Systemic inflammation is associated with impaired lung function. Inflammation is part of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but the local and systemic inflammatory pattern differs. The overall aim was to evaluate systemic inflammatory markers in obstructive lung diseases and more specifically: To determine if CRP is related to respiratory symptoms, asthma, atopy and bronchial responsiveness (paper I), in a population sample from three countries (paper I and II); to evaluate if CRP is related to COPD, lung function and rate of lung function decline (paper II); to investigate the association of serum MMP-9 and TIMP-1 with lung function in a cross-sectional population based study (paper III); and finally, to study possible gender differences in the longitudinal association between CRP and lung function in a prospective population based study (paper IV). In the first study we reported that CRP was related to non-allergic asthma but not allergic asthma, and that CRP was related to respiratory symptoms such as wheeze, nocturnal cough and breathlessness after effort, but not associated with atopy or bronchial responsiveness. In the second study we found that COPD was more common in subjects in the highest CRP quartiles and higher CRP levels were associated with lower FEV1 values in both men and women, but the negative association between CRP and FEV1 was larger in men than women. The FEV1 decline was larger in men with high CRP levels, whereas no such association was found for women. In the third study we reported that lower FEV1 was associated with higher levels of MMP-9, TIMP-1 and their ratio MMP-9/TIMP-1. After stratification for gender this association was significant in men but not women. In the fourth study we found that CRP levels were associated with change in both FEV1 and FVC in men but not women. This association was found for both baseline CRP and change in CRP, confirming a stronger association between systemic inflammation and lung function decline in men than women. In conclusion, systemic inflammation is associated with non-allergic asthma but not allergic asthma. Our findings of a stronger association between the systemic inflammation and lung function impairment in men, but not women, may indicate a gender difference in the mechanisms of lung function decline.

Introduction: Bronchial thermoplasty (B.T.) is a therapeutic bronchoscopic procedure in which controlled thermal energy is applied to the airway wall to decrease smooth muscle mass. Immediate complications of B.T. include acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma, upper and lower respiratory tract infection, hemoptysis, among others. Our study assessed these immediate adverse events and the changes in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1%) measured four hours after each procedure from baseline. The study also aimed to examine the number of activations during each cycle of treatment and its correlation to the corresponding change in FEV1% from baseline. Methods: A case-series analysis of 17 patients who underwent B.T. between 2014 and 2019 was done. Demographic, clinical characteristics, including pre and post-BT FEV1% measures, and the number of activations were obtained. Results: Acute exacerbation of asthma was the commonest complication accounting for 33%, 57%, and 75% after BT1, BT2, and BT3, respectively. There was deterioration in FEV1% after each treatment phase, the most significant being in BT3. There was no correlation between the number of heat activations with the change in FEV1% from baseline. Conclusion: The number of activations in B.T. does not correlate with the immediate deterioration in FEV1%, although exacerbation of asthma is the commonest complication post-B.T.

No description available.

La fibrose kystique (FK) est la maladie autosomique récessive la plus fréquente chez les individus de race caucasienne. Elle est secondaire à la mutation du gène Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator (CFTR). Grâce à des traitements plus agressifs, la médiane de l’espérance de vie des individus atteints de la FK a augmenté et cette augmentation est associée à l’émergence du diabète secondaire ou associé à la FK (DAFK), une complication associée à une augmentation du taux de mortalité. La pathophysiologie du DAFK n’est pas parfaitement comprise. Par exemple, la cause de l’accélération de la perte de la fonction pulmonaire, qui débute des années avant l’apparition du DAFK, n'est pas élucidée. Tous les patients atteints de la FK, même ceux sans le DAFK, présentent de l’hyperglycémie et des fluctuations glycémiques. D’ailleurs, une étude a démontré que la réactivité immunitaire est affectée par l’hyperglycémie dans un modèle animal de la FK et il y a des évidences que les lymphocytes sans CFTR fonctionnel ou en présence d’un excès de glucose ont des réactions inflammatoires anormales. Donc, nous avons émis l’hypothèse que les patients atteints de la FK, surtout ceux non-diabétiques et pré-diabétiques, auront une plus grande proportion de lymphocytes Th17 et Treg produisant la cytokine pro-inflammatoire IL-17A comparativement aux sujets sains et que l’augmentation de cette cytokine pourrait influencer la chute accélérée des fonctions pulmonaires avant l’apparition du DAFK. Des niveaux élevés d’IL-17A sont retrouvés dans les poumons des patients atteints de la FK et dans le sang périphérique des patients avec le diabète de type 1 (DT1) et de type 2 (DT2). L’IL-17A peut aussi être produite par les lymphocytes Treg dysfonctionnels. Habituellement, ces lymphocytes atténuent les réponses inflammatoires excessives, mais lorsqu’ils sont dysfonctionnels, ils peuvent produire de l’IL-17A, contribuant ainsi à l’état inflammatoire. De plus, nous avons supposé que les proportions de Th17 et Treg produisant de l’IL-17A seront associées aux fonctions pulmonaires des patients atteints de la FK et que l’alimentation, l’activité physique et la composition corporelle influenceraient ces relations. Les résultats de cette thèse ont montré que, malgré une association entre la proportion de lymphocytes dans le sang périphérique et les indices de fluctuations glycémiques, celles-ci n’influençaient pas les proportions de lymphocytes Th17 et Treg produisant de l’IL-17A lorsqu’ils étaient mis en culture pour 24 ou 48 heures dans des milieux contenant soit 5 mM ou 25 mM de glucose et stimulés par le phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) et le phytohemagglutinine (PHA) ou, encore, non stimulés. De plus, ces proportions étaient semblables entre les patients atteints de la FK et les individus en santé. Toutefois, les proportions de lymphocytes Treg stimulés produisant de l’IL-17A des sujets sains étaient plus élevées que les proportions de lymphocytes Treg non stimulés de tous les participants (patients atteints de la FK et individus en santé). Tout ceci suggérant donc que les Treg des sujets sains et atteints de la FK ne réagissaient pas de la même façon à la stimulation. D’ailleurs, la durée d’incubation affectait les proportions de Th17 produisant de l’IL-17A, mais elle n’avait aucun effet sur les proportions de Treg produisant cette cytokine. Donc, ces types cellulaires réagissaient différemment dans les mêmes milieux de culture. De plus, nous avons observé que seulement l’énergie provenant des glucides affectait modestement les indices de fluctuations glycémiques et que les proportions de Th17 et Treg produisant de l’IL-17A n’étaient pas associées aux fonctions pulmonaires des patients atteints de la FK. En conclusion, les patients atteints de la FK avaient plus d’hyperglycémie et de fluctuations glycémiques, mais elles n’influençaient pas les proportions de lymphocytes Th17 et Treg produisant de l’IL-17A ex vivo. Dans des études futures, il faudrait étudier le rôle de l’IL-17A dans les poumons des patients avec et sans le DAFK et réaliser une étude prospective pour déterminer si une augmentation des niveaux d’IL-17A chez les patients sans le DAFK se traduit par une chute accélérée des fonctions pulmonaires avant l’apparition de cette complication. / Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common autosomal recessive genetic disease among Caucasians and it is cause by a mutation in the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator (CFTR) gene. With the emergence of more aggressive therapies to treat CF, the median life expectancy of patients with CF has increased and new complications, such as CF-related diabetes (CFRD), have emerged. CFRD is associated with increased mortality. The physiopathology of this complication is not fully understood. For instance, the reason why people with CF have an accelerated decline in lung functions years before the diagnosis of CFRD is not known. Patients with CF, even those without CFRD, have increased hyperglycemia and glucose fluctuations. In addition, a study has reported that hyperglycemia affected immune reactivity in a mouse model of the disease. Furthermore, studies have shown that lymphocytes without a functional CFTR or that have increased uptake of glucose have abnormal immune responses. Therefore, we hypothesized that patients with CF, specifically those with normal and impaired glucose tolerance, would have increased proportions of Th17 and Treg lymphocytes producing the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-17A and that the increase in IL-17A levels would contribute to the accelerated decline of lung functions before the onset of CFRD. Increased levels of IL-17A have been found in the lungs of patients with CF and the peripheral blood of patients with type 1 (T1D) and 2 diabetes (T2D). Dysfunctional Treg lymphocytes can also produce IL-17A. These lymphocytes usually attenuate excessive immune responses but, in certain cases, can be dysfunctional and produce the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-17A. Moreover, we hypothesized that the proportions of these cells producing IL-17A would be associated to lung functions in patients with CF and that nutrition, physical activity and body composition could influence the relationship between inflammation and glucose fluctuations. Although an association between the proportion of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of participants and glucose fluctuations was observed, glucose fluctuations did not affect the proportions of Th17 and Treg lymphocytes producing IL-17A stimulated with PHA and PMA or not stimulated in media containing either 5 or 25 mM of glucose for 24 or 48 hours. Furthermore, these proportions were similar between healthy individuals and patients with CF with the exception of the proportion of stimulated Treg lymphocytes producing IL-17A of healthy individuals that was greater than the proportions of non-stimulated Treg lymphocytes producing IL-17A of all participants (patients with CF and healthy individuals). This suggests that Treg lymphocytes of healthy individuals and CF patients do not respond in the same manner to stimulation by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Also, the duration of incubation affected the proportions of Th17 cells producing IL-17A but did not affect the proportion of Treg producing this cytokine. Therefore, these two types of lymphocytes are differently affected in the same culture media. Also, only the proportion of calories from carbohydrates affected modestly glucose fluctuations and the proportions of Th17 and Treg lymphocytes producing IL-17A were not associated to lung functions in CF patients. To conclude, patients with CF had increased hyperglycemia and glucose flucutations when compared to healthy individuals but this glucose variability did not affect the proportions of Th17 and Treg lymphocytes producing IL-17A ex vivo. Future studies are needed to explore the role of IL-17A in the lungs of patients with CFRD and a prospective study would be important in order to determine if an increase in IL-17A in patients without CFRD is associated to an accelerated decrease in lung functions before the onset of this complication.