapunov e/ou função energia para o projeto, entretanto, mostrou-se que não existem funções de Lyapunov e/ou funções energia gerais para modelos de sistemas elétricos mais complexos que consideram, por exemplo, as perdas do sistema.Funções energia generalizadas (FEG) surgiram como uma alternativa para lidar com estas classes de modelos que apresentam comportamento complexo. Apresentamos neste trabalho uma função energia generalizada para modelos de sistemas elétricos de potência preservando a estruturada rede elétrica, comum modelo de terceira ordem para os geradores síncronos e considerando as perdas no sistema de transmissão. Com a FEG proposta, sintetizamos leis de controle não lineares para dispositivos TCSC, que independe da topologia da rede, utilizando sinais de realimentação locais e/ou remotos. As leis de controle projetadas melhoram significativamente a dinâmica do sistema e aumentam consideravelmente a região de estabilidade do sistema. / The TCSC device has been used with great efficiency in electric power systems to improve transient stability and to provide damping to electromechanical oscillations. Several studies have been developed in order to synthesize control laws for these devices. Most of the techniques used to design controller in electric power systems use linearized models. Controllers designed with linear techniques can lose efficiency when the operating point varies significantly. Nonlinear controllers can provide robustness to these variations. Among various techniques for non linear control design, the ones based on Lyapunov functions and/or energy function shave been widely used in electric power systems. These techniques require the existence of a Lyapunov function and/or energy function for the design, however, it was shown the non existence of Lyapunov function and/or general energy function for comprehensive electrical power system models, such as,system with losses. Generalized energy functions emerged as an alternative to deal with these classes of models that exhibit complex behavior. Herewer develop a generalized energy function to electrical power system models preserving the structure of the network, with a third-order model for synchronous generators and considering losses in the transmission system. With the proposed generalized energy function, nonlinear control laws are synthesized for TCSC devices, which are independent of the network topology, employ local and/or remote feedback signals. The designed control laws significantly improve the system dynamics and greatly increase stability regions of electrical power system.

O dispositivo TCSC vem sendo utilizado com grande eficiência em sistemas elétricos de potência para melhoriada estabilidade transitóriaa e para fornecer amortecimento às oscilações eletromecânicas.Diversos trabalhos vêm sendo desenvolvidos como intuito desintetizar leis de controle para estes dispositivos. A maioria das técnicas empregadas para o projeto de controle em sistemas elétricos de potência utilizam modelos linearizados. Controladores projetados com técnicas lineares podem perder eficiência quando este ponto de operação varia de forma significativa. Controladores não lineares podem oferecer maior robustez a estas variações. Dentre várias técnicas de projeto de controle não linear, os métodos baseado sem funções de Lyapunov e/ou funções energia têm sido amplamente utilizados em sistemas elétricos de potência. Estas técnicas requerem a existência de uma função de Lyapunov e/ou função energia para o projeto, entretanto, mostrou-se que não existem funções de Lyapunov e/ou funções energia gerais para modelos de sistemas elétricos mais complexos que consideram, por exemplo, as perdas do sistema.Funções energia generalizadas (FEG) surgiram como uma alternativa para lidar com estas classes de modelos que apresentam comportamento complexo. Apresentamos neste trabalho uma função energia generalizada para modelos de sistemas elétricos de potência preservando a estruturada rede elétrica, comum modelo de terceira ordem para os geradores síncronos e considerando as perdas no sistema de transmissão. Com a FEG proposta, sintetizamos leis de controle não lineares para dispositivos TCSC, que independe da topologia da rede, utilizando sinais de realimentação locais e/ou remotos. As leis de controle projetadas melhoram significativamente a dinâmica do sistema e aumentam consideravelmente a região de estabilidade do sistema. / The TCSC device has been used with great efficiency in electric power systems to improve transient stability and to provide damping to electromechanical oscillations. Several studies have been developed in order to synthesize control laws for these devices. Most of the techniques used to design controller in electric power systems use linearized models. Controllers designed with linear techniques can lose efficiency when the operating point varies significantly. Nonlinear controllers can provide robustness to these variations. Among various techniques for non linear control design, the ones based on Lyapunov functions and/or energy function shave been widely used in electric power systems. These techniques require the existence of a Lyapunov function and/or energy function for the design, however, it was shown the non existence of Lyapunov function and/or general energy function for comprehensive electrical power system models, such as,system with losses. Generalized energy functions emerged as an alternative to deal with these classes of models that exhibit complex behavior. Herewer develop a generalized energy function to electrical power system models preserving the structure of the network, with a third-order model for synchronous generators and considering losses in the transmission system. With the proposed generalized energy function, nonlinear control laws are synthesized for TCSC devices, which are independent of the network topology, employ local and/or remote feedback signals. The designed control laws significantly improve the system dynamics and greatly increase stability regions of electrical power system.

Nowadays, power systems are dealing with some new challenges raisedby the major changes that have been taken place since 80’s, e.g., deregu-lation in electricity markets, significant increase of electricity demands andmore recently large-scale integration of renewable energy resources such aswind power. Therefore, system operators must make some adjustments toaccommodate these changes into the future of power systems.One of the main challenges is maintaining the system stability since theextra stress caused by the above changes reduces the stability margin, andmay lead to rise of many undesirable phenomena. The other important chal-lenge is to cope with uncertainty and variability of renewable energy sourceswhich make power systems to become more stochastic in nature, and lesscontrollable.Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) have emerged as a solutionto help power systems with these new challenges. This thesis aims to ap-propriately utilize such devices in order to increase the transmission capacityand flexibility, improve the dynamic behavior of power systems and integratemore renewable energy into the system. To this end, the most appropriatelocations and settings of these controllable devices need to be determined.This thesis mainly looks at (i) rotor angle stability, i.e., small signal andtransient stability (ii) system operation under wind uncertainty. In the firstpart of this thesis, trajectory sensitivity analysis is used to determine themost suitable placement of FACTS devices for improving rotor angle sta-bility, while in the second part, optimal settings of such devices are foundto maximize the level of wind power integration. As a general conclusion,it was demonstrated that FACTS devices, installed in proper locations andtuned appropriately, are effective means to enhance the system stability andto handle wind uncertainty.The last objective of this thesis work is to propose an efficient solutionapproach based on Benders’ decomposition to solve a network-constrained acunit commitment problem in a wind-integrated power system. The numericalresults show validity, accuracy and efficiency of the proposed approach. / <p>The Doctoral Degrees issued upon completion of the programme are issued by Comillas Pontifical University, Delft University of Technology and KTH Royal Institute of Technology. The invested degrees are official in Spain, the Netherlands and Sweden, respectively.QC 20141028</p>

Worldwide concern about the environmental problems and a possible energy crisis has led to increasing interest in clean and renewable energy generation. Among various renewable energy sources, wind power is the most rapidly growing one. Therefore, how to provide efficient, reliable, and high-performance wind power generation and distribution has become an important and practical issue in the power industry. In addition, because of the new constraints placed by the environmental and economical factors, the trend of power system planning and operation is toward maximum utilization of the existing infrastructure with tight system operating and stability margins. This trend, together with the increased penetration of renewable energy sources, will bring new challenges to power system operation, control, stability and reliability which require innovative solutions. Flexible ac transmission system (FACTS) devices, through their fast, flexible, and effective control capability, provide one possible solution to these challenges. To fully utilize the capability of individual power system components, e.g., wind turbine generators (WTGs) and FACTS devices, their control systems must be suitably designed with high reliability. Moreover, in order to optimize local as well as system-wide performance and stability of the power system, real-time local and wide-area coordinated control is becoming an important issue. Power systems containing conventional synchronous generators, WTGs, and FACTS devices are large-scale, nonlinear, nonstationary, stochastic and complex systems distributed over large geographic areas. Traditional mathematical tools and system control techniques have limitations to control such complex systems to achieve an optimal performance. Intelligent and bio-inspired techniques, such as swarm intelligence, neural networks, and adaptive critic designs, are emerging as promising alternative technologies for power system control and performance optimization. This work focuses on the development of advanced optimization and intelligent control algorithms to improve the stability, reliability and dynamic performance of WTGs, FACTS devices, and the associated power networks. The proposed optimization and control algorithms are validated by simulation studies in PSCAD/EMTDC, experimental studies, or real-time implementations using Real Time Digital Simulation (RTDS) and TMS320C6701 Digital Signal Processor (DSP) Platform. Results show that they significantly improve electrical energy security, reliability and sustainability.

With the increasing complexity of the power system, electromechanical oscillations are becoming one of the major problem. Several blackouts have been reported in the past due to insufficient damping of the oscillatory modes. The starting point to avoid catastrophic behaviors would be to simulate actual power system and study the response of the system under various outages leading to blackouts. Recently, it has been identified that appropriate modeling of the load is necessary to match the actual system behavior with the computer simulated response. This research throws some insight into the detailed load modeling and its impact on the system small signal stability. In particular, Composite load model is proposed and its effect on the system small signal stability is investigated. Modeling all the loads in a large power system would be a cumbersome job and hence the method for identifying the most sensitive load location is also proposed in the thesis. The effect of load modeling on the eigenvalue movement is also investigated. The low damped electromechanical modes are always undesirable in the large inter-connected power systems as they might get excited under some event leading to growing oscillations. Proper damping of these modes is essential for effective and reliable system operation. Power system stabilizers have been proved to be an effective way of damping these electromechanical modes. The optimal number and location of PSS to effectively damp the modes via improved Differential algorithm is proposed. Moreover, the effect of TCSC, series compensated FACTs device, on enhancing the system damping is investigated. A fixed order model matching technique is presented to design a damping controller for the TCSC. With the increasing global pressure for reducing carbon emissions, there is a great amount of interest in the renewable sources of energy, particularly Wind Energy Conversion Systems. Of all the present methods of wind generation systems, Doubly Fed Induction Generation (DFIG) based wind farms are gaining popularity. The comparison of various methods of wind generation techniques is presented. In particular, the impact of DFIG based wind farms on the system small signal stability is investigated in this work. Co-ordinated tuning of the controllers is performed using Bacterial Foraging Technique, which is another member of Evolutionary algorithms. Damping controller for the DFIG system is proposed to enhance the damping of the electromechanical modes. Results have proved the effectiveness of the control methodology. The contributions made in this thesis could be utilized to promote the further development of the damping controllers for large power systems.

With the increasing complexity of the power system, electromechanical oscillations are becoming one of the major problem. Several blackouts have been reported in the past due to insufficient damping of the oscillatory modes. The starting point to avoid catastrophic behaviors would be to simulate actual power system and study the response of the system under various outages leading to blackouts. Recently, it has been identified that appropriate modeling of the load is necessary to match the actual system behavior with the computer simulated response. This research throws some insight into the detailed load modeling and its impact on the system small signal stability. In particular, Composite load model is proposed and its effect on the system small signal stability is investigated. Modeling all the loads in a large power system would be a cumbersome job and hence the method for identifying the most sensitive load location is also proposed in the thesis. The effect of load modeling on the eigenvalue movement is also investigated. The low damped electromechanical modes are always undesirable in the large inter-connected power systems as they might get excited under some event leading to growing oscillations. Proper damping of these modes is essential for effective and reliable system operation. Power system stabilizers have been proved to be an effective way of damping these electromechanical modes. The optimal number and location of PSS to effectively damp the modes via improved Differential algorithm is proposed. Moreover, the effect of TCSC, series compensated FACTs device, on enhancing the system damping is investigated. A fixed order model matching technique is presented to design a damping controller for the TCSC. With the increasing global pressure for reducing carbon emissions, there is a great amount of interest in the renewable sources of energy, particularly Wind Energy Conversion Systems. Of all the present methods of wind generation systems, Doubly Fed Induction Generation (DFIG) based wind farms are gaining popularity. The comparison of various methods of wind generation techniques is presented. In particular, the impact of DFIG based wind farms on the system small signal stability is investigated in this work. Co-ordinated tuning of the controllers is performed using Bacterial Foraging Technique, which is another member of Evolutionary algorithms. Damping controller for the DFIG system is proposed to enhance the damping of the electromechanical modes. Results have proved the effectiveness of the control methodology. The contributions made in this thesis could be utilized to promote the further development of the damping controllers for large power systems.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2015-12-16T11:21:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 igordelgadodemelo.pdf: 4931795 bytes, checksum: cf03c45f0f2492c6cf9186af1b3866a2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2015-12-16T11:57:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 igordelgadodemelo.pdf: 4931795 bytes, checksum: cf03c45f0f2492c6cf9186af1b3866a2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-16T11:57:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 igordelgadodemelo.pdf: 4931795 bytes, checksum: cf03c45f0f2492c6cf9186af1b3866a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-18 / Este trabalho objetiva apresentar uma metodologia capaz de estimar os componentes harmônicos em sistemas de distribuição com topologia radial utilizando PMUs (Phasor Measurement Units). Os estados a serem estimados serão as correntes passantes em todas as linhas do sistema em coordenadas retangulares. Uma vez que essas correntes são obtidas, torna-se possível o cálculo de outras grandezas elétricas através das equações de fluxo de potência e leis de Kirchhoff. A metodologia considera poucas unidades de medição fasorial (as PMUs) instaladas efetuando a leitura dos sinais de tensões nodais e correntes nas linhas com distorção harmônica. A fim de restaurar a observabilidade do sistema por completo, são considerados dados históricos de demanda de potência ativa/reativa, os quais serão tratados como restrições de desigualdades excursionando entre um valor mínimo e máximo considerados em um problema de otimização não linear que visa diminuir a diferença entre os valores monitorados pelas PMUs e os calculados pela metodologia. As mencionadas restrições permitem ao estimador o acompanhamento das variações sofridas ao longo do tempo na curva de carga para a frequência fundamental e também para as demais frequências. A abordagem proposta neste trabalho considera a modelagem trifásica de equipamentos e linhas de distribuição, portanto, são modelados os efeitos de acoplamento mútuo entre fases e a operação não linear de equipamentos de eletrônica de potência tiristorizados. O método demonstra eficiência não apenas em estimar os componentes harmônicos de um certo espectro considerado no estudo, como também se mostra uma ferramenta prática de detecção e identificação de fontes harmônicas no sistema elétrico de potência, além de explicitar um exemplo prático do uso de PMUs no que tange ao monitoramento de redes de distribuição, carentes de acompanhamento em tempo real. A metodologia ainda se mostra capaz de ser aliada a grandes estudos contextualizados em qualidade de energia, uma vez que permite a estimação de índices de distorção harmônica. / This work aims to present a methodology which is capable of estimating harmonic components for distribution systems with radial topology, using PMUs (Phasor Measurement Units). The estimated states will be all branch currents of the system expressed in rectangular coordinates. Once these currents are obtained, it is possible to calculate other electrical quantities using power flow equations and also Kirchhoff’s law. The methodology considers the installation of a few number of phasor measurement units which will measure voltage and branch currents signals distorted by harmonic sources. In order to make the whole system observable, historical data of active/reactive power demand will be treated as inequality constraints varying between minimum and maximum limits described in a non linear optimization problem, which aims to minimize the difference between the values monitored by PMUs and the ones calculated by the methodology. The already mentioned constraints allows the accompaniment of the variations occured in a typical load curve during a period of time for the fundamental frequency and also for their multiples, allowing the accompaniment of the harmonic load curve, normally unknown. The proposed approach considers a three-phase modelling of equipments and distribution lines, subject to their mutual coupling effects caused by mutual impedances between the lines. It will also be considered electronic-based devices using thyristors located along the distribution feeder, injecting harmonic currents in the system. The method demonstrates efficiency in estimating the harmonic states of the net and also in detecting and identifying harmonic sources in an eletric power system, besides showing a practical use of PMUs for the monitoring of distribution systems, lacking in information and real-time accompaniment. The method also enables the estimation of power quality indicators such as total harmonic distortion.