This study uses panel data to advance international business literature about the efficiency with which Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows to developed countries create employment compared to developing countries. It is argued that the economic activity of a host economy in the growth of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) facilitates its ability to attract FDI. The importance of this relationship lies in the components that make the GDP a composite measure and has wide-ranging implications on governance, effectiveness and efficiency of a host country. The analysis of data confirmed the hypothesis on the efficiency of developed economies in creating employment from FDI inflows. The study further presents a detailed case, analysed from data, on the relationship between economic activities of major industrial sectors in South Africa and their ability to attract foreign investments. Furthermore, the extent to which the foreign investment creates employment in proportion to the FDI inflow is examined. The study findings support a positive relationship with GDP – FDI and employment. While similar trends were seen on industrial sectors, a declining growth in employment and FDI inflow were noticeable in South Africa. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

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Ce travail de thèse propose une méthode générale de reconstruction de défauts. Cette méthode donne un aperçu sur le problème d’observabilité des entrées inconnues. Par la suite, une méthodologie de détection et d’isolation de défauts capteurs et actionneurs est proposée. Le schéma de FDI est basé sur une banque d’observateurs. L’implémentation de cette méthode pour un modèle ASM1 réduit conduit à une table de signature fortement localisante.La deuxième partie porte sur la problématique de « l’observation des systèmes non linéaires ». Le filtre de Kalman étendu (FKE) est l’un des observateurs les plus largement utilisé à cette fin. Cependant, la convergence de cet observateur n’est pas prouvée. Lorsque le FKE est appliqué à un système mis sous une forme canonique d’observabilité, il acquiert, des propriétés de convergence exponentielle globales. Cependant, ce dernier entraine une amplification de bruit. Afin de combiner l’efficacité d’un FKE en termes de lissage de bruit, et la réactivité d’un OKE grand gain face aux larges variations, [Boizot et al., 2010] ont proposé un observateur adaptatif. Ainsi, cet observateur est appliqué au système non-linéaire MIMO d’une station d’épuration biologique. Une étude comparative entre ces trois observateurs est menée afin de mettre en évidence la pertinence de l’observateur adaptatif. / This thesis proposes a general methodology for identifying and reconstructing sensor faults on dynamical processes. This identification theory provides a general framework for the problem of "observability with unknown inputs". Next, a framework for fault detection and isolation of sensors and actuators is proposed. The FDI sheme is based on bank of high-gain observers. A simulation study of a waste water treatment plant shows the effectiveness of the proposed approach.The second point evoked in the thesis is the observability of nonlinear dynamic systems and state estimation. The Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is a widely used observer for such nonlinear systems. However, it suffers from the lack of theoretical justifications. The EKF, when applied to a system put in a normal form of observability, it acquires the property of global exponential convergence. Unfortunately, this latter observer (HG-EKF) is very sensitive to measurement noise. In order to combine the behaviors of the EKF (efficiency with respect to noise smoothing) and of the HG-EKF (reactivity to large estimation errors), (Boizot et al, 2010) proposed an adaptive high gain observer. This observer is applied to a MIMO nonlinear system of an Activated Sludge Process. A comparison study of the performances of the three observers under consideration is carried out. Results show a clearly better state estimation for the adaptive observer.

Foreign direct investment is an important topic in economic research. FDI occurs when a firm invests in a foreign country. The purpose of this thesis is to empirically analyze the effects of FDI on the economic growth of the selected sample of twenty-one OECD countries. The thesis is based on a theoretical model of cross-country regressions and a panel data technique methodology was followed. The results of the time-period 1998-2017, show a direct positive impact of FDI on GDP per capita growth, namely economic growth. Moreover, it was found a lack of complementarity between FDI inflows and human capital, and a negative dependency between FDI inflows and institutions such as private sector credit.

Exceptionally high FDI inflows into Ireland have been one of the main resources of Irish rapid economic growth, and earned the country a title of “Celtic Tiger”.  The goal of this thesis is to find out the driving sources behind this high inward investment and to examine whether Ireland has truly enjoyed higher amounts of FDI inflows than predicted by the model. This thesis analyzes the determinants of foreign direct investment in Ireland. The determinants being examined are GDP, GDP per capita, infrastructure, labor productivity, education and trade openness. The analyzed period is from 1997 to 2007 and data is collected for 30 OECD member states. With the help of the pooled regression we were able to obtain the following results: GDP, GDP per capita, infrastructure and education have a significant effect on FDI and FDI per capita inflows. However, labor productivity and trade openness turned out to be less significant in attracting FDI to Ireland. Moreover, based on the results, infrastructure had an unexpected negative sign, while the rest of the variables indicated expected positive relation to FDI.

I den här uppsatsen studeras skillnaderna i lönsamhet och sysselsättning under en treårspe-riod för 71 svenska företag som var mål för förvärv under perioden 1998-2001. Syftet är att undersöka om utlandsägda företag är bättre på att generera lönsamhet och sysselsättning än företag med inhemska ägare. Resultaten visar att det finns ett samband mellan nationalitet på uppköparen och lönsamhet. Utländskt ägande har ett positivt samband till lönsamhet i allmänhet och också till de högsta lönsamhetsökningarna i tidsperioden som studerats. Företag med inhemska ägare har ett positivt samband till minskad lönsamhet vilket betyder att företag med inhemska ägare har en högre tendens att generera en lägre lönsamhet under den tidsperiod som studerats. Inga statistiskt signifikanta resultat fanns för sambandet mellan nationalitet på uppköparen och skillnad i sysselsättning. Siffrorna visar dock på ett positivt samband mellan utländskt ägande och ökad sysselsättning. Tester gjordes också för att se om det finns något samband mellan nationalitet på uppköpare och den ekonomiska prestationen på målföretaget vid tiden för uppköpet. Resultaten visar att utländska uppköpare har en tendens att köpa målföretag som har en negativ lönsamhet medan inhemska uppköpare tenderar att köpa företag med en positiv lönsamhet. / This thesis studies the changes in profitability and employment during a three-year period for 71 Swedish firms that were targets of acquisitions in the years 1998-2001. The aim is to test whether foreign-owned firms are better in generating profitability and employment than domestically-owned firms. The results show that there is a relationship between the nationality of the acquirer and profitability. Foreign ownership has a positive relationship to profitability in general and also account for the highest profitability increases in the period studied. Domestically-owned firms have a positive relationship to decreased profitability which means that the domestically-owned firms have a greater tendency to generate lower profitability than foreign-owned firms in the period studied. No statistically significant results were attained when testing the relationship between nationality of acquirer and change in employment. Nevertheless the figures show a pattern of positive relationships between foreign ownership and increased employment. Tests were made to see if there is any relationship between nationality of acquirer and the economic performance of target firms at the time of acquisition. The results show that foreign acquirers tend to acquire targets with a negative profitability while domestic investors tend to acquire firms with a positive profitability.

<p>I den här uppsatsen studeras skillnaderna i lönsamhet och sysselsättning under en treårspe-riod för 71 svenska företag som var mål för förvärv under perioden 1998-2001. Syftet är att undersöka om utlandsägda företag är bättre på att generera lönsamhet och sysselsättning än företag med inhemska ägare. Resultaten visar att det finns ett samband mellan nationalitet på uppköparen och lönsamhet. Utländskt ägande har ett positivt samband till lönsamhet i allmänhet och också till de högsta lönsamhetsökningarna i tidsperioden som studerats. Företag med inhemska ägare har ett positivt samband till minskad lönsamhet vilket betyder att företag med inhemska ägare har en högre tendens att generera en lägre lönsamhet under den tidsperiod som studerats. Inga statistiskt signifikanta resultat fanns för sambandet mellan nationalitet på uppköparen och skillnad i sysselsättning. Siffrorna visar dock på ett positivt samband mellan utländskt ägande och ökad sysselsättning. Tester gjordes också för att se om det finns något samband mellan nationalitet på uppköpare och den ekonomiska prestationen på målföretaget vid tiden för uppköpet. Resultaten visar att utländska uppköpare har en tendens att köpa målföretag som har en negativ lönsamhet medan inhemska uppköpare tenderar att köpa företag med en positiv lönsamhet.</p> / <p>This thesis studies the changes in profitability and employment during a three-year period for 71 Swedish firms that were targets of acquisitions in the years 1998-2001. The aim is to test whether foreign-owned firms are better in generating profitability and employment than domestically-owned firms. The results show that there is a relationship between the nationality of the acquirer and profitability. Foreign ownership has a positive relationship to profitability in general and also account for the highest profitability increases in the period studied. Domestically-owned firms have a positive relationship to decreased profitability which means that the domestically-owned firms have a greater tendency to generate lower profitability than foreign-owned firms in the period studied. No statistically significant results were attained when testing the relationship between nationality of acquirer and change in employment. Nevertheless the figures show a pattern of positive relationships between foreign ownership and increased employment. Tests were made to see if there is any relationship between nationality of acquirer and the economic performance of target firms at the time of acquisition. The results show that foreign acquirers tend to acquire targets with a negative profitability while domestic investors tend to acquire firms with a positive profitability.</p>

Darbe nagrinėjamos tiesioginės užsienio investicijos (TUI) Lietuvoje, analizuojama investicijų dinamika Lietuvoje 2000-2006 m.: aptariami investicijų srautų, pasiskirstymo pagal sektorius, užsienio šalis kitimas, regioniniai aspektai. Taip pat analizuojamas TUI efektyvumas šalies ekonomikos augimui analizuojant TUI ir BVP, eksporto ir importo priklausomybes. Apžvelgiami užsienio ir Lietuvos autorių pateikiami TUI teoriniai aspektai- struktūra, funkcijos, aptariama ekonominė TUI reikšmė šalies ūkiui. Pateikiama TUI reglamentuojančios teisinės bazės analizė. Apžvelgiami TUI įtakojančių sąlygų bei veiksnių apibudinimai, o taip pat ir skatinimo modeliai. Darbe taip pat aptariamos TUI tendencijos ir skatinimo perspektyvos ateityje. Apibendrinami įvairių tyrimų duomenys, nurodantys trukdžius, kurie stabdo TUI atėjimą į Lietuvą, o taip pat išryškinami šalies privalumai. / This paper examines foreign direct investment (FDI) in Lithuania, analyze the structure and range of investment during period 2000-2006 in the country. Discusses the inflows of investment, distribution of the sectors, main investors, and regions. The paper analyse the efficiency of FDI on the development of national economy, based on relationship between FDI into the main branches of economics and GDP, import and export flows. The main descriptions and classifications of foreign and Lithuanian authors about the conditions and factors that effect FDI are overlooked here. The low regulations for FDI are presented in paper also. Analyses concrete conditions and inducement for FDI in Lithuania, discusses possible alternative factors wich settle investment and stimulate it in the country. Discusses FDI changing perspectives and incentive programs in the future. Generalize results of various researches that indicate the interferences for FDI inflows. And also note the fortes which effect FDI inflows in the country. The author provides recommendations and proposals for strengthening Lithuania’s position as an FDI destination.

Most countries in the world are working hard to attract more foreign direct investment. Identifying the key determinants of foreign direct investment is therefore seen as a crucial task for policy makers. Compared to other parts of the world, the performance of Sub-Sahara African countries in attracting foreign direct investment is poor. This study deals with identifying the determinants of foreign direct investment inflow in Sub-Saharan Africa. The study employed panel data analysis: pooled ordinary least square method, fixed effects and Random Effect methods. Fourteen Sub-Saharan Africa countries were sampled for the study. Trade openness, gross domestic product, gross domestic product growth, gross domestic product per capita, telephone line (per 100 people), gross fixed capital formation, inflation and the lag of FDI are explanatory variables while the stock of FDI inflow is dependent variable. The analyzed data covered for the period 1986-2010.  The study finding shows that trade openness, gross domestic product, inflation, and lag of FDI are the most significant determinants of foreign direct investment inflows to sub-Saharan Africa.

The foundational international business (IB) scholarship grappled with whether multinational enterprises (MNEs) are largely efficiency-enhancing or market-power inducing institutions. Contemporary scholarship, however, often associates foreign direct investment (FDI) with efficiency-enhancing properties and thus neglects the market-power interpretation of the MNE. Such an imbalance is problematic given that the theoretical and empirical justifications behind the field's embrace of the efficiency interpretation are not fully evident. Instead, both efficiency and market-power effects are seemingly present in cross-border investment activity. Based on a comprehensive sample of up to 4,361 cross-border investments materializing between 1986 and 2010, we present theoretically-grounded hypotheses with regard to when market-power effects will tend to dominate efficiency effects. We find that cross-border investments undertaken by emerging-market MNEs in both developed and emerging markets tend to involve substantial efficiency effects and minimal market-power effects when compared with the cross-border investments undertaken by developed-country MNEs in both developed and emerging markets.