The analysis of the K(892)*0 resonance production in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV with the ALICE detector at the LHC is presented. The analysis is motivated by the interest in the measurement of short-lived resonances production that can provide insights on the properties of the medium produced in heavy-ion collisions both during its partonic (Quark-Gluon Plasma) and hadronic phase. This particular analysis exploits particle identification of the ALICE Time-Of-Flight detector. The ALICE experiment is presented, with focus on the performance of the Time-Of-Flight system. The aspects of calibration and data quality controls are discussed in detail, while illustrating the excellent and very stable performance of the system in different collision environments at the LHC. A full analysis of the K*0 resonance production is presented: from the resonance reconstruction to the determination of the efficiency and the systematic uncertainty. The results show that the analysis strategy discussed is a valid tool to measure the K∗0 up to intermediate momenta. Preliminary results on K*0 resonance production at the LHC are presented and confirmed to be a powerful tool to study the physics of ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions.

The most ocean - atmosphere exchanges take place in polar environments due to the low temperatures which favor the absorption processes of atmospheric gases, in particular CO2. For this reason, the alterations of biogeochemical cycles in these areas can have a strong impact on the global climate. With the aim of contributing to the definition of the mechanisms regulating the biogeochemical fluxes we have analyzed the particles collected in the Ross Sea in different years (ROSSMIZE, BIOSESO 1 and 2, ROAVERRS and ABIOCLEAR projects) in two sites (mooring A and B). So it has been developed a more efficient method to prepare sediment trap samples for the analyses. We have also processed satellite data of sea ice, chlorophyll a and diatoms concentration. At both sites, in each year considered, there was a high seasonal and inter-annual variability of biogeochemical fluxes closely correlated with sea ice cover and primary productivity. The comparison between the samples collected at mooring A and B in 2008 highlighted the main differences between these two sites. Particle fluxes at Mooring A, located in a polynia area, are higher than mooring B ones and they happen about a month before. In the mooring B area it has been possible to correlate the particles fluxes to the ice concentration anomalies and with the atmospheric changes in response to El Niño Southern Oscillations. In 1996 and 1999, years subjected to La Niña, the concentrations of sea ice in this area have been less than in 1998, year subjected to El Niño. Inverse correlation was found for 2005 and 2008. In the mooring A area significant differences in mass and biogenic fluxes during 2005 and 2008 has been recorded. This allowed to underline the high variability of lateral advection processes and to connect them to the physical forcing. / Gli ambienti polari rappresentano il luogo in cui avvengono i maggiori scambi tra atmosfera e oceano grazie alle basse temperature che favoriscono i processi di assorbimento dei gas atmosferici, in particolare di CO2. Le alterazioni dei cicli biogeochimici di queste regioni quindi possono avere un forte impatto sul clima globale. Ci si è proposti di contribuire alla definizione dei meccanismi che regolano attualmente i flussi biogeochimici nel Mare di Ross analizzando il particellato raccolto in vari anni (progetti ROSSMIZE, BIOSESO 1 e 2, ROAVERRS e ABIOCLEAR) in due siti fissi (mooring A e B). A tal fine è stato messo a punto un metodo di preparazione dei campioni di trappola più efficiente e sono stati elaborati i dati da satellite relativi alla concentrazione dei ghiacci, di clorofilla a e di diatomee. In ognuno degli anni esaminati, in entrambi i siti, si è osservata un’alta variabilità stagionale e interannuale dei flussi biogeochimici strettamente correlata alla copertura di ghiaccio e alla produttività primaria. Il confronto tra i campioni del 2008 raccolti dai mooring A e B ha evidenziato le principali differenze tra i due siti: nel mooring A, situato nell’area di polynia, flussi più alti e anticipati di circa un mese rispetto al mooring B. Nella zona del mooring B i flussi di particelle sono stati correlati alle fluttuazioni dei ghiacci e alle variazioni atmosferiche dovute a El Niño Southern Oscillation. Nel 1996 e 1999, anni soggetti a La Niña, le concentrazioni dei ghiacci sono state minori mentre nel 1998, periodo soggetto a El Niño, maggiori. Correlazione inversa è stata riscontrata per il 2005 e il 2008. Nell’area del mooring A le consistenti differenze registrate nei flussi relativi al 2005 e 2008, hanno consentito di evidenziare l’alta variabilità dei fenomeni di avvezione laterale e di collegarli al forcing fisico.

Introduzione L’attività fisica moderata seguita da improvvisa interruzione può influenzare le caratteristiche biologiche del tendine. Lo scopo del lavoro è stato quello di valutare l’attività cellulare, le caratteristiche istologiche, istomorfometriche e microstrutturali del tendine patellare e della sua entesi in condizioni di non allenamento (sedentarietà), allenamento ed improvviso arresto dell’attività fisica. E’ stato ipotizzato che un’iniezione peri-tendinea di acido ialuronico nelle settimane successive all’improvviso arresto dell’attività fisica potesse mantenere l’integrità strutturale e biologica del tendine patellare. Materiali e Metodi 24 ratti Sprague Dawley maschi di 8 settimane sono stati suddivisi in tre gruppi, allenati per 10 settimane, fino a 60-80% VO2max. I ratti sono stati suddivisi in tre gruppi: Non Allenati (6), Allenati (6), Disallenati (12). A 6 dei 12 ratti del gruppo Detrained, è stata praticata un’infiltrazione peri-tendinea a nel tendine patellare destro di 300 μl di acido ialuronico, mentre nei rimanenti 6, è stata praticata l’infiltrazione con soluzione fisiologica. I tendini rotulei espiantati sono stati valutati con coltura cellulare, valutazione biologica molecolare, valutazioni morfologiche microstrutturali, proliferazione, conta ed attività cellulare. Risultati I risultati in vitro hanno evidenziato vitalità e conta cellulare simili fra i Gruppi Trained e Detrained-HA con un incremento significativo del metabolismo cellulare rispetto agli altri Gruppi. La cellularità ha mostrato valori maggiori nei Gruppi Non Allenati e Detrained-NaCl ove si è osservata una biosintesi del collagene III superiore ai Gruppi Trained e Detrained-HA. Contrariamente, la produzione di collagene I e II presentava valori maggiori nei Gruppi Trained e Detrained-HA suggerendo una superiore efficienza tessutale e metabolica di questi ultimi. Conclusioni Questi risultati confermano che l’allenamento ed il suo improvviso arresto hanno effetti sulla struttura tendinea patellare di ratto e che l’iniezione peritendinea di acido ialuronico nel periodo di inattività ha effetti significativi su metabolismo cellulare e sul tendine rispetto al trattamento con soluzione fisiologica. / Introduction Different conditions may alter tendon characteristics. Clinical evidence suggests that tendon injuries are more frequent in athletes that change type, intensity and duration of training. Aim of the study was the assessment of training and especially detraining on the patellar tendon (PT) and its enthesis. We also hypotized that peri-tendineous injection with Ialuronic acid in detrained rats could prevent structural tendon integrity. Materials and Methods: 24 male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups: 18 rats were trained on a treadmill for 10 weeks. Of these, 6 rats were euthanized immediately after training (trained group), 12 were caged without exercise for 4 weeks before being injected in peri patellar tendon tissue, 1 group with Ialuronic acid (de-trained HA group) and the other with Saline solution and then euthanized (de-trained Saline group). The remaining 6 rats used as controls (untrained rats). Patellar tendons were evaluated with cellular coltures, molecular biological evaluation, microstructural morphologic evaluation, cellular proliferation, cellular number and activity. Results In vitro results showed cells vitality and number similar between Trained and Detrained-HA groups with an increased significance cellular methabolism vs the others groups. Cellularity showed better values in Non Trained and Detrained-NaCl Groups where we saw superior collagen III biosinthesis vs Trained and Detrained-HA Groups. On the other side Collagen I and II showed better values in Trained and Detrained-HA suggesting a better tissue activity of Detrained-HA Group. Conclusion Sudden interruption of physical activity has a negative effect on tendons and peri-tendineous patellar injection with Ialuronic Acid can represent a protective tendon therapy after a sudden detraining period.

Lo stretch film è una diffusa applicazione per imballaggio dei film in polietilene (PE), utilizzato per proteggere diversi prodotti di vari dimensioni e pesi. Una caratteristica fondamentale del film è la sua proprietà adesiva in virtù della quale il film può essere facilmente chiuso su se stesso. Tipicamente vengono scelti gradi lineari a bassa densità (LLDPE) con valori relativamente bassi di densità a causa delle loro buone prestazioni. Il mercato basa la scelta del materiale adesivo per tentativi piuttosto che in base alla conoscenza delle caratteristiche strutturali ottimali per l’applicazione. Come per i pressure sensitive adhesives, le proprietà adesive di film stretch in PE possono essere misurati mediante "peel testing". Esistono molti metodi standard internazionali ma i risultati di tali prove sono fortemente dipendenti dalla geometria di prova, sulla possibile deformazione plastica che si verificano nel peel arm(s), e la velocità e temperatura. Lo scopo del presente lavoro è quello di misurare l'energia di adesione Gc di film stretch di PE, su se stessi e su substrati diversi, sfruttando l'interpretazione della meccanica della frattura per tener conto dell'elevata flessibilità e deformabilità di tali film. Quindi, la dipendenza velocità/temperatura di Gc sarà studiata con riferimento diretto al comportamento viscoelastico lineare dei materiali utilizzati negli strati adesivi, per esplorare le relazioni struttura-proprietà che possono mettere in luce i meccanismi molecolari coinvolti nei processi di adesione e distacco. Nella presente caso, l’adesivo non è direttamente disponibile come materiale separato che può essere messo tra due superfici di prova e misurato per la determinazione delle sue proprietà. Il presupposto principale è che una parte, o fase, della complessa struttura semi-cristallina del PE possa funzionare come adesivo, e un importante risultato di questo studio può essere una migliore identificazione e caratterizzazione di questo "fase adesiva". / Stretch wrap is a widespread packaging application of Polyethylene (PE) films, used to held together and protect many possible products of varying number, sizes and weights. A key feature of stretch wrap films is their adhesive property, by virtue of which the wrap can be easily closed onto itself. Typically, Linear Low Density grades (LLDPEs) with comparatively low density values are chosen, because of their known good adhesive (“cling”) properties. The market relies on trial and error for the choice of the adhesive material rather than choose upon known optimal structure’s properties tailored for the application. As for pressure sensitive adhesives, the adhesive properties of PE stretch films can be measured by “peel testing”. Many international standard methods exist, and the results of such tests are strongly dependent on test geometry, on the possible plastic deformation occurring in the peel arm(s), and on peeling rate and temperature. The aim of the present work is to measure the adhesive energy Gc of PE stretch films onto themselves and on different substrates, by taking advantage of the fracture mechanics approach to account for the high flexibility and deformability of these films. The measured rate/temperature dependence of Gc will be studied with reference to the linear viscoelastic behaviour of the materials used in the adhesive layers, in order to explore the structure-property relationships which could enlighten the molecular mechanisms involved in the adhesion and detachment processes. In the present case, the “adhesive” is not available as a separate material which could be tested and sampled for determination of its properties. The main assumption is that some part, or phase, of the complex semi-crystalline polyethylene material works as an adhesive, and an important outcome of this study can be a better identification and characterization of this “adhesive phase”.

In the context of increasing beam energy and luminosity of the LHC accelerator at CERN, it will be important to accurately measure the Machine Induced Background. A new monitoring system will be installed in the CMS cavern for measuring the beam background at high radius. This detector, called the Beam Halo Monitor, will provide an online, bunch-by-bunch measurement of background induced by beam halo interactions, separately for each beam. The detector is composed of synthetic quartz Cherenkov radiators, coupled to fast UV sensitive photomultiplier tubes. The directional and fast response of the system allows the discrimination of the background particles from the dominant flux in the cavern induced by pp collision debris, produced within the 25 ns bunch spacing. The readout electronics of this detector will make use of many components developed for the upgrade of the CMS Hadron Calorimeter electronics, with a dedicated firmware and readout adapted to the beam monitoring requirements. The PMT signal will be digitized by a charge integrating ASIC, providing both the signal rise time and the charge integrated over one bunch crossing. The backend electronics will record bunch-by-bunch histograms, which will be published to CMS and the LHC using the newly designed CMS beam instrumentation specific DAQ. A calibration and monitoring system has been designed to generate triggered pulses of UV light to monitor the efficiency of the system. The experimental results validating the design of the detector, the calibration system and the electronics will be presented.

The production rate of $b$ and $\bar{b}$ hadrons in $pp$ collisions are not expected to be strictly identical, due to imbalance between quarks and anti-quarks in the initial state. This phenomenon can be naively related to the fact that the $\bar{b}$ quark produced in the hard scattering might combine with a $u$ or $d$ valence quark from the colliding protons, whereas the same cannot happen for a $b$ quark. This thesis presents the analysis performed to determine the production asymmetries of $B^0$ and $B^0_s$. The analysis relies on data samples collected by the LHCb detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) during the 2011 and 2012 data takings at two different values of the centre of mass energy $\sqrt{s}=7$ TeV and at $\sqrt{s}=8$ TeV, corresponding respectively to an integrated luminosity of 1 fb$^{-1}$ and of 2 fb$^{-1}$. The production asymmetry is one of the key ingredients to perform measurements of $CP$ violation in b-hadron decays at the LHC, since $CP$ asymmetries must be disentangled from other sources. The measurements of the production asymmetries are performed in bins of $p_\mathrm{T}$ and $\eta$ of the $B$-meson. The values of the production asymmetries, integrated in the ranges $4 < p_\mathrm{T} < 30$ GeV/c and $2.5<\eta<4.5$, are determined to be: \begin{equation} A_\mathrm{P}(\B^0)= (-1.00\pm0.48\pm0.29)\%,\nonumber \end{equation} \begin{equation} A_\mathrm{P}(\B^0_s)= (\phantom{-}1.09\pm2.61\pm0.61)\%,\nonumber \end{equation} where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic. The measurement of $A_\mathrm{P}(B^0)$ is performed using the full statistics collected by LHCb so far, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3 fb$^{-1}$, while the measurement of $A_\mathrm{P}(B^0_s)$ is realized with the first 1 fb$^{-1}$, leaving room for improvement. No clear evidence of dependences on the values of $p_\mathrm{T}$ and $\eta$ is observed. The results presented in this thesis are the most precise measurements available up to date.

This thesis work has been developed in the framework of a new experimental campaign, proposed by the NUCL-EX Collaboration (INFN III Group), in order to progress in the understanding of the statistical properties of light nuclei, at excitation energies above particle emission threshold, by measuring exclusive data from fusion-evaporation reactions. The determination of the nuclear level density in the A~20 region, the understanding of the statistical behavior of light nuclei with excitation energies ~3 A.MeV, and the measurement of observables linked to the presence of cluster structures of nuclear excited levels are the main physics goals of this work. On the theory side, the contribution to this project given by this work lies in the development of a dedicated Monte-Carlo Hauser-Feshbach code for the evaporation of the compound nucleus. The experimental part of this thesis has consisted in the participation to the measurement 12C+12C at 95 MeV beam energy, at Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro - INFN, using the GARFIELD+Ring Counter(RCo) set-up, from the beam-time request to the data taking, data reduction, detector calibrations and data analysis. Different results of the data analysis are presented in this thesis, together with a theoretical study of the system, performed with the new statistical decay code. As a result of this work, constraints on the nuclear level density at high excitation energy for light systems ranging from C up to Mg are given. Moreover, pre-equilibrium effects, tentatively interpreted as alpha-clustering effects, are put in evidence, both in the entrance channel of the reaction and in the dissipative dynamics on the path towards thermalisation.

The surprising discovery of the X(3872) resonance by the Belle experiment in 2003, and subsequent confirmation by BaBar, CDF and D0, opened up a new chapter of QCD studies and puzzles. Since then, detailed experimental and theoretical studies have been performed in attempt to determine and explain the proprieties of this state. Since the end of 2009 the world’s largest and highest-energy particle accelerator, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), started its operations at the CERN laboratories in Geneva. One of the main experiments at LHC is CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid), a general purpose detector projected to address a wide range of physical phenomena, in particular the search of the Higgs boson, the only still unconfirmed element of the Standard Model (SM) of particle interactions and, new physics beyond the SM itself. Even if CMS has been designed to study high energy events, it’s high resolution central tracker and superior muon spectrometer made it an optimal tool to study the X(3872) state. In this thesis are presented the results of a series of study on the X(3872) state performed with the CMS experiment. Already with the first year worth of data, a clear peak for the X(3872) has been identified, and the measurement of the cross section ratio with respect to the Psi(2S) has been performed. With the increased statistic collected during 2011 it has been possible to study, in bins of transverse momentum, the cross section ratio between X(3872) and Psi(2S) and separate their prompt and non-prompt component.

Ultra-relativistic heavy ions generate strong electromagnetic fields which offer the possibility to study γ-γ and γ-nucleus processes at the LHC in the so called ultra-peripheral collisions (UPC). The photoproduction of J/ψ vector mesons in UPC is sensitive to the gluon distribution of the interacting nuclei. In this thesis the study of coherent and incoherent J/ψ production in Pb-Pb collisions at √sNN = 2.76 TeV is described. The J/ψ has been measured via its leptonic decay in the rapidity range -0.9 < y < 0.9. The cross section for coherent and incoherent J/ψ are given. The results are compared to theoretical models for J/ψ production and the coherent cross section is found to be in good agreement with those models which include nuclear gluon shadowing consistent with EPS09 parametrization. In addition the cross section for the process γ γ→ e+e− has been measured and found to be in agreement with the STARLIGHT Monte Carlo predictions. The analysis has been published by the ALICE Collaboration in the European Physical Journal C, with one of its main plot depicted on the cover-front of the November 2013 issue.

Semiconductor nanowires (NWs) are one- or quasi one-dimensional systems whose physical properties are unique as compared to bulk materials because of their nanoscaled sizes. They bring together quantum world and semiconductor devices. NWs-based technologies may achieve an impact comparable to that of current microelectronic devices if new challenges will be faced. This thesis primarily focuses on two different, cutting-edge aspects of research over semiconductor NW arrays as pivotal components of NW-based devices. The first part deals with the characterization of electrically active defects in NWs. It has been elaborated the set-up of a general procedure which enables to employ Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy (DLTS) to probe NW arrays’ defects. This procedure has been applied to perform the characterization of a specific system, i.e. Reactive Ion Etched (RIE) silicon NW arrays-based Schottky barrier diodes. This study has allowed to shed light over how and if growth conditions introduce defects in RIE processed silicon NWs. The second part of this thesis concerns the bowing induced by electron beam and the subsequent clustering of gallium arsenide NWs. After a justified rejection of the mechanisms previously reported in literature, an original interpretation of the electron beam induced bending has been illustrated. Moreover, this thesis has successfully interpreted the formation of NW clusters in the framework of the lateral collapse of fibrillar structures. These latter are both idealized models and actual artificial structures used to study and to mimic the adhesion properties of natural surfaces in lizards and insects (Gecko effect). Our conclusion are that mechanical and surface properties of the NWs, together with the geometry of the NW arrays, play a key role in their post-growth alignment. The same parameters open, then, to the benign possibility of locally engineering NW arrays in micro- and macro-templates.