The use of fatty acid (FA) analysis has become an important tool in recent years to investigate a broad spectrum of questions in fisheries and aquatic ecology. One of these applications has been the use of FA profiles as biomarkers for indicating diet and recent feeding history of fishes and other aquatic consumers. Differences in forage FA profiles and spatial differences in food web structure within aquatic systems may lead to corresponding spatial patterns of FA profiles in consumers, thereby facilitating the potential applicability of FA biomarkers as indicators of habitat use and origin for mobile consumers such as fishes. However, little information is available regarding differences in FA profiles among habitat types in river-floodplain ecosystems and the time-scale over which fish FA profiles change when fish move between habitats that differ in the FA profiles of prey resources. The objectives of this study were to test whether the tissue FA profiles of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) differed among three reaches of the lower Kaskaskia River and its floodplain lakes, to determine the time-course of tissue FA profile turnover when fish are relocated to a new habitat type, and to compare FA profiles among muscle, liver, and adipose fin tissues in channel catfish. Fatty acid profiles of channel catfish were significantly different among sites, especially between upper and lower river sites, and between river channel and oxbow lake sites, suggesting differing energy sources among habitats and river reaches in the Kaskaskia system. More specifically, there was a significant increase in the essential FAs, 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, in channel catfish with increasing distance downstream, which could reflect an increase in river-floodplain connectivity at downstream sites. Channel catfish transplanted from the Kaskaskia River to ponds at Southern Illinois University Carbondale showed a significant linear decrease in n-3 and medium-chain polyunsaturated FAs (MC-PUFA), and a significant linear increase in monounsaturates (MUFA) with longer residence time in a lentic environment. Liver tissue exhibited the fastest turnover rate of the three tissue types (< 2 weeks), with muscle and adipose fin tissue both displaying similar, longer turnover times (approximately 10 weeks). Results of this study support the use of FA profiles as indicators of energy sources for fishes in large river-floodplain ecosystems, including the potential for indentifying habitat-specific (river channel vs. floodplain lake) or river reach-specific energy sources. Additionally, results of this study provide a timeline for FA turnover in channel catfish tissues when fish move among habitats with distinct FA signatures, which is crucial for detecting temporal shifts in use of habitat-specific energy sources by channel catfish. Results also suggest that adipose fin tissue samples may be a less invasive alternative to muscle tissue for analysis of FA profiles in channel catfish. Improved understanding of which habitats or river reaches provide trophic support for riverine fishes through use of FA profile analysis has potentially important implications for habitat conservation and rehabilitation in river-floodplain ecosystem.

Aquaculture is currently the fastest growing sector of protein production, and is expected to overtake the harvest of wild fisheries. Limitations in nutrition, specifically fatty acid nutrition, are preventing even more dramatic growth of many species of commercial importance. Currently, much of the research involving fatty acids examines requirements as being correlated to thermal guilds (warm vs. cool water) or salinity tolerance (marine vs. freshwater). However, recent studies have revealed the potential for trophic level to be as much, if not more, influential in determining fatty acid requirements of a species. As such, two feeding trials were conducted to determine the requirements of two species of different trophic levels (Oreochromis niloticus and Trachinotus carolinus) based on C18 PUFA vs. LC-PUFA. Nile Tilapia, O. niloticus, exhibited similar growth regardless of the inclusion of C18 PUFA or LC-PUFA, however, tissue fatty acid profiles were influenced per the diet provided. As such, it was concluded that Nile Tilapia exhibit the capacity to effectively synthesize LC-PUFA from C18 PUFA as is seen in many species that occupy low trophic levels. Florida Pompano, T. carolinus, did not exhibit any significant differences in growth regardless of the diet provided, but numerical differences indicated benefits towards inclusion of dietary LC-PUFAs. Similar to O. niloticus, tissue fatty acid profiles were significantly affected by dietary treatment. Based on numerical differences in growth performance and significant differences in tissue fatty acids, it was concluded that Florida Pompano show a typical carnivorous requirement for LC-PUFA.

Beef is biologically very valuable. It has a high content of essential amino acids, iron and vitamin B2. The purpose of the study is to find out the influence of the region on the content of selected fatty acids in meat of Czech spotted cattle breed bred in the identified areas with altitudes above 500 meters above the sea level. The samples for the respective analysis were collected immediately after slaughter from the roast beef (muscullus longissimus lumborum et thoracis). No significant differences in fatty acid content between the sexes or between the farms were found. Modification of feed rations can be considered as a major instrument affecting the intake of nutritionally important fatty acids.

Previous research has suggested a role for nutrients in several aspects of psychological functioning. Based on this research the present thesis explored the role of omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins and minerals in cognition, mood and the perception of food. Divided into three sections, the first section of the thesis used qualitative methods to explore factors that affected food choice and the decision to consume a healthy diet (i.e. a diet high in omega-3, vitamins and minerals). In addition, factors that affected supplement use, specifically the factors that affected the use of omega-3 fatty acid, vitamin and mineral supplements were explored. From the data, two models were developed: one depicting factors that influenced food choice and healthy eating, and one depicting factors that influenced supplement use. After the examination of the factors that affected food choice, healthy eating and the consumption of omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins and minerals, the importance of these nutrients in psychological health and cognition was explored in a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Specifically the second section explored the effect of vitamins, minerals, and/or omega-3 fatty acids in mild psychiatric symptoms, stress, aggression, impulsivity, fatigue, hostility, anxiety, confusion, confidence, reaction time, memory and vigilance. A positive response was found to DHA with regard to aggression and response inhibition; in addition there was a trend for those taking only DHA to report feeling more clearheaded the taking of vitamins/minerals alone resulted in feeling more clearheaded. Supplementation with vitamins and minerals was found to significantly reduce stress. With the General Health Questionnaire the difference between the placebo and vitamins/minerals groups approached statistical significance. There was no effect of omega-3, vitamins and minerals of any cognitive domain (memory, reaction time and vigilance). Although it was concluded that on occasions either vitamins/minerals or DHA when tested alone had a positive effect on mood, stress and mild psychiatric symptoms, there was no synergistic interaction; rather on occasions the interaction between these supplements had negative consequences. The third section explored the role of omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins and minerals in the perception of food, specifically the effects of enrichment, health claim and gender on three variables involved in consumer behaviour: the perceived healthiness, the desirability of supplementation and the likelihood of purchase of foods. The main findings were that i) health claims increased the perceived healthiness of unhealthy foods; ii) the likelihood of purchase increased mostly after the enrichment of healthy foods (which is consistent with some findings but not others), iii) males were more likely to purchase healthy, high protein products than females. Besides these findings there was no consistent effect of enrichment, health claim or gender on the 3 facets of consumer behaviour, suggesting that the effects on the 3 consumer variables should be considered individually. In addition, when examining the role of gender males and females should be considered separately.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Human Nutrition / Weiqun Wang / Many functional food related bioactive compounds have been discovered and draw the attention of scientists. This dissertation focused on sorghum phenolic compounds and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Study 1: phenolic agents in plant foods have been associated with chronic disease prevention, especially cancer. However, a direct evidence and the underlying mechanisms are mostly unknown. This study selected 13 sorghum accessions and was aim to investigate: (1) the effect of extracted sorghum phenolics on inhibiting cancer cell growth using hepatocarcinoma HepG2 and colorectal adenocarcinoma Caco-2 cell lines; (2) and the underlying mechanisms regarding cytotoxicity, cell cycle interruption, and apoptosis induction. Treatment of HepG2 and Caco-2 cells with the extracted phenolics at 0-200 M GAE (Gallic acid equivalent) up to 72 hrs resulted in a dose- and time-dependent reduction in cell number. The underlying mechanism of cell growth inhibition was examined by flow cytometry, significant inverse correlations were observed between the decreased cell number and increased cell cycle arrest at G2/M or induced apoptosis cells in both HepG2 and Caco-2 cells. The cytotoxic assay showed that the sorghum phenolic extracts were non-toxic. Although it was less sensitive, a similar inhibitory impact and underlying mechanisms were found in Caco-2 cells. These results indicated for the 1st time that a direct inhibition of either HepG2 or Caco-2 cell growth by phenolic extracts from13 selected sorghum accessions was due to cytostatic and apoptotic but not cytotoxic mechanisms. In addition, these findings suggested that sorghum be a valuable functional food by providing sustainable phenolics for potential cancer prevention. Study 2: omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) especially long-chain ω-3 PUFAs, have been associated with potential health benefits in chronic disease prevention. However, the conversion rate from short- to long-chain ω-3 PUFAs is limited in human body. This study was aim to assess the modification of fatty acid profiles as well as investigate the conversion of short- to long-chain ω-3 PUFAs in the liver of Shan Partridge duck after feeding various dietary fats. The experimental diets substituted the basal diet by 2% of flaxseed oil, rapeseed oil, beef tallow, or fish oil, respectively. As expected, the total ω-3 fatty acids and the ratio of total ω-3/ ω-6 significantly increased in both flaxseed and fish oil groups when compared with the control diet. No significant change of total saturated fatty acids or ω-3 fatty acids was found in both rapeseed and beef tallow groups. Short-chain ω-3 α-linolenic acid (ALA) in flaxseed oil-fed group was efficiently converted to long-chain ω-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the duck liver. This study showed the fatty acid profiling in the duck liver after various dietary fat consumption, provided insight into a dose response change of ω-3 fatty acids, indicated an efficient conversion of short- to long-chain ω-3 fatty acid, and suggested alternative long-chain ω-3 fatty acid-enriched duck products for human health benefits. In conclusion, the two studies in this dissertation provided a fundamental understanding of anti-cancer activity by sorghum phenolic extracts and the conversion of short- to long-chain ω-3 PUFAs in duck liver, contribute to a long term goal of promoting sorghum and duck as sustainable phenolic and ω-3 PUFAs sources as well as healthy food products for human beings.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-08-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:56:51Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 felicidade_i_me_botfm.pdf: 442429 bytes, checksum: bbae716d0f4846cf367d5ed80870142c (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Em diversas partes do mundo, a prevalência da obesidade tem aumentado rapidamente. A Organização Mundial da Saúde estima que, em 2015, haverá 700 milhões de pessoas obesas (índice de massa corporal ≥30kg/m2) em todo o mundo. No Brasil, aproximadamente, 50% da população acima dos 20 anos apresentam sobrepeso (índice de massa corporal ≥25kg/m2) e 16% já demonstram quadro de obesidade. A obesidade é um dos fatores desencadeadores de diversas doenças crônicas, assim, é importante identificar características que predispõem indivíduos à obesidade, ou condições negativas que ocorrem durante o desenvolvimento da obesidade, as quais alteram o metabolismo e o estado de saúde de maneira negativa. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar diferenças na expressão de genes-alvo do PPARα em células mononucleares periféricas do sangue (PBMCs) e na concentração plasmática de ácidos graxos livres no sangue, entre indivíduos obesos e não-obesos, após 24 horas de jejum. Este estudo foi o primeiro realizado na população brasileira. Em ambos os grupos (obeso e não-obeso), a concentração plasmática de ácidos graxos livres (AGL) elevou-se de forma significante após as 24horas de jejum, em especial, no grupo não-obeso, onde a média da concentração elevou-se 3 vezes se comparada com a média da concentração no tempo 0h. A média da concentração plasmática basal (0h) de AGL revelou-se 2 vezes maior no grupo obeso quando comparada com a média do grupo não-obeso. No entanto essa diferença não foi observada após as 24h de jejum. Os genes estudados participam diretamente na β-oxidação mitocondrial hepática e musculoesquelética e são ativados por PPARα. Após o jejum, todos os genes estudados evidenciaram um incremento na expressão (fold change) quando comparados com o... / The prevalence of obesity has increased rapidly in many parts of the world. The World Health Organization estimates that in 2015, there should be 700 million obese people (body mass index ≥ 30kg / m²) around the world. In Brazil, approximately 50% of the population aged 20 years and older are overweight (body mass index ≥ 25kg / m²) and 16% already meet the criterion for obesity. Obesity is considered a trigger factor for several chronic diseases, so it is important to identify traits that predispose individuals to obesity or negative conditions that occur during the development of obesity, affecting metabolism and health negatively. The aim of this study was to evaluate differences in the expression of PPAR-alpha target genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and in plasma free fatty acid concentration in the blood of obese and non-obese subjects, after 24 hours of fasting. This was the first study conducted in the Brazilian population. In both groups (obese and non-obese), plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentration increased significantly after 24 hours of fasting, especially in the non-obese group, in which the mean concentration rose 3 times compared with the mean concentration at time 0h. The baseline (0h) mean of plasma FFA concentration was 2 times higher in the obese group compared with the mean from the non-obese group. This difference, however, was not observed after 24h of fasting. The studied genes participate directly in hepatic and musculoskeletal mitochondrial beta-oxidation and are activated by PPAR-alpha. After fasting, all the studied genes had an increase in fold change compared with time 0h, in both groups. By identifying the preferential beta-oxidation during fasting, the CPT1A gene presented an increase in fold change compared with the CPT1B gene, indicating thus that beta-oxidation... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-03-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:38:28Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 guardieiro_mm_me_botfmvz.pdf: 504146 bytes, checksum: 07979740dad67abc78d3a31a2e3dde43 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a resposta superovulatória, a produção embrionária e a resistência à criopreservação através de congelação ou vitrificação de embriões de novilhas Nelore suplementadas com gordura protegida ruminal (Megalac-E®). Foram utilizadas 40 novilhas da raça Nelore mantidas a pasto, divididas em dois grupos experimentais de acordo com o tipo de suplementação fornecido (G = concentrado com gordura protegida ruminal e C = suplementação controle, sem adição de gordura). Os suplementos foram formulados para serem isoenergéticos e isoprotéicos. O delineamento foi do tipo cross-over com 67 (primeira repetição) e 70 d (segunda repetição) de duração. Após 50 d de suplementação dietética, foi realizada a sincronização da emergência da onda para iniciar o protocolo de superovulação. Os embriões colhidos foram congelados ou vitrificados e avaliação de desenvolvimento embrionário in vitro foi realizada posteriormente. Não houve diferença (P > 0,10) entre os Grupos G e C em relação à resposta superestimulatória, ao número total de estruturas, embriões congeláveis, degenerados e ovócitos não fecundados colhidos. Apesar do grupo C ter mostrado maior reposta superovulatória que o G (15,7 ± 1,2 vs 18,0 ± 1,3 CL; P = 0,06), os embriões do Grupo C apresentaram maior taxa de eclosão, independentemente do método de criopreservação, às 48 h (33,1 ± 4,0%; n = 148 vs 17,3 ± 3,3%; n = 137; P = 0,009) e às 72 h (44,3 ± 4,2%; n = 148 vs 30,9 ± 4,0%; n = 137; P = 0,04) de cultivo do que os do grupo G. Além disso, os embriões vitrificados e congelados apresentaram taxas similares de eclosão (P > 0,10). Nas condições do presente estudo, o suplemento composto com gordura protegida não afetou a resposta superestimulatória e a produção de embriões, e os embriões do Grupo Controle foram mais tolerantes à criopreservação. / The aim of the current study was to evaluate the superovulatory response and embryo production, as well as embryo resistance to cryopreservation through freezing or vitrification of embryos from Nellore heifers supplemented with rumen-protected fat, Megalac-E®. Forty heifers kept in pasture were randomly divided into two experimental groups according to supplement source (G = supplement with rumen-protected fat and C = Control, without fat supplementation). The supplements were formulated to be isocaloric and isoproteic. Each female underwent both treatments in a cross-over design with approximately 67 d (first replicate) and 70 d (second replicate). After 50 d of feeding, the emergence of the wave was synchronized with the aid of hormones to iniciate the superovulation protocol. The embryos recovered were frozen or vitrified and subsequently in vitro embryo development evaluation was accomplished. There was no difference between G and C groups (P > 0.10) regarding superstimulatory response, number of total embryos/ova, viable embryos, degenerate embryos, or unfertilized oocytes recovered. However, group C had a greater superovulatory response than G (15.7 ± 1.2 vs 18.0 ± 1.3 CL; P = 0.06). Group C embryos presented greater hatching rate, independently of the cryopreservation method, at 48 h (33.1 ± 4.0%; n = 148 vs 17.3 ± 3.3%; n = 137; P = 0.009) and at 72 h (44.3 ± 4.2%; n = 148 vs 30.9 ± 4.0%; n = 137; P = 0.04) of in vitro culture. Moreover, vitrified and frozen embryos had similar hatching rate (P > 0.10). Under the conditions of the present study, supplementation with protected fat did not affect superstimulatory response, quantity or quality of embryos. However embryos from the Control group were more tolerant to cryopreservation.

No description available.

Dissertação composta por 3 artigos. / Este estudo foi conduzido na Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Câmpus Dois Vizinhos, com o objetivo de avaliar dois sistemas de terminação e diferentes pesos de abate através do desempenho, componentes do corpo vazio e perfil de ácidos graxos presentes na carne de bezerros Holandês para produção de carne. Utilizaram-se 43 animais machos, não castrados da raça Holandês, com peso inicial de 57 kg e com 58 dias de idade. Destes animais, 23 foram confinados recebendo uma dieta constituída de silagem de milho, como volumoso e concentrado comercial à base de farelo de milho e farelo de soja, na relação 40:60. Os demais, 20 animais, foram terminados em pastagem cultivada, variando conforme o período do ano: azevém (Lolium multiflorum) no primeiro período, e nos dois subsequentes milheto (Pennisetum americanum) com suplementação do mesmo concentrado do confinamento a 1% do peso corporal. Em cada sistema, os animais foram distribuídos ao acaso em quatro diferentes pesos, pré-estipulados: 140; 180; 220 e 260 kg de peso corporal. A terminação em confinamento possibilitou redução da idade de abate em comparação à pastagem, que também atendeu às exigências nutricionais. Para avaliação do consumo a pasto, foi utilizado como marcador externo o óxido de cromo. O cálculo do consumo de nutrientes foi baseado na MS da dieta, logo o consumo de matéria seca foi de (5,65 contra 4,33 kg e 4,36 contra 3,32% do peso vivo), de NDT (3,70 contra 2,58 kg e 2,88 e 2,01% do peso vivo) e de FDA (0,98 contra 0,66 kg e 0,76 contra 0,51% do peso vivo), além do ganho médio diário (0,949 e 0,694 kg-1), todas as variáveis superiores (P<0,05) para os animais em confinamento em relação aos da pastagem. O consumo de PB, FDN e CA não apresentaram diferença significativa. Os bezerros holandeses possuem potencial para a produção de carne, expressando o melhor desempenho quando terminados em confinamento. O PCVZ apresentou crescimento linear com o aumento do peso de abate, assim como o rendimento de carcaça quente e fria e não houve efeito na relação PCVZ/PAB. O crescimento dos componentes externos da carcaça foi proporcional ao aumento de peso, cresceram aceleradamente nas fases iniciais e acompanharam o aumento de peso. Em unidades relativas apenas a cabeça e as patas. O peso absoluto do coração, rins, pulmão, fígado, baço, vesícula biliar, traqueia, aparelho reprodutivo, TGI e o conteúdo do TGI elevaram-se (P<0,05) linearmente. Em unidades relativas, o comportamento individual de alguns órgãos internos inverteu-se, com decréscimos frente ao aumento de peso, apenas o fígado, esôfago, TGI e o conjunto de componentes internos cresceu linearmente. O PCVZ não foi influenciado pela alimentação, as aparas e couro apresentaram significância (P<0,05) em pesos absolutos e o couro e a cabeça em pesos relativos. As diferenças apresentadas pelo fígado, traqueia, baço e conteúdo do TGI, foram suficientes para alterar os pesos absolutos e relativos dos componentes internos (P<0,05) observados nos animais a pasto, devido principalmente à alta proteína presente nas pastagens. Para análise dos ácidos graxos, a dieta utilizada nos sistemas de terminação não alterou os ácidos graxos saturados. Os ácidos insaturados C16:1n7 (Ácido palmitoleico) apresentaram maior teor em confinamento 1,02 contra 0,75g/g de lipídeos na pastagem, assim como o teor do Ácido y-linolenico (C18:3n6) mais elevado em confinamento 0,07 contra 0,04 g/g de lipídeos na pastagem e o e Ácido 5,8, II, 14,17-eicosapentaenoico (EPA) (C20:5n3), que variou de forma contrária com valores mais elevados na pastagem 0,45 contra 0,17 g/g de lipídeos em confinamento. Na totalidade o conjunto de ácidos graxos saturados, insaturados, poliinsaturados não sofreram variações quanto ao sistema de terminação utilizado, assim com o ômega 6 isoladamente. Apenas o ômega 3 possuem os maiores teores de alfa-linolênico (ω3). Desta forma reduziu a relação ω‑6/ω‑3, demonstrando a maior participação do ω-3 nas pastagens e redução do ω‑6 na carne de animais em pastagens. Para diferentes pesos de abates, os AGS e AGI decresceram frente ao aumento de peso dos animais. Aos 260 kg que apresentou maior participação do CLA e a melhor relação ω-6/ ω-3. Caracterizando a maior qualidade de carne de animais criados em pastagem e o melhor peso de abate é a partir dos 194 kg para a produção de vitelos. / This study was conducted at the Federal Technological University of Paraná, Campus Two neighbors, in order to evaluate two different finishing systems and slaughter weights through the performance, empty body components and fatty acids in the meat of calves to Dutch production meat. We used 43 male animals, not castrated Holstein breed, with initial weight of 57 kg and 58 days old. Of these animals, 23 were confined getting a diet consisting of corn silage as forage and commercial concentrate with corn meal and soybean meal, in relation 40:60. The remaining 20 animals, were completed in cultivated pasture, varying according to the time of year: ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) in the first period, and the two subsequent millet (Pennisetum americanum) supplementation with the same concentrated confinement to 1% of body weight. In each system, the animals were randomly assigned to four different weights, pre-stipulated: 140; 180; 220 and 260 kg body weight. The feedlot finished possible reduction of slaughter age compared to pasture, which also met the nutritional requirements. For evaluation of the pasture consumption was used as an external marker chromium oxide. The calculation of nutrient intake was based on the diet DM, so the dry matter intake was (5.65 against 4.33 kg and 4.36 against 3.32% of body weight), NDT (3.70 against 2.58 kg and 2.88 and 2.01% of body weight) and FDA (0.98 against 0.66 kg and 0.76 against 0.51% of body weight), and the average daily gain (0.949 and 0.694 kg-1), all variables higher (P <0.05) in animals in feedlot in relation to the pasture. The consumption of CP, NDF and CA showed no significant difference. The Holstein calves have potential for the production of meat, expressing the best performance when finished in feedlot. The EBW showed linear growth with increasing slaughter weight, and the yield of hot and cold carcass was not affected in relation EBW / PAB. The growth of external components of substrate was proportional to the increased weight, grew rapidly in the early stages and accompanying weight gain. In relative units just head and feet. The absolute weight of the heart, kidney, lung, liver, spleen, gall bladder, trachea, reproductive tract, TGI and content amounted TGI (P <0.05) linearly. In relative units, individual behavior of some internal organs reversed, with decreases due to increased weight, only the liver, esophagus, TGI and the set of internal components increased linearly. The EBW was not influenced by food, chips and leather were significant (P <0.05) in absolute weights and the leather and the head relative weights. The differences presented by the liver, trachea, spleen and contents of TGI, were sufficient to alter the absolute and relative weights of the internal components (P <0.05) observed in animals on pasture, mainly due to the high protein present in pastures. For the analysis of fatty acids, the diet used in the termination systems did not change the saturated fatty acids. The C16 unsaturated acids: 1n7 (palmitoleic acid) had higher content of confinement 1.02 against 0.75 g / g lipid in the pasture, and on the content of linolenic acid-y (C18: 3n6) higher feedlot 0.07 against 0.04 g / g lipid in grassland eoe acid 5.8, II, 14,17-eicosapentaenoic (EPA) (C20: 5n3), which varied in a manner contrary with higher values in the pasture 0.45 against 0, 17 g / g lipid in confinement. In total the set of saturated fatty acids, unsaturated, polyunsaturated did not vary as to the termination system used and with the omega 6 alone. Only omega 3 have the highest levels of alpha-linolenic (ω3). Thus reduced the ω-6 ratio / ω-3, demonstrating the increased participation of ω-3 in the pastures and reducing the ω-6 in the flesh of animals in pastures. For different weights of slaughter, the SFA and UFA decreased due to increased weight of the animals. To 260 kg greatest participation of CLA and the best ω-6 ratio / ω-3. Featuring the highest quality of meat from animals raised on pasture and the best slaughter weight is from 194 kg for the production of calves. / 5000

Thesis (MTech (BioMedical Technology))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2006 / In multiple sclerosis (MS) the myelin sheaths surrounding the axons in the brain are mainly affected by the disease process. Myelin consists for the most part of lipids and proteins. An abnormality in essential fatty acid metabolism is known to be present in patients with MS (Horrobin, 1979), reflected in a high ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids in cell membranes. It has also been established previously that the pathogenesis of inflammatory disorders is aggravated by excessive consumption of n-6 fatty acids relative to n-3 fatty acids (Guesnet et al., 2005),and it has been shown that ingesting a larger proportion of n-3 fatty acids could be crucial in the regulation of cellular physiology and in the prevention of pathologies such as autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Modern Western medical treatment for autoimmune diseases, which includes MS, involves the administration of immunosuppressive drugs, such as beta interferon, cortisone (prednisone), methotrexate and cytoxan, which reduce the effectiveness of the entire Immune system, and can have serious, sometimes life threatening, side effec1s (Perlmutter, 2006, htlp:/Iwww.msfac1s.org). It would therefore be of interest to investigate other options for treatment Although there is an extensive literature on fatly acids in MS, the actual details of the mechanisms of fatly add imbalances in MS have not been established. It would therefore be advisable to Investigate the abnormality of the MS cell membrane fatly acid profile. Previous studies focused on individual fatty acids, but it would be more relevant to investigate the relationships within and between the n-6 and n-3 series, and their effect on outcome, and to establish any possible cumulative effects, because the metabolism of fatty adds within the two series does have an effect on one another.